Clinical, Biological and Molecular Aspects of COVID-19

Description

· Addresses the current global pandemic and increases understanding of current challenges · Discusses effects of COVID-19 on individuals with co-morbid diseases and gives insights into potential treatments · Provides results of cross-sectional survey studies from different COVID-19-impacted communities · Gives insights which may help us to address future pandemics more effectively The novel coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19) has caused a serious global pandemic in just eight months. Nearly every country and territory in the world has been affected by the virus. The virulence and infection rate of the virus are profound, and has required extreme social distancing measures across the globe in order to prevent overwhelming the healthcare services and hospitals. COVID-19 appears to have the greatest effects on elderly individuals and those who have co-morbid diseases, such as heart disease, asthma, and diabetes. As the peak begins to slow in many countries, the death rates remain high amidst justified fears of a second wave. A rapid worldwide mobilization has begun to identify effective treatments and develop vaccines. This new volume will increase readers’ understanding of the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic through a series of chapters that address these concerns. Leading experts will discuss the effects of the virus in cases of co-morbidities, new treatment approaches, mental health aspects of the pandemic, and convey the results of survey studies. The book will be an excellent resource for researchers studying virology, metabolic diseases, respiratory disorders, and clinical scientists, physicians, drug companies, and healthcare services and workers. Preface......Page 6 Contents......Page 7 Contributors......Page 11 Part I: Reviews......Page 18 1.1 Introduction......Page 19 1.2 SARS-CoV-2 Phylogenetic Analysis......Page 20 1.3 Possible Origin of SARS-CoV2......Page 21 1.4 Main Properties of COVID-19 Infection......Page 22 1.5 Typical Clinical Features of COVID-19 Cases......Page 23 1.6 Immune Response to COVID-19 Infection......Page 24 1.7 Diagnostic Strategies......Page 25 1.9 ACE-2: The SARS-CoV-2 Receptor Identified......Page 26 1.10 Current Treatment Strategies......Page 28 1.11 Future Perspectives......Page 30 References......Page 31 2: Neurological Complications of the COVID-19 Pandemic: What Have We Got So Far?......Page 36 2.1 Introduction......Page 37 2.2 Coronaviruses and the Nervous System......Page 38 2.3 Neurological Manifestations of COVID-19......Page 39 2.4 Conclusions......Page 41 References......Page 44 3.1 Introduction......Page 47 3.2 Viruses and the Endothelium......Page 48 3.3 Infection of Endothelial Cells by SARS-CoV-2......Page 49 3.4 Signs of Endothelial Dysfunction in COVID-19 Cases......Page 50 3.5 Causes and Results of Endothelial Dysfunction in COVID-19 Cases......Page 52 3.6 Comorbid Diseases, Endothelial Dysfunction and Severity of COVID-19......Page 53 3.7 Targeting the Endothelium in Treatments for COVID-19......Page 54 References......Page 55 4: A Review Study on the Neonatal Outcomes of Pregnant Women with COVID-19......Page 58 4.3 Results......Page 59 4.4 Discussion......Page 60 References......Page 63 5: Relationship Between COVID-19 and Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2: A Scoping Review......Page 65 5.1 Introduction......Page 66 5.2.2 Study Selection......Page 68 5.3.2 Article Information......Page 69 5.3.4 Studies Addressing the Primary Reservoir and Intermediate Hosts of Coronaviruses......Page 70 5.3.5 Studies Addressing the Interaction between Coronavirus Spike Proteins and ACE2......Page 71 5.3.6 Studies Investigating the Relationship between ACE2 Expression and Clinical Manifestations of COVID-19 Infection......Page 73 5.3.7 Studies Investigating New Treatment Strategies for COVID-19 Infection......Page 74 5.4 Discussion......Page 75 