Advanced Nanomaterials for Point of Care Diagnosis and Therapy

Description

Advanced Nanomaterials for Point of Care Diagnosis and Therapy provides an overview of technological and emerging novel trends in how point-of-care diagnostic devices are designed, miniaturized built, and delivered at different healthcare set ups. It describes the significant technological advances in fundamental diagnostic components and recent advances in fully integrated devices designed for specific clinical use. The book covers state-of-the-art fabrication of advances materials with broad spectrum therapeutic applications. It includes drug delivery, biosensing, bioimaging and targeting, and outlines the development of inexpensive, effective and portable in vitro diagnostics tools for any purpose that can be used onsite. Sections also discuss drug delivery, biosensing, bioimaging and targeting and various metal, metal oxide and non-metal-based nanomaterials that are developed, surface modified, and are being explored for diagnosis, targeting, drug delivery, drug release and imaging. The book concludes with current needs and future challenges in the field.    Contributors CONTENTS Chapter 1 - Nanomaterials-based biosensors 1.1 Introduction 1.2 Classification based on detection techniques 1.2.1 Colorimetric biosensors 1.2.2 Electrochemical biosensors 1.2.3 Photoelectrochemical biosensors 1.2.4 Acoustic biosensors 1.3 Nanozymes 1.4 Conclusion References Chapter 2 - Emerging technology for point-of-care diagnostics: Recent developments 2.1 Introduction 2.2 Power systems 2.2.1 Lithium batteries 2.2.2 Solar cells 2.2.3 Triboelectric nanogenerators (TENGs) 2.3 Technologies involved 2.3.1 Transistor 2.3.2 Electrochemical 2.3.3 Microfluidics 2.4 Monitoring health parameters 2.4.1 Pedometer 2.4.2 Blood pressure 2.4.3 Galvanic skin response 2.4.4 Pulse oximeter 2.4.5 Heart rate monitor 2.4.6 Temperature sensor 2.5 Biomarkers for disease diagnosis 2.5.1 Ion monitoring 2.5.1.1 Sodium 2.5.1.2 Potassium 2.5.1.3 Chloride 2.5.1.4 Zinc 2.5.1.5 Copper 2.5.1.6 Cadmium 2.5.1.7 Lead 2.5.1.8 Mercury 2.5.2 pH 2.5.3 Glucose 2.5.4 Lactate 2.5.5 Bacteria 2.5.6 Virus 2.5.7 Cancer 2.5.8 Sleep 2.5.9 Seizure and epilepsy 2.6 Conclusion and future perspective References Chapter 3 - Quantum dots enabled point-of-care diagnostics: A new dimension to the nanodiagnosis 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Characteristics of quantum dots-based point-of-care testing device 3.3 Nanobiosensors for point-of-care diagnostics 3.3.1 Nanosensors for point-of-care diagnostics of cancer 3.3.2 Nanosensors for point-of-care diagnostics of diabetes 3.3.3 Current trends of nanosensors for point-of-care diagnostics in infectious diseases 3.3.4 Recent trends in biosensor for SARS-CoV-2 detection 3.3.5 Future perspectives of quantum dot com point-of-care diagnosis References CHAPTER 4 - Nanomaterials-based disposable electrochemical devices for point-of-care diagnosis 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Paper-based disposable sensors for point-of-care testing 4.3 Screen-printed disposable sensors for point-of-care analysis 4.3.1 Enzyme-based disposable amperometric sensors 4.3.2 Nonenzymatic disposable amperometric sensors 4.3.3 Aptamer-based electrochemical immunosensors 4.4 Ink-jet printed disposable sensors 4.5 Laser-scribed graphene based disposable sensors 4.6 Recent advances and future perspectives 4.6.1 Flexible and stretchable sensors for wearable applications 4.6.2 Wearable devices