The Palgrave Handbook of Positive Peace

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This Handbook represents an unprecedented exploration of the positive peace platform. It permits a comprehensive appreciation of the breadth of positive peace that engages with nonviolence, environmental sustainability, social justice and positive relationships scholarship. The work serves as a one-stop shop for scholar/practitioners interested in locating their inquiry and outputs in the field of positive peace and provides readers from a multitude of disciplines and academic departments with a comprehensive overview of the multiplicity of positive peace research in one location.  In doing so, the Handbook of Positive Peace securely demarcates and recognizes the positive peace platform in social scientific and humanities academic disciplines. Preface to The Palgrave Handbook of Positive Peace Contents About the Editors Contributors Part I: Introduction 1 Defining the Platform of Positive Peace Defining the Platform of Positive Peace Introduction Defining Positive Peace The Multifarity of Peace Overview of the Positive Peace Quadrant Nonviolence Social Justice Environmental Sustainability Positive Relationship The Role of Relationships in Positive Peacebuilding Conceptualizing Positive Relationships Positive Peace Quadrant Chapter Contributions Nonviolence Personal Nonviolence Interpersonal Nonviolence Social Nonviolence International Nonviolence Social Justice Types of Justice Rights and Responsibilities Freedoms Environmental Sustainability Conceptual Approaches Local Perspectives National and Regional Perspectives International Perspectives Positive Relationship Relational Concepts Relational Practices Concluding Remarks of Invitation References Part II: Personal Nonviolence 2 The Nature of Reflective Choice and Nonviolence as a Personal Practice of Yoga Introduction An Understanding of Yoga: Philosophy and Practice An Understanding of Emotion An Understanding of Mind The Nature of Sacrifice and Power of Choice Conclusion References 3 Personal Peacebuilding and COVID-19 Introduction Personal Statement Peacebuilding The Self as a Peacebuilding Domain A Genesis of Personal Peacebuilding Encounter Theory Theorizing Personal Peacebuilding Physiological Nonviolence Interpersonal Nonviolence Immanent/Transcendent/Biotic Nonviolence Social Nonviolence The COVID-19 Pandemic Life in Lockdown: Domestic Violence Child Abuse Gendered Inequality of Labor Suicide Personal Peacebuilding During the Pandemic Conclusions References 4 Humor as a Major Intellectual Device for Thriving in Complexity Introduction The Architecture of Humor as a Training Ground for Creativity Humor as a Story (Gregory Bateson) Humor as a ``Bisociation´´ (Arthur Koestler) Humor as a ``Double Illumination´´ (Sigmund Freud) The Humoristic Dimension in the Creative Conflict Transformation in Everyday Life The Humoristic Dimension of Interlinguistic and Intercultural Communication: How We Can Transform Typical Intercultural Mishap... Conclusions References 5 Contemplative Practices and Nonviolence Introduction Buddhist Contemplative Practices and the Mind Overcoming Anger A Buddhist View of Anger Anger and Activism Overcoming Anger and Fostering Compassion Anger Distorts Reality Meditation to Make Us More Effective Collective Politics Without Anger and Positive Peace Final Thoughts: The Mind and Positive Peace References 6 Resilience and the Claiming of Voice by Marginalized Communities Introduction Colonialization Neoliberalism: Another Shade of Colonization Whiteness, White Supremacist Patriarchy, and White Nationalism Trauma, Healing, and Resilience Exemplars Kenya: Colonization and Reclamation Somaliland Yukon River Watershed (USA and Canada) The USA: Slavery, Radical Reconstruction, and White Supremacy Discussion and Conclusion References Part III: Interpersonal Nonviolence 7 True Colors: Nonviolent Communication in the Postcolonial Workplace Introduction Models of Communication The Colonial Legacy Changing the Color Construct Finding