Renewable Energy Integration with Building Energy Systems: A Modelling Approach

Description

Construction, as an industry sector, is responsible for around one-third of the total worldwide energy usage and about 20% of greenhouse gas emissions. The rise in the number of buildings and floor space area for residential and commercial purposes has imposed enormous pressure on existing energy sources. Implementations such as efficient usage of building energy systems, design measures, utilization of local energy resources, energy storage, and the use of renewable energy sources to meet electricity demands are currently under development and deployment for improving the energy performance index. However, integrating all such measures and the development of nearly zero-energy and zero-emission buildings is yet to be explored. In this book, the different control techniques and intelligent technologies used to improve the energy performance of buildings are illustrated. Every building energy control system has a two-fold objective for energy and comfort requirements to achieve a high comfort index (for thermal, visual, air quality, humidity, and various plug loads) and increase the energy performance index. The most significant aspect in the design of a building’s energy control system is modelling. All the components, methodologies, and processes involved in developing a renewable energy-driven building are covered in detail. This book is intended for graduates and professionals working towards the development of a sustainable built environment using renewable energy sources. Cover Half Title Title Page Copyright Page Table of Contents Preface Contributors Chapter 1 Fundamentals of Energy Transfer in Buildings 1.1 Introduction 1.2 Energy Transfer in Building Energy Systems 1.2.1 Modes of Thermal Energy Transfer in Building Energy Systems 1.3 Thermal Energy Transfer Through a Building Construction Element (Wall/slab) 1.4 Thermal Energy Transfer Through a Building Construction Element (Window) 1.5 Thermal-Electrical Analogy 1.6 Numerical Examples References Chapter 2 Modelling and Simulation of Building Energy Elements 2.1 Introduction 2.2 Building Space/zone System Description 2.3 Building Construction Element Model 2.4 State Space Approach for Representing a Building Energy System Model 2.5 Dynamic Response for the Developed Construction Element and Building Space Model 2.5.1 Step Response for the External Walls 2.5.2 Step Response for the Partition Walls 2.5.3 Step Response for Ceiling and Roof 2.5.4 Step Response for the Building Space References Chapter 3 Modelling and Simulation of Heating Ventilation and Air-Conditioning System 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Development of the Dynamic Model of an HVAC System 3.2.1 HVAC System Description 3.2.1.1 Heating Coil Model 3.2.1.2 Humidifier Model 3.2.1.3 Fan Model 3.2.1.4 Mixing Box Model 3.2.1.5 Duct Model 3.2.1.6 Sensor Model 3.3 Building Energy System Model Analysis and Evaluation 3.4 Dynamic Response for the Developed Building Energy System Model References Chapter 4 Review of Power Converters 4.1 Power Converters 4.2 Ideal and Non-Ideal Switches 4.3 Classification of Power Semiconductor Switches 4.4 Classification of Power Converters 4.4.1 ac–dc Converters 4.4.1.1 Uncontrolled Rectifier 4.4.1.2 Phase-Controlled Rectifier 4.4.1.3 Pulse-Width Modulated Rectifier 4.4.2 dc–dc Converters 4.4.2.1 Choppers 4.4.2.2 Switched-Mode Power Supplies 4.4.3 dc–ac Converters 4.4.4 ac–ac Converters 4.5 Role of Power Converters in Renewable Energy Systems References Chapter 5 Grid Integration of Renewable Energy Sources for Buildings 5.1 Renewable Energy Sources 5.2 Renewable Energy Systems 5.3 IEEE Standard 1547 5.4 Grid Integration of Solar Photovoltaic Systems 5.4.1 Photovoltaic Panels 5.4.2 Mathematical Modelling of Photovoltaic Panel 5.4.3 Maximum Power Point Tracking Algorithm 5.4.4 Power Structure 5.4.5 Voltage-Oriented Control 5.5 Grid Integration of Wind Energy Conversion Systems 5.5.1 Wind Energy 5.5.2 Wind Turbines 5.5.3 Power Structure 5.5.4 Control of Machine End Converter 5.5.5 Control of Grid End Converter 5.6 Renewable Energy for Buildings References Chapter 6 Electric Vehicle Technology 6.1 Need for Electric Vehicles 6.2 Electric Vehicle Technology 6.3 Charging Infrastructure for Electric Vehicles 6.4 Charging Techniques for Electric Vehicles 6.4.1 Conductive Charging 6.4.2 Ac Charger 6.4.3 Level 1 Charger 6.4.4 Level 2 Charger 6.4.5 Dc Fast Charger 6.4.6 Inductive Charging 6.4.7 Static Charging 6.4.8 Dynamic Charging 6.4.9 Battery Swapping 6.5 Vehicle to Grid (V2G) 6.6 Impact of V2G On the Grid 6.7 Benefits of V2G 6.8 Challenges for Implementation of V2G References Chapter 7 Techno-Economic Analysis of Electric Vehicles 7.1 Electric Vehicles 7.2 Electric Vehicle Technology: Merits and Challenges 7.3 Techno-Economic Analysis of Electric Vehicles 7.4 Cost Competitiveness of Electric Vehicles References Index