for diagnosis and therapy 4.7 Summary Acknowledgment References Chapter 5 - Fabrication of nanomaterials for biomedical imaging 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Bioimaging modalities 5.3 Fabrication of nanomaterials for bioimaging 5.3.1 Iron oxide nanoparticles (IONPs) 5.3.2 Gold nanoparticles (GNPs) 5.3.3 Silica nanoparticles (SNPs) 5.3.4 Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) 5.3.5 Graphene 5.3.6 Fullerenes 5.3.7 Quantum dots (QDs) 5.4 Nanoparticle design considerations: Core and surface fabrication 5.4.1 Fabrication of nanoparticles core 5.4.2 Shell structure synthesis 5.4.3 Surface modifications 5.5 Fabrication techniques of nanoparticles 5.6 Conclusions Acknowledgment References CHAPTER 6 - Surface modification with nanomaterials for electrochemical biosensing application 6.1 Introduction 6.2 Essential requirement and role of nanomaterials in ideal biosensors development 6.3 Fabrication of electrochemical biosensors using nanomaterials 6.3.1 Nucleic acid biosensors 6.3.2 Environmental sensors 6.3.3 Food adulteration sensors 6.3.4 Small biomolecules sensors 6.4 Conclusions, future prospects, and challenges Acknowledgments References Chapter 7 - Nanomaterials for sensors: Synthesis and applications 7.1 Introduction of nanomaterials 7.2 Classification of nanomaterials 7.2.1 Organic small molecule-based nanomaterials 7.2.2 Polymer-based nanomaterials 7.2.3 Quantum dots 7.2.4 Metallic nanomaterials 7.2.5 Silicon-based nanomaterials 7.2.6 Metal-organic framework nanoparticles 7.2.7 Carbon-based nanoparticles 7.3 Synthesis of nanomaterials 7.3.1 Organic small molecule-based nanomaterials 7.3.2 Polymer-based nanomaterials 7.3.3 Quantum dots nanomaterials 7.3.4 Metal nanomaterials 7.3.5 Silicon-based nanomaterials 7.3.6 Metal organic framework nanomaterials 7.3.7 Carbon-based nanomaterials 7.4 Properties of nanomaterials 7.5 Characterization of nanoparticles 7.6 Nanomaterials application in sensing 7.6.1 Chemical sensing 7.6.1.1 Nanomaterials for explosive sensing 7.6.1.2 Nanomaterials for volatile organic compounds sensing 7.6.1.3 Nanomaterials for toxic gases sensing 7.6.1.4 Nanomaterials for metal ions sensing 7.6.1.5 Nanomaterials for pesticides, insecticides, and herbicides sensing 7.6.2 Biological sensing 7.6.2.1 Glutathione, an antioxidant detection 7.6.2.2 Nucleic acid detection 7.6.2.3 Enzyme and protein sensing 7.6.2.4 Detection of different biomarkers 7.6.2.5 Bacteria and virus detection 7.6.2.6 Amino acids, vitamins, and cancer cell detection 7.6.2.7 Adenosine and adenosine triphosphate detections 7.6.2.8 Detection of cholesterols and anticoagulant 7.6.3 Miscellaneous sensing 7.6.3.1 Fingerprint detection 7.7 Conclusion and future aspects References Chapter 8 - A comprehensive study toward the treatment of inflammatory diseases through nanoparticles 8.1 Introduction 8.2 Computational details 8.3 Results and discussion 8.3.1 Physicochemical and pharmacokinetic properties of studied molecules 8.3.2 Molecular docking study 8.4 Conclusions References Chapter 9 - Recent advances of nanomaterial sensor for point-of care diagnostics applications and research 9.1 Introduction 9.2 Working principles of nanomaterial sensors 9.3 Types of nanosensors 9.4 Dimension of nanomaterials sensor 9.4.1 0D nanomaterials  9.4.2 1D nanomaterials sensors 9.4.3 2D nanomaterials sensors 9.4.4 3D nanomaterials sensors 9.5 Point-of-care applications 9.5.1 Diagnosis of cancer 9.5.2 Diagnosis of diabetes 9.5.3 Infectious disease diagnosis 