your True Colors and Building a Team Is It That Simple? Conclusion References 8 Forgiveness: A Nonviolent Resolution of Interpersonal Conflict Introduction What Is Meant by the Term Forgiveness? Types of Forgiveness How Does the Need for Forgiveness Arise? Alternatives to Forgiveness The Process of Forgiving Others Victimhood Forgiveness and the Vulnerable The Path to Forgiveness The Power of Apology and Conveying Remorse National and Group Apologies Guidance for Researchers Concluding Comments References Part IV: Social Nonviolence 9 Peace Education Introduction History of Peace Education Defining Peace Education Education About, for, and by Peace Debates and Critiques Concerning Peace Education Original Critiques of Education for, About, and by Peace Current Critiques of Peace Education Present Debates in Peace Education Peace Education Research Peace Education Effectiveness Conclusion References 10 Classroom Resistance: Peace Education in a Time of Rising Authoritarianism ``The Trump Effect´´ ``A Pedagogy of Truth´´ References 11 Nonviolent Resistance, Social Justice, and Positive Peace Introduction The Problem of Positive Peace Nonviolent Resistance for Positive Peace The Success of Nonviolent Resistance Limitations on Nonviolent Resistance Conclusion References 12 Pragmatic Nonviolence and Positive Peace Nonviolent Revolution and the Pragmatic Nonviolence Theory of Gene Sharp The Effectiveness of Pragmatic Nonviolence: Findings from Civil Resistance Research ``The Violence of Nonviolence´´ and Positive Peace Sarvodaya as an Answer to the ``Violence of Nonviolence´´ Concluding Thoughts References 13 Women in Environmental Nonviolent Action Introduction Defining Nonviolence Women and Nonviolence Praxis Women and Historical Turning Points Women in Environmental Activism Women in Australian Environmental Movements Women´s Influence on the Franklin River Blockade Women´s Peace-Making Women´s Antinuclear Actions Women in Forest Blockades More Women´s Peacemaking Women´s Climate Actions From Protest to Planting Conclusion References 14 Satire and the Public Sphere: Ethics and Poetics, Reverse Discourses, Satiractivism Satire Today Truthiness and Simulacra Comic Parrhesia The Strategy of Reverse Discourse Satiractivism The Problem of Ridicule in the Name of Reform Conclusion References Part V: International Nonviolence 15 Unarmed Civilian Peacekeeping Introduction What Is Unarmed Civilian Peacekeeping? How Does UCP Work to Protect People? How Can UCP Contribute to Enhancing, Promoting, and Maintaining Peace? Conclusion References 16 Diplomatic Heroism and Positive Peace The Fetters that Fly. Diplomatic Heroism and Positive Peace The Diplomat and Human Rights The Diplomat and Democratic Institution Building The Diplomat and Development Aid The Diplomat and Coercive Diplomacy The Diplomat and Future Heroism References 17 International Conflict Transformation: The Pursuit of Positive Peace Introduction Merging Strands: Addressing Conflict and Engaging Peacebuilding Transforming Conflict Framework for Analysis Case Analysis Indigenous Canada: Slow and Inadequate Response Colonialism and Imperialism Political, Cultural, and Economic Destruction Conflict and Steps to Reconciliation Kenya: Colonization and Reclamation Colonialism, Destruction, and Recovery The Greenbelt Movement Leads the Way Comparative Analysis Through the Lens of Conflict Transformation Indigenous Canada Kenyan Greenbelt Movement Summary Conclusion References 18 Conflict Transformation in the Arab World Introduction Part One: Understanding the Complexity of Contemporary Conflicts The Complexity of New Wars Theories of Conflict Edward Azar´s Theory of Protracted Social Conflict (PSC) Implications for Conflict Transformation Part Two: Conflict Transformation in Lebanon: Prospects for Syria and Iraq The Civil War in Lebanon Prospects for Conflict Transformation in Iraq Prospects for Conflict Transformation in Syria Conclusion References 19 The ABCs of Measuring Positive Peace Introduction Context Social Cubism Peace Poles Overview (Table 1) Peace Poles Socio-Political (Table 2) Health Human Rights Security Safety/Crime Autonomy Environmental Sustainability Socio-cultural (Table 3) Trust Community Cohesiveness Diversity Representations in Racism Gender Equity Representations in Space (Table 4) Walkability Connectivity Access to Nature Sustainable Materials and Structure Environmental Stressors Locality Economic (Table 5) Income Inequality Happiness Index Savings/Secure Retirement Food Security/Hunger Shared Economy Score Conclusion References Part VI: Social Justice: Types of Justice 20 Retributive Justice: The Restoration of Balance Introduction The Key Elements of Retribution State and Personal Revenge The Emotional Need for Vengeance Retribution and Positive Peace Conclusion References 21 Restorative Justice: Blending Western and Indigenous Restorative Justice Principles Introduction Māori Principles of Restorative Justice Restorative Justice in Aotearoa New Zealand The Youth Justice System The Criminal Justice Sector The New Zealand Education Sector Community Restorative Justice The Waitangi Tribunal Conclusion References 22 Promoting Peace via Inclusionary Justice Peace, Justice, and Conflict Conflict and Peace Justice and Peace Fostering Positive Peace Via Inclusionary Change The Scope of Justice Moral Exclusion and Social Injustice Moral Inclusion and Social Justice US Reconstruction: An Example of Inclusionary and Exclusionary Change Discussion: Toward Inclusionary Justice and Positive Peace Conclusion References 23 Transformative Justice: Exploring the ``Relational´´ in Transformative Gender Justice Unpacking the Pieces of the Conceptual Puzzle The Criminologist´s Viewpoint The Educator´s Viewpoint The Social Psychologist´s Viewpoint A Springboard to Relational Theorizing References Part VII: Social Justice: Rights 24 The Right to Peace: From Just War to Just Peace Introduction Just War: Rights and Protections During Conflict Greek and Roman Concepts of Just War Medieval Christian Concepts of Just War Thirteenth-Century Developments of Just War Theory Sixteenth-Century Developments of Just War Theory Nineteenth- and Twentieth-Century Developments in International Humanitarian Law and Justifications for War Twentieth-Century Development of International Human Rights Law. Negative Human Rights Positive Rights Twenty-First-Century Right to Just Peace Reconciling Peace and Justice Conclusion References 25 Women´s Rights/Gender Rights: Positive Peace as Indigenous and Womxn´s Rights Introduction Positive Peace Native Feminist Theories Social Justice as Decolonization The Haudenosaunee Confederacy + Gayaneñhsä´gó nah - The Great Law of Peace White Supremacy, the Suffrage Movement, and Contemporary White Neoliberal Feminism White Feminism The Future of Positive Peace, Rematriate this Space, The White Supremacy Workbook References 26 Disability Rights: Positive Peace Through a Disability Lens Introduction Disability: An Overview Positive Peace Through a Disability Lens Developing a Culture of Inclusivity and Accessibility in Research and Practice What Can Peace Researchers and Practitioners Do About It? Who Is in? Who Is Out? And Why? Adopt a Rights-Based Understanding of Disability Develop a Twin-Track Approach to Inclusion and Access Ensure Research and Practice Is Transformative and Led by Disabled People Themselves Conclusion References 27 Indigenous Rights: Colonial Chimera? The Illusion of Positive Peace in a Settler Colonial Context Landed Sovereignty Negative and Positive Peace Invisibility of Structural Violence Patriarchal White Sovereignty Perpetual Indigenous Dispossession Peace in Our Time: Colonial Chimera? References 28 Refugee Rights: Essential for Positive Peace Introduction What Is Positive Peace? The 1951/1967 UNHCR Convention and Refugee Rights The Current Refugee Dilemma ``Peace-ing´´ It Together: Refugee Rights and Positive Peace Conclusion References 29 The Rights of Children: Tensions Between Protection and Participation Introduction Recognition of Children´s Rights Children´s Rights Under