References......Page 76 6.1 Introduction......Page 81 6.2 What Happens When Diabetic Patients Are Ill?......Page 82 6.3 Guidelines to Manage Diabetes During an Illness......Page 83 6.4.2 Vitamin C......Page 84 6.4.5 Vitamin E......Page 85 6.4.8 Selenium......Page 86 6.4.10 Natural Polyphenols and Isoflavones......Page 87 6.5 Conclusions......Page 88 References......Page 89 7: Emerging Technologies for the Treatment of COVID-19......Page 93 7.1 Introduction......Page 94 7.3 Neutralizing Antibodies......Page 95 7.4 Aptamer-Based Viral Treatment......Page 96 7.5 Nanobodies......Page 97 7.6 Peptide Inhibitors......Page 98 7.8 Antimicrobial Peptides (AMPs)......Page 99 7.9 Interferon-Inducing Agents......Page 100 7.10 Peptidomimetics......Page 101 7.12 Conclusions......Page 102 References......Page 103 8.1 Introduction......Page 109 8.2 Association Between COVID-19 and Obesity: Early Data......Page 110 8.3.3 Association of Obesity with Increased Risk of Death from COVID-19......Page 112 8.4.2 Impaired Insulin Signaling......Page 113 8.5.1 Biomarkers......Page 114 8.6 Conclusions and Future Perspectives......Page 116 References......Page 117 9.1 Introduction......Page 120 9.2 Nitric Oxide, Demographics, and COVID-19......Page 121 9.4 Conclusions......Page 122 References......Page 123 10: The Immune Response and Effectiveness of COVID-19 Therapies......Page 125 10.3 Immune Responses in COVID-19 Disease......Page 126 10.3.1 Innate Immune Responses in COVID-19: Role of Cytokines and Chemokines......Page 127 10.3.4 B-Cell Immunity......Page 128 10.5 Lymphopenia and COVID-19......Page 129 10.6 Exhausted T Lymphocytes Associated with COVID-19 Disease Severity......Page 130 10.8.2 Convalescent Plasma and COVID-19......Page 131 10.8.3 Intravenous Immunoglobulin (IVIG)......Page 132 10.8.5.1 IL-6 Inhibition......Page 133 10.9 Conclusions......Page 134 References......Page 135 11.1 Introduction......Page 137 11.3 The Role of Inflammation in SARS-CoV-2-Associated Morbidity and Mortality......Page 138 11.4.2 Targeting Inflammation......Page 142 11.5 Diagnostic Application of Measuring Inflammation in SARS-CoV-2......Page 143 References......Page 144 12: Does SARS-CoV-2 Threaten Male Fertility?......Page 149 12.2 The Role of Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2......Page 150 12.3 The Testis as a Site for the ACE2 Receptors......Page 151 12.6 Other Concerns......Page 152 12.7 Evidence So Far......Page 153 References......Page 154 13.1 Introduction......Page 157 13.2 Obesity......Page 158 13.3 Hypertension......Page 159 13.4 Diabetes Mellitus......Page 161 13.6 HIV and TB......Page 162 13.7 COVID-19 in Children......Page 165 13.9 Sickle Cell Disease......Page 166 References......Page 167 14.1 Introduction......Page 173 14.2.2.4 Neutrophils and Monocytes......Page 174 14.5 Autoimmune Haematological Complications......Page 175 14.7 High-Risk Patients with Haematological Disorders......Page 176 14.10 Conclusions......Page 177 References......Page 178 15.1 Background......Page 183 15.3 COVID-19 Coagulopathy......Page 184 15.5.1 Cardiac Events......Page 185 15.6 Microvascular Thrombosis and Endothelitis......Page 186 15.7 Treatment Recommendations for COVID-19-Related Coagulation Abnormalities......Page 187 References......Page 188 Part II: Clinical Studies......Page 191 16: COVID-19-Related Laboratory Analyte Changes and the Relationship Between SARS-CoV-2 and HIV, TB, and HbA1c in South Africa......Page 192 16.1 Introduction......Page 193 16.2.2 Database Extraction and Cleaning......Page 194 16.2.7 DM, HIV, and SARS-COV2 Infection......Page 195 16.3.2 Laboratory Analyte Findings......Page 196 16.3.3 Impact of HIV Viral Load and CD4 Count on Prevalence and Severity......Page 197 16.4 Discussion......Page 200 References......Page 204 17: The Primary Outcomes and Epidemiological and Clinical Features of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) in Iran......Page 207 17.1 Introduction......Page 208 17.2.2 Data