9.5.4 Diagnosis of bilharzia 9.5.5 Diagnosis of malaria 9.5.6 The human immunodeficiency virus diagnosis 9.5.7 Diagnosis of COVID-19 9.5.8 Diagnosis of biomarker detection 9.5.9 DNA and RNA detection diagnosis 9.6 Future perspectives and research 9.7 Conclusion Conflicts of interest Acknowledgments References Chapter 10 - Hybrid organic or inorganic nanomaterials for healthcare diagnostics 10.1 Introduction 10.2 Classification of organic and inorganic materials 10.3 Different types of inorganic and organic nanomaterial in treatment 10.4 Applications in healthcare 10.5 Prevailing scenario of nanomaterials in diagnostics and therapeutics 10.6 Future perspectives and conclusions References Chapter 11 - Carbon nanomaterials: Application as sensors for diagnostics 11.1 Introduction 11.2 Carbon-based nanomaterials 11.2.1 Fullerenes 11.2.2 Carbon nanotubes 11.2.3 Graphene 11.2.4 Carbon nanodiamonds 11.2.5 Carbon dots 11.3 Biosensor applications 11.3.1 Carbon nanotubes 11.3.1.1 Carbon nanotubes in diagnosis of cancer 11.3.1.2 Carbon nanotubes in glucose detection 11.3.1.3 Carbon nanotubes in the detection of other diseases 11.3.2 Graphene 11.3.2.1 Cancer biomarker detection 11.3.2.2 Diagnosis of diabetes 11.3.2.3 Detection of genetic complaints 11.3.2.4 Diagnosis of human immunodeficiency virus 11.3.2.5 Salivary detection 11.3.4 Carbon dots 11.3.5 Fullerene 11.3.6 Carbon nanohorns 11.3.7 Nanodiamonds 11.4 Conclusion References Chapter 12 - Modification of screen printed biosensors using nanomaterials 12.1 Introduction 12.2 Classification of nanomaterials for biosensors 12.3 Modification of screen printed electrodes using nanomaterials 12.4 Advantages of modification 12.5 Conclusion References Chapter 13 - Hybrid organic or inorganic nanomaterials for healthcare diagnostics 13.1 Introduction 13.2 Different classes of nanomaterials and their applications 13.2.1 Shape- and size-based classification 13.2.2 Classification based on chemical composition 13.3 Selection criteria of nanodevices for disease diagnosis 13.3.1 Analytical performances 13.3.2 Sensitivity 13.3.3 Challenges in development and implementation 13.3.4 Other requirements 13.4 Synthesis of smart nanomaterials 13.4.1 Physical methods 13.4.2 Biological methods 13.4.3 Chemical methods 13.4.4 Electrochemical and photochemical methods 13.5 Nanomaterials characterization techniques 13.5.1 Physicochemical methods 13.5.2 Electrochemical methods 13.6 Application of hybrid inorganic and organic nanomaterials in healthcare diagnostics 13.6.1 Application as electrode materials 13.6.1.1 Carbon-based nanomaterials 13.6.1.2 Polymeric films (nanosized and nanostructured) and metal-polymer hybrids 13.6.1.3 Electrochemically synthesized metal- or graphitic carbon-polymer hybrids and electropolymers 13.6.2 Application as substrate for biosensor development 13.6.3 Application as biomarker recognition element 13.6.3.1 Metal and metal oxide nanoparticles as recognition elements 13.6.3.2 Hybrid organic nanomaterials as recognition elements 13.6.3.3 Polymeric and electropolymeric recognition elements 13.7 Conclusion References Chapter 14 - Emerging strategies in nanotheranostics: A paradigm shift 14.1 Introduction 14.2 Nanotheranostics 14.3 Metal-based nanomaterials 14.3.1 Gold-based nanomaterials 14.3.2 Magnetic nanomaterials 14.4 Polymeric nanomaterials 14.5 Silica-based nonmaterial 14.6 Carbon nanomaterials 14.7 Composite nonmaterial 14.8 Other nanomaterials 14.9 Conclusion and future scope References Chapter 15 - Nanoparticles in dentistry 15.1 Introduction 15.1.1 What is nanoscale? 