UNCRC Enactment of Rights Enablers and Barriers to Participation Rights Conceptual Tensions and Adult Hegemony Children Exercising Agency Concepts of Citizenship and Participation Facilitating Children´s Participation in the Public Realm Facilitating Children´s Participation in Research Children as Urban Researchers Project Facilitating Children´s Participation in Urban Planning Children as Urban Consultants Project Discussion Conclusion References Part VIII: Social Justice: Freedoms 30 Media Freedom: A West Papuan Human Rights Journalism Case Study Introduction West Papuan Case Study ``Pre-emptive´´ Mass Arrests in West Papua Danger Zone and Challenges for Journalists Fact-Finding Missions Record ``Intimidation and Brutality´´ Indonesian Diplomacy Campaign Peaceful Protests Crushed Other News Media ``Blind Spots´´ The Digital Revolution Just Peace, Human Rights and Communication Conclusion: The Future and a Challenge References 31 Freedom from Violence: A Samoan Perspective on Addressing Domestic or Family Violence Introduction Violence Against Women Domestic Violence as Unfreedom Domestic Violence in the Pacific Domestic Violence in Samoa Faa Samoa and Domestic Violence Peace and Conflict Studies (PACS) Contribution to Domestic Violence in Samoa Theme 1: Aiga/Family Direct Violence Theme 2: Nu´u/Matai or Village/Chief Structural Violence Theme 3: Ekalesia/Church Cultural/Ideological Violence Conclusion References 32 Freedom from Discrimination: On the Coloniality of Positive Peace Introduction From Negative Peace to Positive Peace: Contextualizing the Term Coloniality, Decoloniality, and Positive Peace Epistemic Violence, the Coloniality of Being and the Damné Conclusion: The Limits of Positive Peace References Part IX: Environmental Sustainability: Conceptual Approaches 33 Ecocide, Speciesism, Vulnerability: Revisiting Positive Peace in the Anthropocene Delineating Ecocide The Speciesist Roots of Ecocide A Vulnerability Lens to the Ecocide-Speciesism Nexus References 34 Searching for New Ethics in the Era of the Capitalocene Introduction Some Theoretical Specifications Some Primary Objectives The Cheap Nature Project as a Project of Structural and Cultural Violence The Cheap Nature Project as a Project of Structural Violence The Role of Cosmology in Making the Cheap Nature Project a Project of Cultural Violence Building New Ethics as a Path Toward Cultural Peace Sustainability and System Maturity: The Two Main Pillars of the New Ethics The Role of Solidarity in Building Nonviolent Communication Some Moral Reasons for Building Cultural Peace Conclusion References 35 Environmental Sustainability: The Missing Pillar of Positive Peace Introduction Conceptualizing the Peace-Sustainability Nexus Economic Sustainability Social Sustainability Political Sustainability Institutional Sustainability Environmental Sustainability Conclusion References 36 A Framework for Grassroots Environmentalism in Academic Settings Introduction How Are Peace and Grassroots Environmentalism Related in Academic Settings? What Is Grassroots Environmentalism in Academic Settings? Defining Environmentalism Within Positive Peace Defining Grassroots Environmentalism in Academic Settings Why Should We Integrate Grassroots Environmentalism in Academic Settings? Environmental Initiatives Can Accommodate Various Views of Academia Environmental Initiatives Can Be Integrated Within Preexisting Initiatives to Resolve Student Challenges Environmental Initiatives Can Improve Students´ and Faculty´s Life Satisfaction While Safeguarding Generations Eco-Responsibility Can Be a Privileged Issue Environmental Initiatives Can Benefit the Whole of Society Beyond the Mitigation of the Consequences of Climate Change How to Implement Grassroots Environmentalism in Academic Settings? An Example of Positive Peace Through Environmental Education Expanding Ian Harris´s Framework for Peace Education Based on the Case Study An Elaboration of the Recommended Steps for the Successful Implementation of Grassroots Environmentalism in the Context