Statistics

Description

Statistics offers instruction in grade-level appropriate concepts and skills in a logical, engaging progression that be gins with sampling and data and covers topics such as probability, random variables, the normal distribution, and hypothesis testing. This content was developed with students in mind, incorporating statistics labs, worked exercis es, and additional opportunities for assessment that incorporate real-world statistical applications. For instructors, resources are available to support the implementation of the Statistics textbook, including a Getting Started Guide, direct instruction presentations, and a solutions manual. Statistics Preface 1. About OpenStax 2. About OpenStax Resources 3. About Statistics 4. Additional Resources 5. About the Authors Chapter 1. Sampling and Data 1.1. Definitions of Statistics, Probability, and Key Terms* 1.2. Data, Sampling, and Variation in Data and Sampling* 1.3. Frequency, Frequency Tables, and Levels of Measurement* 1.4. Experimental Design and Ethics* 1.5. Data Collection Experiment* 1.6. Sampling Experiment* Glossary Chapter 2. Descriptive Statistics 2.1. Stem-and-Leaf Graphs (Stemplots), Line Graphs, and Bar Graphs* 2.2. Histograms, Frequency Polygons, and Time Series Graphs* 2.3. Measures of the Location of the Data* 2.4. Box Plots* 2.5. Measures of the Center of the Data* 2.6. Skewness and the Mean, Median, and Mode* 2.7. Measures of the Spread of the Data* 2.8. Descriptive Statistics* Glossary Chapter 3. Probability Topics 3.1. Terminology* 3.2. Independent and Mutually Exclusive Events* 3.3. Two Basic Rules of Probability* 3.4. Contingency Tables* 3.5. Tree and Venn Diagrams* 3.6. Probability Topics* Glossary Chapter 4. Discrete Random Variables 4.1. Probability Distribution Function (PDF) for a Discrete Random Variable* 4.2. Mean or Expected Value and Standard Deviation* 4.3. Binomial Distribution (Optional)* 4.4. Geometric Distribution (Optional)* 4.5. Hypergeometric Distribution (Optional)* 4.6. Poisson Distribution (Optional)* 4.7. Discrete Distribution (Playing Card Experiment)* 4.8. Discrete Distribution (Lucky Dice Experiment)* Glossary Chapter 5. Continuous Random Variables 5.1. Continuous Probability Functions* 5.2. The Uniform Distribution* 5.3. The Exponential Distribution (Optional)* 5.4. Continuous Distribution* Glossary Chapter 6. The Normal Distribution 6.1. The Standard Normal Distribution* 6.2. Using the Normal Distribution* 6.3. Normal Distribution—Lap Times* 6.4. Normal Distribution—Pinkie Length* Glossary Chapter 7. The Central Limit Theorem 7.1. The Central Limit Theorem for Sample Means (Averages)* 7.2. The Central Limit Theorem for Sums (Optional)* 7.3. Using the Central Limit Theorem* 7.4. Central Limit Theorem (Pocket Change)* 7.5. Central Limit Theorem (Cookie Recipes)* Glossary Chapter 8. Confidence Intervals 8.1. A Single Population Mean Using the Normal Distribution* 8.2. A Single Population Mean Using the Student's t-Distribution* 8.3. A Population Proportion* 8.4. Confidence Interval (Home Costs)* 8.5. Confidence Interval (Place of Birth)* 8.6. Confidence Interval (Women's Heights)* Glossary Chapter 9. Hypothesis Testing with One Sample 9.1. Null and Alternative Hypotheses* 9.2. Outcomes and the Type I and Type II Errors* 9.3. Distribution Needed for Hypothesis Testing* 9.4. Rare Events, the Sample, and the Decision and Conclusion* 9.5. Additional Information and Full Hypothesis Test Examples* 9.6. Hypothesis Testing of a Single Mean and Single Proportion* Glossary Chapter 10. Hypothesis Testing with Two Samples 10.1. Two Population Means with Unknown Standard Deviations* 10.2. Two Population Means with Known Standard Deviations* 10.3. Comparing Two Independent Population Proportions* 10.4. Matched or Paired Samples (Optional)* 10.5. Hypothesis Testing for Two Means and Two Proportions* Glossary Chapter 11. The Chi-Square Distribution 11.1. Facts About the Chi-Square Distribution* 11.2. Goodness-of-Fit Test* 11.3. Test of Independence* 11.4. Test for Homogeneity* 11.5. Comparison of the Chi-Square Tests* 11.6. Test of a Single Variance* 11.7. Lab 1: Chi-Square Goodness-of-Fit* 11.8. Lab 2: Chi-Square Test of Independence* Glossary Chapter 12. Linear Regression and Correlation 12.1. Linear Equations* 12.2. The Regression Equation* 12.3. Testing the Significance of the Correlation Coefficient (Optional)* 12.4. Prediction (Optional)* 12.5. Outliers* 12.6. Regression (Distance from School) (Optional)* 12.7. Regression (Textbook Cost) (Optional)* 12.8. Regression (Fuel Efficiency) (Optional)* Glossary Chapter 13. F Distribution and One-way Anova 13.1. One-Way ANOVA* 13.2. The F Distribution and the F Ratio* 13.3. Facts About the F Distribution* 13.4. Test of Two Variances* 13.5. Lab: One-Way ANOVA* Glossary Appendix A. Appendix A Review Exercises (Ch 3–13) A.1. Chapter 3 A.2. Chapter 4 A.3. Chapter 5 A.4. Chapter 6 A.5. Chapter 7 A.6. Chapter 8 A.7. Chapter 9 A.8. Chapter 10 A.9. Chapter 11 A.10. Chapter 12 A.11. Chapter 13 A.12. Solutions A.13. References Appendix B. Appendix B Practice Tests (1–4) and Final Exams B.1. Practice Test 1 B.2. Practice Test 1 Solutions B.3. Practice Test 2 B.4. Practice Test 2 Solutions B.5. Practice Test 3 B.6. Practice Test 3 Solutions B.7. Practice Test 4 B.8. Practice Test 4 Solutions B.9. Practice Final Exam 1 B.10. Practice Final Exam 1 Solutions B.11. Practice Final Exam 2 B.12. Practice Final Exam 2 Solutions Appendix C. Data Sets C.1. Lap Times C.2. Stock Prices C.3. References Appendix D. Group and Partner Projects D.1. Univariate Data D.2. Continuous Distributions and Central Limit Theorem D.3. Hypothesis Testing-Article D.4. Bivariate Data, Linear Regression, and Univariate Data Appendix E. Solution Sheets E.1. Hypothesis Testing With One Sample E.2. Hypothesis Testing With Two Samples E.3. The Chi-Square Distribution E.4. F Distribution and One-Way ANOVA Appendix F. Mathematical Phrases, Symbols, and Formulas F.1. English Phrases Written Mathematically F.2. Formulas F.3. Symbols and Their Meanings Appendix G. Notes for the TI-83, 83+, 84, 84+ Calculators G.1. Quick Tips G.2. Manipulating One-Variable Statistics G.3. Drawing Histograms G.4. Linear Regression G.5. TI-83, 83+, 84, 84+ instructions for distributions and tests Appendix H. Tables Index