15.1.2 Nanotechnology 15.1.3 What are nanomaterials and their classification? 15.1.4 What are nanoparticles and classification of nanoparticles? 15.1.5 Basic proerties of nanomaterials 15.1.6 Synthetic and natural nanomaterials 15.1.7 Sources of nanomaterials 15.2 Nanoparticles in dental materials 15.3 Nanoparticles in diagnostic dentistry 15.4 Nanotechnology in preventive dentistry 15.4.1 In periodontal problems or gum related problems 15.4.2 In carious lesions and demineralized tooth defects 15.4.3 In remineralization of small demineralized defects 15.4.4 In caries vaccine 15.5 Nanoparticles in therapeutic dentistry 15.5.1 Cancer therapy 15.5.2 Gold particles in cancer therapeutics 15.5.3 Nanocapsule drug delivery 15.5.4 Carbon nanotubes 15.5.5 Liposomes 15.5.6 Oncolysis through silver nanoparticles 15.5.7 Nanoshells and nanovectors 15.5.8 Treatment for dentinal hypersensitivity 15.5.9 Disinfecting the root canal 15.5.10 Tissue engineering 15.5.11 Drug delivery 15.6 Nanoparticles in implant dentistry 15.6.1 Nanoscale topography modifications 15.6.2 Surface functionalization 15.6.3 Surface topography 15.7 Nanoparticles in sterilization and disinfection 15.7.1 Disinfection using nanotechnology 15.7.2 Antimicrobial spray nanocoating 15.8 Nanotechnology in different branches in dentistry 15.9 Conclusion References Chapter 16 - Advanced nanomaterial for point-of-care chemotherapy 16.1 Introduction 16.2 Challenges with conventional chemotherapy agents 16.3 Nanotherapeutics to overcome conventional chemotherapy limitations 16.3.1 Ideal drug delivery 16.4 Nanocarriers in drug delivery systems 16.4.1 Key properties of nanomaterials 16.4.1.1 Shape and size 16.4.1.2 Surface properties 16.4.1.3 Active and passive targeting 16.4.1.3.1 Passive targeting of nanoparticles 16.4.1.3.2 Active targeting 16.4.1.4 Minimizing reticuloendothelial system uptake 16.4.1.5 Overcome multi-drug resistance 16.4.2 Tumor uptake of nanoparticles 16.4.3 Typical nanocarrier systems 16.4.4 Organic nanoparticles 16.4.4.1 Polymeric micelles 16.4.4.2 Polymer nanoparticles 16.4.4.3 Dendrimers 16.4.4.4 Liposomes 16.4.4.5 Polymer-drug conjugates 16.4.4.6 Inorganic nanoparticles [31,47] 16.4.4.7 Silica nanoparticles 16.4.4.8 Gold nanoparticles 16.4.4.9 Carbon nanotubes 16.4.4.10 Quantum dots 16.4.4.11 Magnetic nanoparticles 16.4.5 Nanomedicine drug release strategies 16.4.6 Nanoparticles and anticancer response modalities 16.4.6.1 Nanoparticle-mediated drug release 16.4.6.2 Hyperthermia or thermal ablation 16.4.6.3 Challenges in nanoparticle drug delivery 16.4.7 Common chemotherapeutic agents as nanotherapeutics 16.4.7.1 Doxorubicin 16.4.7.2 Docetaxel 16.4.7.3 Paclitaxel 16.4.7.4 Irinotecan 16.4.8 Nanomaterials as drug carriers: Advantages and disadvantages 16.5 Summary References Chapter 17 - Drug loaded nanomaterials for hematological malignancies diagnosis and enhanced targeted therapy 17.1 Introduction 17.2 Different nanomaterials and their fabrication for targeted drug therapy 17.3 Cancer diagnosis 17.4 Some investigated nanomaterials based imaging techniques 17.5 Clearance and toxicological investigation of nanomaterials 17.6 Challenges to cancer nanotechnology 17.7 Conclusion and future perspective References Chapter 18 - DNA nanotechnology based point-of-care theranostics devices 18.1 Introduction 18.2 Design and synthesis of DNA-based devices 18.2.1 One pot assembly method 18.2.2 Modular assembly method 18.2.3 DNA