of Aca... Limitations, Discussion, and Future Direction Limitations Discussion and Future Directions Conclusion Appendix A: Case Study in Dawson College Interventions Appendix B: Report on Composting Initiative Abstract References Part X: Environmental Sustainability: Local Perspectives 37 Decentralizing Consumption to Recenter the Land Introduction Land as Object Centering the Land Fractured Communities Environmental Racism Global Consequences of Centering Consumption Recentering Health During Crisis: COVID-19 Institutions as Place-Based Communities Well-Being for All and the Living Schools Movement Dawson College and Living Campus Initiative Conclusion References 38 When a Sense of Place Lies at the Heart of a Community from the Upper Paleolithic to Glenorchy, New Zealand Introduction Size Matters Anthropomorphism and Animism Social Intelligence, Technological Intelligence, and the Creation of ``the Other´´ Time and Duration Summary of Key Ideas Glenorchy A Sense of Place and Responsibility to the Continuity of the Place Isolation and Resilience A Sense of Agency A Sense of Belonging Community Hearths and Hubs A Sense of Time and Duration The Power of Humor and Play The Power of Ritual Conclusion References 39 The Rule of Benedict, Positive Peace, and ``Place´´ References 40 Food Justice and Positive Peace in Waikatere Introduction Literature Review Food Justice Positive Peace Case Study: Waitākere Discussion Solutions Conclusion References Part XI: Environmental Sustainability: National and Regional Perspectives 41 Resources, Climate Change, and Implications to Positive Peace Among the Pastoral Communities in Kenya Introduction Conflicts and Drought Context Resource Changes Among the Pastoral Communities Climate Changes, Scarcity of Resources, and Conflicts Climate Change: The Case of West Pokot County in Northern Kenya Adaptation of Climate Change and Positive Peace Positive Peace Model Conclusion and Policy Recommendations References 42 Environmental Degradation and Conflict Resolution Introduction Conflict Resolution and Positive Peace Environmental Degradation and Conflict Resolution Case Study: Environmental Degradation and the Contemporary Conflict in Syria Conflict Overview Environmental Assessment of the Conflict Prospects for Environment as a Means of Conflict Resolution in Syria Creating a Space for Dialogue and Reconciliation Institutionalizing New Norms of Cooperation Based on Engaging Multiple Stakeholders and Empowering Local Communities Improving Economic Prospects Implications for the Middle East Overview of Environmental Challenges in the MENA Region Environmental Pathways to Conflict Resolution and Positive Peace Conclusion References 43 Water Abundance, Hydropolitical Disputes, and Their Implications for Positive Peace in Aotearoa-New Zealand Introduction Why New Zealand? Water Abundance in New Zealand Water Commercialization and Conflict Conclusion References Part XII: Environmental Sustainability: International Perspectives 44 Regional Environmental Cooperation: The (Lost) Potential for a Sustainable Future in the Arabian/Persian Gulf Introduction Regional Environmental Cooperation and Peace The Gulf´s Short History: Enduring Rivalries, Emerging Risks, and Amble Cooperation Opportunities Status of Environmental Cooperation: Three Regional Priorities Marine Protection Resource Supply Infrastructure Carbon Fuel and Climate Change Discussion of the Environmental Cooperation Outlook Conclusions References 45 Collaborative Environmental Conflict Resolution Practices in the North American Great Lakes Region Introduction Public Participation and Governance Resource Management Plans and Advisory Groups Dialogue and Communication Cooperation and Collaboration Summarizing Conflict Resolution Approaches and Practices in the Great Lakes Region Conclusion References Part XIII: Positive Relationships: Concepts 46 Relational Ethics: The Possibility of a Caring Positive Peace Introduction Relational Ethics and the Importance of Care Defining Relational Ethics A Feminist Ethics