Next–Generation Antennas: Advances and Challenges

Description

Antenna design and wireless communication has recently witnessed their fastest growth period ever in history, and these trends are likely to continue for the foreseeable future. Due to recent advances in industrial applications as well as antenna, wireless communication, and 5G technology, we are witnessing a variety of developing and expanding new technologies. Compact and low-cost antennas are increasing the demand for ultra-wide bandwidth in next-generation (5G) wireless communication systems and the Internet of Things (IoT). Enabling the next generation of high-frequency communication, various methods have been introduced to achieve reliable high data rate communication links and enhance the directivity of planar antennas. 5G technology can be used in many applications, such as in smart city applications and in smartphones.  This technology can satisfy the fast rise in user and traffic capacity in mobile broadband communications. Therefore, different planar antennas with intelligent beamforming capability play an important role in these areas. The purpose of this book is to present the advanced technology, developments, and challenges in antennas for next-generation antenna communication systems. This book covers advances in next-generation antenna design and application domain in all related areas. It is a detailed overview of cutting-edge developments and other emerging topics and their applications in all areas of engineering that have achieved great accuracy and performance with the help of the advancement and challenges in next generation antennas. Whether a refresher for veteran engineers hoping to stay abreast of the latest advances and developing concepts in the field, an introduction to new engineers moving into the field, or a textbook for students and faculty, this groundbreaking new volume is a must-have for any library.  Cover Half-Title Page Series Page Title Page Copyright Page Contents Preface 1 Different Types of Microstrip Filters for UWB Communication 1.1 Introduction 1.2 Previous Work 1.2.1 Multiband Microwave Filter for a Wireless Communication System 1.2.2 Ultra-Wideband (UWB) Bandpass Filter 1.2.3 Ultra-Wideband Filter with Notch Band Characteristic 1.3 Conclusions References 2 Design, Isolation Analysis, and Characterization of 2×2/4×4 MIMO Antennas for High-Speed Wireless Applications 2.1 Introduction 2.2 Understanding 2×2 MIMO Antenna Configuration 2.3 Diversity Performance Analysis of 2×2 UWB-MIMO/Dual-Polarization/UWB: Single, Dual, Triple, and Four Notched Bands 2.4 4×4 MIMO Antenna 2.5 Conclusions References 3 Various Antenna Array Designs Using Scilab Software: An Exploratory Study 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Scilab: An Open-Source Software Solution 3.3 Antenna Array Design Using Scilab: Codes and Results 3.4 Conclusions References 4 Conformal Wearable Antenna Design, Implementation and Challenges 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Conformal Antenna 4.2.1 Singly Curved Surfaces 4.3 Characteristics of Conformal Antenna 4.3.1 Radiation Pattern 4.3.2 Scan-Invariant Pattern 4.3.3 Phase-Scanned Pattern 4.3.4 Polarization 4.4 Design Methodology Antenna Modeling 4.4.1 Overview 4.4.2 Geometry and Calculation of Planar MSA 4.4.3 Calculated and Optimized Value of Antenna 4.5 Wearable Conformal Antenna 4.5.1 Wearable Technology 4.5.2 Wearable Devices for Medical Systems 4.5.3 Wearable Medical Devices Applications 4.5.4 Measurement of Human Body Temperature 4.5.5 Measurement of Blood Pressure 4.5.6 Measurement of Heart Rate 4.5.7 Measurement of Respiration Rate 4.5.8 Measurement of Sweat Rate 4.5.9 Measurement of Human Gait 4.6 Textile and Cloth Fabric Wearable Antennas 4.6.1 Specific Absorption Rate (SAR) 4.6.2 Interaction with Human Body 4.6.3 Wearable Devices Tracking and Monitoring Doctors 4.6.4 Wireless Body Area Networks (WBANs) 4.7 Design of Liquid Crystalline Polymer (LCP) Based Wearable Antenna 4.7.1 Dimensions of the Proposed Model 4.7.2 Slot Loaded Ground: (Defective Ground Structure DGS) 4.7.3 Radiation Characteristics 4.8 Result Discussion and Analysis 4.9 Challenges and Future Needs 4.10 Conclusion References 5 Design and Analysis of On-Body Wearable Antenna with AMC Backing for ISM Band Applications 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Design of Star-Shape with AMC Backed Structure 5.2.1 Characterization of AMC Unit Cell 5.3 Discussion of Results of Star-Shaped Antenna with AMC Structure 5.3.1 Bending Analysis of Star-Shaped Antenna with AMC Backed Structure 5.4 On-Body Placement Analysis of Proposed Antenna with AMC Structure 5.4.1 Specific Absorption Rate Analysis 5.4.2 On-Body Gain of the Star-Shaped Antenna With and Without AMC 5.4.3 Far-Field Characteristics of An Antenna 5.5 Transmitting Signal Strength 5.6 Conclusion References 6 Antenna Miniaturization for IoT Applications 6.1 Introduction 6.2 Issues in Antenna Miniaturization 6.3 Antenna for IoT Applications 6.4 Miniaturize