Revising the Integration-Citizenship Nexus in Europe: Sites, Policies, and Bureaucracies of Belonging

Description

This open access book critically re-examines the theoretical and empirical interconnections between integration and citizenship, specifically, naturalisation. With new, empirical-grounded analyses of what we term 'citizenship-integration nexus' the central, shared contribution is showcasing how membership is informally achieved through everyday integration ―usually around, but sometimes in spite of, formal citizenship requirements. By providing evidence of a nexus disjuncture, the book contributes to critical dialogues on immigrant integration and political incorporation, relevant for policymakers, civil society actors, and academics alike. Acknowledgements Contents Editors and Contributors About the Editors Contributors List of Figures List of Tables Chapter 1: Conceptualising the Citizenship-Integration Nexus 1.1 Conceptualising the Citizenship-Integration Nexus 1.2 Structure of the Book References Part I: Integration Through Citizenship Chapter 2: Ideas of Integration in Citizenship Laws and Citizenship Acquisition Procedures in Belgium and the UK 2.1 Policies of Naturalization 2.2 Methodology and Research Design 2.3 Integrationism in UK and Belgian Nationality Legislation 2.4 UK: The Routinisation of Integration Requirements 2.5 Belgium: Integration as the Letter of the Law 2.6 Conclusions References Chapter 3: Becoming Dutch at What Cost? Increasing Application Fees and Naturalisation Rates of EU Immigrants in the Netherlands 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Naturalisation Fees in the Netherlands 3.3 Data and Methodology 3.3.1 Data 3.3.2 Identification Strategy 3.4 Analysis 3.4.1 Trends 3.5 Single-Difference Regression: Main Effect and Impact Heterogeneity 3.6 Double-Difference Regression: Conditioned Relevance of the Fee Increase 3.7 Conclusion References Chapter 4: Citizenship and Naturalisation for Migrants in the UK After Brexit 4.1 British Nationality Law 4.2 Who Becomes a UK Citizen? Differences Between EU-born and Non-EU Born Migrants 4.3 Factors Affecting the Acquisition of Citizenship Among EU and Non-EU citizens, and the Role of Brexit 4.3.1 Origin Countries 4.3.2 Age at Migration and Years of Residence 4.3.3 Citizenship Policy in the Origin and Destination Countries: Dual Nationality Policies, Visa Type and Citizenship Fees 4.4 Conclusions and Gaps in the Data References Part II: Integration from Below Chapter 5: Immigrant Economic Rights in the European Union 5.1 The Economic Rights of Migrants 5.2 Empirical Approach 5.2.1 Integration below Citizenship: Social and Psychological Integration in the EU 5.3 Measurement 5.3.1 Economic Rights 5.4 Analysis 5.4.1 Integration at Citizenship: Naturalisation Within the EU 5.5 Measurement 5.6 Analysis 5.7 Conclusion References Chapter 6: Migrants, New Citizens, Co-Citizens and Citizens by Adoption – Regionalist Parties’ Framing of Immigrants in the Basque Country, Corsica, South Tyrol, Scotland and Wales 6.1 Introduction 6.2 Actors and Processes of Constructing Regional Citizens through ‘Othering’ 6.3 SNRPs in the Basque Country, Corsica, South Tyrol, Scotland and Wales 6.4 Regionalist Parties’ Framing of Immigrants: From ‘Unwanted’ Migrants to ‘New Citizens’, ‘Co-Citizens’ and ‘Citizens by Adoption’ 6.4.1 Migrants – Those Who Do Not Belong to ‘Us’ 6.4.2 Citizens: Migrants Who Belong to ‘Us’ 6.5 Conclusion References Primary Documents Chapter 7: Intercultural Citizenship in the Making: Public Space and Belonging in Discriminatory Environments 7.1 Introduction: The Debate on the Conditions of Interculturalism 7.2 Framing the Interculturalism, Public Space and Citizenship-Making Debate 7.3 Self-Perceptions on Discrimination and the Mitigating Effects of Place-Based Belonging 7.3.1 The Empirical Material: Analysing Data from Different Research Projects 7.3.2 Self-Perceptions on Discrimination 7.3.3 The Relation to Place and the Construction of Belonging 7.4 Concluding Remarks: Interculturalism from below References Chapter 8: “In London, I Am a European Citizen”: Brexit, Emotions, and the Politics of Belonging 8.1 Introduction 8.1.1 Belonging and the New Politics of Belonging as EU Citizens in Post-Brexit Britain 8.1.2 Methodology 8.1.3 Brexit, Emotions and the Intersectional Politics of Belonging 8.1.4 Emplacing Brexit and Urban Citizenship 8.1.5 ‘In London, I am a European Citizen’: EU Citizenship and the Nested Politics of Belonging 8.1.6 Conclusion: London’s Unique Position as the Hub of the Largest EU ‘Diaspora’ Outside the EU References Part III: Integration from Above Chapter 9: “It Just Feels Weird” – Irish External Voting and the ‘Brexit Irish’ 9.1 Introduction 9.2 External Voting 9.3 The Irish Context 9.3.1 Emigration and Diaspora 9.3.2 Irish External Votes – Policy & Campaigning 9.4 Brexit; Irish Citizens in the UK and NI 9.4.1 Irish Citizenship Eligibility for UK and NI Born Residents 9.5 The ‘Brexit Irish’ 9.6 Project and Method 9.7 External Voting and the ‘Brexit’ Irish 9.7.1 A Move to Vote? 9.7.2 Connections/Disconnections 9.7.3 Reluctant to Influence 9.7.4 Northern Ireland 9.8 Conclusion References Chapter 10: Between Integration and Dissociation: Intra-European Immigrants’ Life Experiences in Romania 10.1 Introduction 10.2 Mobile EU Citizens and Integration 10.3 Immigration to Romania and Previous Evidence on Integration 10.3.1 Expectations: An Atypical Integration 10.4 Data and Methods 10.5 Results 10.5.1 Linguistic Integration: Romanian Proficiency 10.5.2 Economic Integration: Employment and Entrepreneurship 10.5.3 Navigational Integration: Access to Healthcare 10.5.4 Social Integration: Volunteering, Interest in Politics, Informal Relations with Locals 10.6 Conclusion References Chapter 11: EU Citizenship: A Tool for Integration? 11.1 Introduction 11.2 What Is EU Citizenship? 11.3 The Evolution of an Incomplete, Imbalanced, and Inconsistent Citizenship 11.4 Consequences of Weak EU Citizenship: Some Examples 11.4.1 Enlargement 11.4.2 Immigration and Eligibility for National Citizenship 11.4.3 Brexit and Suprastatelessness 11.5 Discussion References Appendix Chapter 3 Chapter 4 Chapter 6