Collection......Page 209 17.3.1 Demographic and Clinical Characteristics......Page 210 17.3.2 Vital Signs, Laboratory Parameters, and Blood Gas Analysis......Page 212 17.3.4 Univariate and Multivariate Analysis......Page 213 17.4 Discussion......Page 215 17.5 Conclusions......Page 216 References......Page 217 18: Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome and COVID-19: A Scoping Review and Meta-analysis......Page 219 18.2.1 Search Strategy......Page 220 18.2.4 Synthesis of Data and Analysis......Page 221 18.3.1 Literature Search......Page 222 18.3.4 Narrative Summary and Brief of Themes......Page 232 18.3.4.4 Prevalence and Mortality......Page 233 18.5 Conclusions......Page 234 References......Page 235 19: Depression, Anxiety, and Stress Among Patients with COVID-19: A Cross-Sectional Study......Page 237 19.1 Introduction......Page 238 19.2.4 Research Tools......Page 239 19.4 Discussion......Page 240 References......Page 243 20: Survey of Immediate Psychological Distress Levels Among Healthcare Workers in the COVID-19 Epidemic: A Cross-Sectional Study......Page 245 20.1 Introduction......Page 246 20.2.4 Outcomes, Covariates, and Research Tools......Page 247 20.4 Discussion......Page 248 References......Page 250 21: Coronavirus (COVID-19)-Associated Psychological Distress Among Medical Students in Iran......Page 252 21.1 Introduction......Page 253 21.2.5 Ethical Considerations......Page 254 21.4 Discussion......Page 255 References......Page 257 22: A Survey of Psychological Distress Among the Community in the COVID-19 Epidemic: A Cross-Sectional Study......Page 259 22.1 Introduction......Page 260 22.2.5 Outcomes, Covariates, and Research Tools......Page 261 22.4 Discussion......Page 262 22.5 Conclusions......Page 265 References......Page 266 23: Gender Susceptibility to COVID-19 Mortality: Androgens as the Usual Suspects?......Page 267 23.3 Results......Page 268 23.4 Discussion......Page 269 References......Page 270 24: Identification, Monitoring, and Prediction of Disease Severity in Patients with COVID-19 Pneumonia Based on Chest Computed Tomography Scans: A Retrospective Study......Page 271 24.1 Introduction......Page 272 24.2.2 CT Examination and Image Analysis......Page 273 24.3.1 Demographic Characteristics and Chest CT Findings......Page 274 24.3.3 Diagnostic Accuracy Test......Page 276 24.4 Discussion......Page 277 References......Page 280 25: The Level of Procalcitonin in Severe COVID-19 Patients: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis......Page 282 25.2.1 Search Strategy......Page 283 25.3 Results......Page 284 25.3.1 Results of PCT Analyses Using Odds Ratios......Page 285 25.3.2 Results of PCT Analyses Using Standardized Mean Difference......Page 287 25.4 Discussion......Page 289 References......Page 290 26: A Systematic Review of 571 Pregnancies Affected by COVID-19......Page 292 26.1 Introduction......Page 293 26.3 Results......Page 294 26.4 Discussion......Page 295 References......Page 301 27: The 2019 Novel Coronavirus Disease in Pregnancy: A Systematic Review......Page 304 27.2.1 Data Sources and Search Strategy......Page 305 27.3.3.2 Laboratory Characteristics......Page 306 27.4 Discussion......Page 307 References......Page 311 28: Acute Kidney Injury and Covid-19: A Scoping Review and Meta-Analysis......Page 313 28.2.2 Search Strategy......Page 314 28.2.5 Synthesis of Data and Analysis......Page 316 28.3.4.2 Pathology of the COVID-19 Virus......Page 317 28.4 Discussion......Page 324 References......Page 326 29: Cardiac Injury in COVID-19: A Systematic Review......Page 329 29.1 Introduction......Page 330 29.3.2 Second Group......Page 331 29.4 Discussion......Page 333 Appendix 1......Page 335 References......Page 336 30: A Systematic Review of the Assessment of the Presence of SARS-CoV-2 in Human Semen......Page 338 30.2 Methods......Page 339 30.3.1 Outcome......Page 340 30.3.2 Other Findings......Page 341 30.5 Conclusions......Page 344 References......Page 345 Index......Page 346