origami-based assembly method 18.3 DNA hydrogels 18.3.1 Hydrogels made only from DNA strands 18.3.2 Hybrid DNA hydrogels 18.4 Characterization of DNA nanodevices 18.5 Current applications 18.5.1 DNA nanodevices in therapeutics 18.5.2 DNA nanodevices in biosensing 18.6 Conclusion and future perspectives Acknowledgments Conflict of interest References Chapter 19 - Current trends in theranostic approaches using nanotechnology for oral squamous cell carcinoma 19.1 Introduction 19.2 Early diagnosis of oral cancer using nanotechnology 19.3 Enhanced treatment of oral cancer using nanotechnology 19.4 Conclusion References Chapter 20 - Advanced nanomaterials for point-of-care diagnosis and therapy 20.1 Introduction 20.2 Point-of-care tests and diagnosis 20.3 Nanomaterial and its classifications 20.4 Applications of nanomaterials in point-of-care diagnosis 20.4.1 Spherical nanomaterials 20.4.1.1 Optical point-of-care devices 20.4.1.2 Electrochemical point-of-care devices 20.4.1.3 Magnetic point-of-care devices 20.4.2 1D nanomaterials 20.4.3 2D nanomaterials (single layer) 20.4.4 3D nanomaterials 20.5 Utilization of nanomaterials for point-of-care tests for infectious diseases 20.5.1 Diagnostic magnetic resonance system 20.5.2 Magnetic barcode assay platform 20.5.3 Mobile phone-based microscopy of polarized light 20.5.4 Mobile phone-based dongle system 20.5.5 Paper-based point-of-care tests system 20.6 Therapeutic applications of nanomaterials 20.6.1 Nanomaterial-based cancer therapy 20.6.2 Nanomaterial-based treatment of brain diseases 20.6.2.1 Chemotherapy based on nanomaterials 20.6.2.2 Gene therapy based on nanomaterials 20.6.2.3 Thermotherapy 20.6.2.4 Photodynamic therapy 20.6.3 Use of nanomaterials for treatment of oral biofilm infections 20.6.3.1 Fullerenes acting as PSs 20.6.3.2 Carbon nanotubes and graphene 20.6.3.3 Metal oxide nanoparticle 20.6.3.4 Use of upconversion nanoparticles 20.6.4 Antiviral activity of nanomaterials 20.6.5 Nanomaterials to treat autoimmune diseases 20.7 Conclusion References Chapter 21 - Synthesis and applications of carbon nanomaterials-based sensors 21.1 Introduction 21.2 Classification of nanosensors 21.2.1 Based on energy source 21.2.2 Based on structure 21.2.2.1 Optical nanosensors 21.2.2.2 Electromagnetic nanosensors 21.2.2.3 Mechanical and/or vibrational nanosensors 21.2.3 Based on application 21.2.4 Classification of carbon-based nanosensors 21.3 Study of carbon-based sensor 21.4 Synthetic methods of carbon nanomaterials in sensing 21.4.1 Synthesis of graphene 21.4.1.1 Mechanical exfoliation 21.4.1.2 Chemical exfoliation 21.4.1.3 Pyrolysis of graphene 21.4.1.4 Chemical vapor deposition 21.4.1.5 Epitaxial growth of graphene 21.4.1.6 Other methods 21.4.2 Synthesis of carbon nanotubes 21.4.2.1 Chemical vapor deposition 21.4.2.2 Laser-ablation technique 21.4.2.3 Carbon arc-discharge technique 21.4.3 Synthesis of fullerene 21.4.3.1 Laser irradiation of carbon 21.4.3.2 Electrical arc heating of graphite 21.4.3.3 Resistive arc heating of graphite 21.4.3.4 Laser irradiation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons 21.5 Current applications 21.6 Conclusions Acknowledgments References Chapter 22 - Nanomaterials for sensors: Synthesis and applications 22.1 Introduction 22.2 Sensors 22.2.1 Sensors and their types 22.2.1.1 Semiconductor-based sensors 22.2.1.2 Metal-based sensors 22.2.1.3 Carbon-based sensors 22.2.1.4 Organic materials-based sensors 22.2.1.5 Biomaterials-based sensors/biosensors 22.2.1.6 Chemical