The Psychology of Artificial Superintelligence (Cognitive Systems Monographs, 42)

Description

This book explores the psychological impact of advanced forms of artificial intelligence. How will it be to live with a superior intelligence? How will the exposure to highly developed artificial intelligence (AI) systems change human well-being? With a review of recent advancements in brain–computer interfaces, military AI, Explainable AI (XAI) and digital clones as a foundation, the experience of living with a hyperintelligence is discussed from the viewpoint of a clinical psychologist. The theory of universal solicitation is introduced, i.e. the demand character of a technology that wants to be used in all aspects of life. With a focus on human experience, and to a lesser extent on technology, the book is written for a general readership with an interest in psychology, technology and the future of our human condition. With its unique focus on psychological topics, the book offers contributions to a discussion on the future of human life beyond purely technological considerations. Preface Contents 1 Universal Solicitation 1.1 Introduction 1.2 Artificial Superintelligence 1.2.1 The Singularity 1.3 Regulating Societies by Use of Artificial Intelligence 1.4 Robotics and AI 1.5 Speed of Communication: Human vs AI 1.6 Should We Have This Discussion Now? 1.7 Will a Future AI Superintelligence Be Hostile? 1.8 Can an Advanced AI Be Beneficial? 1.9 Motivation and Background 1.10 Overview References 2 Digital Clones 2.1 Introduction 2.2 Design Principles 2.3 Psychotherapy as Heuristic Search 2.3.1 Introduction to Heuristic Search 2.3.2 Motivation for the Use of Heuristic Search 2.4 Live Training of Digital Clones 2.5 Digital Clone Trees 2.6 Computers Are Social Actors 2.7 Adjusting Language in Psychotherapy 2.8 The Solicitation of AI Therapy 2.9 Loneliness 2.10 The “Caring Professions” and the Future of AI References 3 Explanation 3.1 Introduction 3.2 The Logic of Explanation 3.3 Explanation and Cognition 3.4 Explanation and Learning 3.4.1 Explanation-Based Generalization 3.5 Types of Explanation 3.5.1 How and Why Explanations 3.5.2 Generating or Identifying the Best Explanation 3.5.3 Explanation and the “Theory of Mind” 3.6 Explanation and Black Box Machine Learning 3.6.1 Rule Extraction from Black-Box Machine Learning Systems 3.6.2 Rule-Extraction for Whom? 3.7 Visualisation and What-If Explanation 3.8 New Forms of Explanation 3.9 Explanation for Children 3.9.1 Satisfying Explanations for Children 3.10 Irrational Explanations References 4 Transhumanism 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Cognitive and Perceptual Enhancement 4.3 The Convergence of Abilities 4.3.1 Enhancements, Personality and the Notion of “Self” 4.4 The Concept of Self 4.4.1 Self Memory Systems 4.4.2 The Self and Autopoiesis 4.4.3 Enhancement and Social Cohesion 4.5 Brain-Machine Interfaces 4.5.1 BMI, Telepathy and Psychosis 4.6 Human Motivation 4.7 The Extension of Life References 5 Neo-Luddism 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Neo-Luddites 5.3 “Only a God Can Save Us”: Heidegger’s Spiegel Interview in 1966 5.3.1 Artificial Intelligence Is Not (Just) a Tool 5.4 A Thought Experiment 5.4.1 Mindfulness in Psychology 5.4.2 Husserl’s Phenomenological Reduction 5.4.3 Heideggerian AI 5.5 Resistance to Artificial Intelligence 5.5.1 Lethal Autonomous Weapons 5.5.2 Monitoring Online Conversations 5.5.3 AI and Privacy 5.5.4 Resistance to Medical AI 5.5.5 Determination of Ethnicity, Personality and Attractiveness 5.6 Societal Response to Advanced Technology References 6 Safety and Military Artificial Intelligence 6.1 Introduction 6.2 Attitudes Towards Military AI in the USA 6.3 Are Machines Responsible Agents? 6.3.1 Are Intelligent Killing Machines Responsible Agents? 6.3.2 Who Contributes to Killing Humans by Use of AI? 6.3.3 Nazi Atrocities, Liability and Personal Guilt 6.3.4 Climate Change and Personal Guilt 6.3.5 Non-humanoid Drones and Anxiety 6.4 Emotion and Military AI 6.5 Explanation and Military AI 6.5.1 Explanation and Misinformation in Military Applications 6.6 The Rules of Armed Conflict 6.6.1 The Rules of Armed Conflict and AI 6.6.2 An Extended Set of Rules for Armed AI Conflicts 6.7 Human Control of Advanced AI 6.7.1 Human AI Partnerships 6.7.2 Intrusion 6.8 Artificial General Intelligence and Military AI References 7 Risks to Artificial Intelligence 7.1 Introduction 7.2 The Uncanny Valley of Humans and Machines 7.2.1 Challenging the Uncanny Valley Concept 7.3 The Uncanny Valley and Autism Spectrum Disorder 7.3.1 Life in the Uncanny Valley 7.3.2 Theory of Mind, Autism and Artificial Superintelligence 7.4 Abuse of Chatbots 7.4.1 Porn Filters in Chatbots 7.5 Robots for Autism References Appendices Appendix A: Knowledge Acquisition and Automated Psychotherapy Knowledge Acquisition and Kriton Speech Amy: An Artificial Intelligence ADHD Coach References Appendix B: Speech, Language and Mental Health Language, Depression and Schizophrenia Support Vector Machine Learning Mood Analysis in JoBotTM References Appendix C: Case Illustrations Little Albert Little Hans A Fictional Case Study: Maryam A Fictional Case Study for Asperger Relationships: Frank and Jill Observations of Individuals with ASD A Fictional Case Study: Martin References