of Care What a Relational Ethic of Care Adds to Positive Peace Interdependence and Dependence Listening Responsiveness and Practicing Care In the Midday Sun: Exploring a Relational Care Ethic as a Lived Practice/Dialogue Conclusion: Reimagining Positive Peace as Relationally Embedded References 47 Social Capital and Peace Introduction Definitions Different Understandings of Social Capital Horizontal Versus Vertical Social Capital Bonding and Bridging Social Capital Ways in Which Social Capital Relates to Peace Relational Aspects of Peace Social Capital in Peacebuilding Practice No Blank Slate Peacebuilding in General Reintegrating Ex-combatants in Particular Conclusion References 48 Solidarity and Allyship: Engendering Positive Peace Introduction Galtung and Solidarity A Closer Look at Solidarity and Allyship Linking It All Together: Positive Peace, Solidarity, and Allyship Social Education Transcending Borderlines Love The Limitations of Solidarity and Allyship Hope Conclusion References 49 Ethical Responsibility for the Other Arrested by Epistemic Blindness, Deafness, and Muteness: An Ubuntu Perspective Introduction Philosophy as War Where Is the Philosophy of Ubuntu? Philosophy in Ubuntu Conqueror South Africa in the History of Colonization The Genesis of the ``New´´ South Africa: A Question of Social and Epistemic Justice Jan Smuts: The Politician, Philosopher, and Defender of the Conquered in Conqueror South Africa? The Invention of Kakania In Defense of ``Bullshit´´ and ``Shit´´ Epistemlogy, Violence, and Peace in Retrospect Ubuntu and the Quest for Truth, Justice, and Peace Beyond Conqueror South Africa Conclusion References 50 Empathy and Peace Introduction Understanding Empathy: Types, Limitations, and Levels Types of Empathy Limitations of Empathy Levels Empathy and Negative Peace The Threat of Nuclear War International and Intrastate Cycles of Violence Empathy During the Conflict Phase Empathy During the Violence Phase Empathy in the Postviolence Phase Empathy and Positive Peace Empathy and Climate Change Inequality Peacebuilding Interventions to Increase Empathy Intergroup Contact Dialogue Conclusions: From Empathy to Positive Peace References 51 Positive Peace in Political Reconciliation Introduction Positive Peace and the Ethics of Relationship Reconciliation in Postconflict Societies Understanding Political Reconciliation Political Reconciliation as Relational Change Building Civic Friendship in Agonistic Politics Recovering Political Trust for Societal Transformation Healing Wounds Through Restorative Justice Discussion Conclusion References 52 The Importance of Trust in Achieving Positive Peace Introduction Conceptualizing Trust for Positive Peacebuilding The Paradox of Distrust: Its Dual Dangerous and Protective Nature The Role of Trust in Building Positive Peace Solidarity: Positive Peace Needs the Solidarity of Trust Trust as an Outcome of Contact Perceived Procedural Justice and Trust Conclusion and Directions for Future Research References 53 From Liberal Peace to Positive Peace: Security Sector Reform in Deeply Divided Societies Introduction First Generation of Security Sector Reform: The Logic of Liberal Peace The Policy Trap of SSR Technocratic Approach Cannot Heal Social Relationships Second Generation of Security Sector Reform Ownership and Civil Society-Focused or Community-Based Strategies in SSR: A Window of Opportunity for Healing Relationships Positive Peace and SSR: The Role of Identity in Restoring Relationships Between the State and Its Citizens Addressing the Past History of Identity Divisions, a Missing Element of Security Sector Reform Quality of Security Sector Reform: Alteration in Beliefs, Emotions, Identity, and Behavioral Intentions Conclusion References Part XIV: Positive Relationships: Practices 54 Positive Peace Through Personal Friendship: Franco-German Reconciliation (1974-1995) Introduction Friendship and the Positive Peace Quadrant Positive Peace Through Political Friendship Actors of Positive Peace: Franco-German Friendship (1974-1995) Helmut