Reconfigurable Antenna for IoT 6.5 Conclusion & Future Work References 7 Modified Circular-Shaped Wideband Microstrip Patch Antenna for Wireless Communication Utilities 7.1 Overview of Wireless Communication 7.2 Introduction to Microstrip Patch Antenna 7.3 Literature Review 7.4 Design and Implementation of Projected Antenna 7.5 Results and Discussion 7.5.1 Scattering Parameters (S11) 7.5.2 Voltage Standing Wave Ratio 7.5.3 Bandwidth 7.5.4 Gain 7.5.5 Radiation Pattern 7.5.6 Surface Current Distribution 7.5.7 Axial Ratio 7.5.8 Group Delay 7.6 Parametric Analysis 7.6.1 Effect of Parameter ‘RP’ 7.6.2 Effect of Parameter ‘Fw’ 7.6.3 Effect of Parameter ‘LPG’ 7.6.4 Effect of Different Substrate Materials 7.7 Summary References 8 Reconfigurable Antenna for Cognitive Radio System 8.1 Introduction 8.2 Antenna 8.3 Antenna Reconfigurations 8.4 Uses and Drawbacks of Reconfigurable Antenna 8.5 Spectrum Access and Cognitive Radio 8.6 Cognitive Radio 8.7 Spectrum Sensing and Allocation 8.8 Results and Discussion 8.9 Conclusions References 9 Ultra-Wideband Filtering Antenna: Advancement and Challenges 9.1 Introduction 9.2 Ultra-Wideband Filtering Antenna 9.3 Ultra-Wideband Filtering Antenna with Notch Band Characteristic 9.4 Conclusions References 10 UWB and Multiband Reconfigurable Antennas 10.1 Introduction 10.2 Need for Reconfigurable Antennas 10.3 RF PIN Diode and MEMS Switch as Switching Devices 10.4 Triple Notched Band Reconfigurable Antenna 10.5 Tri-Band Reconfigurable Monopole Antenna 10.6 Conclusions References 11 IoT World Communication through Antenna Propagation with Emerging Design Analysis Features 11.1 Introduction 11.2 Design and Parameter Analysis of Multi-Input Multi-Output Antennas 11.3 Measurement Analysis in 3D Pattern with IoT Module 11.4 Comparison of Antenna Design Concerning the IoT Data Transmission 11.5 Conclusions Acknowledgement References 12 Reconfigurable Antennas 12.1 Introduction 12.2 Reconfigurability of Antenna 12.2.1 Frequency Reconfigurable Antennas (FRAs) 12.3 Polarization Reconfigurable Antenna (RA) 12.3.1 Polarization RA with Single Band 12.3.2 Dual-Band Polarization RA 12.3.3 Pattern Reconfigurable Antenna (RA) 12.3.4 Main-Beam Shape 12.3.5 Main Beam Scanning 12.4 Compound Reconfigurable Antennas (RAs) 12.5 Reconfigurable Leaky Wave Antennas 12.6 Reconfigurable Antennas Applications in Wireless Communication 12.6.1 Reconfigurable Antennas MIMO Communication Systems 12.6.2 Reconfigurable Antennas Mobile Terminals 12.6.3 Reconfigurable Antennas for Cognitive Radio Applications 12.6.4 Reconfigurable Antennas MIMO-Based Cognitive Radio Applications 12.6.5 Reconfigurable Antennas WLAN Band Rejection 12.6.6 Reconfigurable Antennas Wireless Sensing 12.6.7 Reconfigurable Antennas Terahertz (THz) Communication Applications 12.6.8 Reconfigurable Antennas Millimeter-Wave Communication Applications 12.7 Optimization, Control, and Modeling of Reconfigurable Antennas 12.8 Conclusions References 13 Design of Compact Ultra-Wideband (UWB) Antennas for Microwave Imaging Applications 13.1 Introduction 13.1.1 Ultra-Wideband Antennas (UWB) 13.2 Microwave Imaging 13.3 Antenna Design Implementation 13.3.1 Design of Reflector-Based Antipodal Bowtie Antenna 13.3.2 Fabrication of Slotted Bowtie Antenna with Reflector Prototype 13.3.3 Parametric Study on the Effect of Slot in the Bowtie Antenna 13.3.4 Radiation Pattern 13.4 Design of a UWB-Based Compact Rectangular Antenna 13.4.1 Parametric Results of the Strip Attached at the Top of the Antenna 13.4.2 Effect of Inserting Slot L1xW1 and Location of the Slot ds 13.4.3 Effect of Varying the Length of Slot L2 and L3 13.4.4 Performance Comparison of the Measured and Simulated Results of the Miniaturized UWB Antenna 13.4.5 Radiation Characteristic of the Proposed Miniaturized UWB Antenna 13.5 Validation of the Miniaturized UWB Antenna with the Human Breast Model Developed 13.5.1 Validation of the Staircase UWB Antenna with the Human Breast Model Developed 13.5.2 MUSIC Beamforming Algorithm 13.5.3 Estimation of DOA Using MUSIC Algorithm 13.6 Conclusions References 14 Joint Transmit and Receive MIMO Beamforming in Multiuser MIMO Communications 14.1 Introduction 14.2 System Model: Proposed Mimo Beamforming Architecture 14.3 Mimo Beamforming Based on Generalized Least Mean (GLM) Algorithm 14.3.1 Update of the Receive Weight Vector 14.3.2 Update of Transmit Weight Vector 14.4 Mean and Mean Square Stability of the GLM 14.5 Simulation Results 14.5.1 Effect of K on the MSE 14.5.2 Effect of µ on the MSE 14.5.3 Effect of M and N on the MSE 14.5.4 Effect of SNR on the MSE 14.5.5 Effect of SNR on Bit Error Rate 14.6 Summary References 15 Adaptive Stochastic Gradient Equalizer Design for Multiuser MIMO System 15.1 Introduction 15.2 Related Literature Review 15.3 System Model 15.4 Derivation for the Probability of Error 15.5 Design of Adaptive Equalizer by Minimizing BER 15.5.1 Interior Point Approach 15.5.2 Stochastic Gradient Approach 15.6 Simulation Results 15.7 Summary References About the Editors Index EULA