sensors 22.2.1.7 Biosensors/biochemical sensors 22.2.1.8 Physical sensors/parametric sensors 22.2.2 Working mechanism 22.2.2.1 Optical/fluorescence sensors 22.2.2.2 Electrochemical sensors 22.2.2.3 Thermoelectric sensors 22.2.2.4 Electric and magnetic sensors 22.2.2.5 Sensors based on biochemical recognition/biosensors 22.2.2.6 Sensors based on direct physical interactions/change in physical parameters 22.3 Nanomaterials 22.3.1 Nanomaterials and their classifications 22.3.1.1 Zero-dimensional (0D) nanomaterials or nanoparticles 22.3.1.2 One-dimensional (1D) nanomaterials 22.3.1.3 Two-dimensional (2D) nanomaterials 22.3.1.4 Three dimensional (3D) or bulk nanostructured materials 22.3.1.5 Methods for the synthesis 22.3.1.6 Top-down approaches 22.3.1.7 Bottom-up approaches 22.3.1.8 Chemical synthesis routes 22.3.1.9 Physical synthesis routes 22.3.1.10 Biological synthesis routes 22.4 Modification of nanomaterials as a function of size, shape, composition, doping 22.5 Applications of nanomaterials in sensor field 22.6 Summary and future perspectives Acknowledgment References Chapter 23 - Nanomedicines as an alternative strategy for Fungal disease treatment 23.1 Introduction 23.2 Fungi as human pathogens 23.2.1 Dissemination of fungal diseases 23.2.2 Host defense mechanisms 23.3 Types of fungal infections 23.3.1 Superficial fungal infections 23.3.2 Dermatophyte infections 23.3.3 Subcutaneous mycoses 23.3.4 Systemic mycoses 23.4 Antifungal drugs and their mode of action 23.4.1 Drug resistance mechanisms in fungi 23.4.2 Multidrug resistance: A pattern of concern 23.5 Nanomedicine/nanotherapy: An answer to antifungal resistance 23.5.1 Metallic nanoparticles as antifungal agents 23.5.2 Mechanism of silver nanoparticles as an antifungal agent 23.5.3 Mechanism of chitosan nanoparticles as an antifungal agent 23.5.4 Mechanism of zinc oxide nanoparticles as an antifungal agent 23.6 Antifungal peptides as antifungal drugs/delivery system 23.6.1 Resistance to antifungal peptides 23.7 Conclusion References CHAPTER 24 - Technological advancement in nano diagnostics point of care test development for biomedical application 24.1 Introduction 24.2 Classification of nanosensors 24.2.1 Working principle of biosensor, chemical sensor, and gas sensor 24.3 Synthesis 24.4 Metal and noble metal nanomaterials as nanosensors 24.4.1 Applications 24.5 Metal oxide nanomaterials as nanosensors 24.5.1 Applications 24.6 Carbon-based nanomaterials as nanosensors 24.6.1 Applications 24.7 Polymer nanomaterials as nanosensors 24.7.1 Applications 24.8 Bionanomaterials as nanosensors 24.8.1 Applications 24.9 Electrochemical sensors for biomedical application 24.10 Conclusion References Chapter 25 - Smart and intelligent vehicles for drug delivery: Theranostic nanorobots 25.1 Introduction 25.2 Magnetic fluid as a smart material 25.3 Physical properties of magnetic fluids 25.4 Engineering of magnetic fluid for biomedicine applications 25.4.1 Synthesis of magnetic fluid/magnetic nanoparticles 25.4.2 Binding drug and coating process of magnetic nanoparticles 25.4.3 Magnetic core-shell designed 25.5 Nanorobots in diagnostics 25.5.1 Molecular diagnostics by magnetic extraction 25.5.2 Contrast agents for magnetic resonance imaging 25.6 A drug delivery vehicle 25.6.1 Targeted drug delivery 25.6.1.1 Passive targeting 25.6.1.2 Active drug targeting 25.6.1.3 Magnetic nanoparticles as drug delivery vehicle 25.6.2 Hyperthermia 25.7 Safety measurements and risks 25.8 Conclusion and prospects References Index