Schmidt and Valéry Giscard d´Estaing, 1974-1982 Helmut Kohl and François Mitterrand, 1982-1995 Conclusion References 55 Contact Programs and the Pursuit of Positive Peace: Reframing Perceptions of Equality Introduction Positive Peace Intersectionality The Contact Hypothesis as the Basis for Practice Understanding the Effectiveness of Contact Programs Contact Programs and Positive Peace Recommendations for the Future of Contact Programs Conclusions References 56 Transforming the Way We Speak, Transforming the Way We Listen: Dialogue and the Transformation of Relationships Introduction: When the Woman Peace Activist from the Kibbutz Met the Scar(r)ed Right-Wing Woman from Sderot What Is Dialogue? Dialogue, According to Martin Buber Why Is Dialogue Difficult? Why Dialogue Is Worthwhile Intergroup Dialogue Concrete Steps in the Dialogue Process A Closing Example of Dialogue: When the ``Palestinian-Lover´´ Secular Jewish Woman Met the Religious Zionist Ex-Settler Concluding Thoughts References 57 Education for Peaceful Relationships Introduction: Assumptions Underlying Education for Peace International Organizations and Peace Education Communication, Complexity, and Peaceful Relationships Tools for Educating for Peaceful Relationships Sports as a Means for Developing Peaceful Relationships Conclusion References 58 Weaving a Culture of Peace Conceptualizing Peace Defining Peace as an Absence Imagining and Languaging Peace as an Absence Defining Peace as Presence Identifying Cultural Paradigms Understanding Culture and Cultural Paradigms Introducing Seven Strands Common to All Cultures Acknowledging Two Current Cultural Paradigms, a Culture of Racism and a Culture of War Transforming a Culture of War into a Culture of Peace with Justice Articulating a New Paradigm Conceptualizing Peace as a Presence Proposing New Terms for Peace-as-Presence Proclaiming Peace as Integral Proclaiming Peace as Actualized Measuring Peace-as-Presence Toward a Holistic Definition of Peace-as-Presence Sustaining a Culture of Peace Seven Forms of Nonviolent Personal and Community Action Peacemaking in the Personal and Public Spaces of Our Lives Peacemaking in the Personal Space of Home and Family Peacemaking in the Public Spaces of Our Communities Peacemaking in the Public Spaces of Our Global Village Conclusions References 59 Restorative Justice as Restoration of Relationships Introduction Positive Peace and the Justice Gap The Evolution of Law The Catastrophe of Modern Justice Restorative Justice Theory and History Restorative Discipline Transitional Justice, Reconciliation, and Restorative Justice Conclusion References 60 Generating Discursive Resources: Storytelling for Positive Peace Introduction Constructive Storytelling Key Factors in Storytelling The Storytelling Medium The Level and Reach of the Storytelling The Power Relations Between Tellers and Listeners The Degree of a Truth-Telling Versus Fictional Approach The Credibility of the Teller The Degree of Artistry in the Storytelling Storytelling Practices Connecting to One´s Own Story Dialogue Innovative Projects at the Local Level Interventions Drawing on Artistic Leadership Scaled-up Projects Nurturing Values and Hope Reclaiming Culture Truth-Telling and Public Re-narrating Storytelling Skills Developing Storytelling Skills Creating Structures of Support for Storytelling Identifying Core Values and Building on Strengths Telling Stories in Ways That Make Us Stronger Witnessing Ethics of Storytelling Conclusion References 61 Peace Communities Introduction Mitigating Armed Violence Reducing Structural Violence and Promoting Social Justice Empowerment and Self-Organization Promotion of Sustainable Development Through Solidarity Participatory and Inclusive Democracy Raising Awareness of the Community´s Situation Reducing Cultural Violence and Promoting a Culture of Peace Promoting a Culture of Peace Through Practice Promoting a Culture of Peace Through Training/Education and Awareness-Raising Challenges Faced by Peace Communities Conclusions References Index