Pesticides, Organic Contaminants, and Pathogens in Air: Chemodynamics, Health Effects, Sampling, and Analysis

Description

The air is an important but largely unrecognized source of contaminant fate in the environment, including transport of pesticides and contaminants to nontarget areas and exposures for people and wildlife. This book summarizes and places in perspective the potential transport, transformation, and health implications of pesticides and contaminants in air, including the air we breathe. It delves into the hypothesis that the atmosphere is the most significant environmental compartment affecting the overall transport and fate of many classes of environmental contaminants. The authors draw parallels between sampling, analysis, and impact of airborne toxics and particulate matter with the COVID-19 pandemic. Airborne viruses and fine particulate matter, which are of similar size, have remarkable parallels in how they are transmitted and accumulated in the respiratory tract. FEATURES Assesses exposures of people and wildlife to airborne chemicals Includes case study applications, with relevant data summarized for pesticides and contaminants in air Discusses approaches to modeling pesticides’ and contaminants’ dispersion and fate in air Includes an assessment of the physicochemical properties of pesticides and contaminants that influence sampling and atmospheric mobility and fate The authors are global experts in air contaminant research, and this book is well organized and helpful for people interested in regulatory, health, and other topics related to pesticides and contaminants in air. James N. Seiber is a Professor Emeritus at the University of California, Davis. Thomas M. Cahill is an Associate Professor in the School of Mathematical and Natural Sciences at Arizona State University. Cover Half Title Title Page Copyright Page Dedication Table of Contents Acknowledgments Authors List of Abbreviations Glossary of Agencies Glossary of Terms 1. Introduction: A Summary with New Perspectives 1.1 Introduction 1.2 Distribution and Fate of Pesticides in Air References 2. Historical and Current Uses of Pesticides 2.1 Introduction 2.2 Early Pesticides 2.3 The Synthetic Revolution 2.3.1 Organochlorines 2.3.2 Organophosphates 2.3.3 Carbamates 2.3.4 Synthetic Herbicides 2.3.5 Neonicotinoids 2.4 Biopesticides 2.4.1 Spinosad 2.5 Basic Overview of Application of Pesticides 2.6 Summary of Current Use of Pesticides References 3. Physical and Chemical Properties of Pesticides and Other Contaminants: Volatilization, Adsorption, Environmental Distribution, and Reactivity 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Volatilization 3.2.1 Volatilization of Pure Liquids and Solids 3.2.2 Volatilization from Water 3.2.2.1 Solutes 3.2.2.2 Azeotropes 3.2.3 Volatilization from Soil 3.2.4 Volatilization Flux Methods 3.3 Adsorption/Absorption 3.4 Environmental Distribution 3.4.1 Soil 3.4.1.1 Distribution between Soil/Sediment and Water 3.4.1.2 Distribution between Soil/Sediment and Groundwater 3.4.1.3 Distribution between Soil/Sediment and Vapor 3.4.1.4 Distribution between Soil/Sediment and Fog/Rainwater 3.4.2 Biota 3.4.2.1 Biota and Water 3.4.2.2 Root Zone Absorption 3.4.2.3 Biota and Vapor 3.5 Reactivity 3.6 Conclusions References 4. Pesticide Exposure and Impact on Humans and Ecosystems 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Examples of Human Exposures 4.2.1 Paraquat 4.2.2 Petroleum-Based Weed and Dormant Oil Pesticides 4.2.3 Other Examples 4.2.4 Mitigation 4.3 Regulations and Classifications 4.4 Indoor vs Outdoor Chemicals 4.5 Human Exposure Routes and Impacts 4.6 Exposures to Ecosystems 4.7 Global Distribution and Climate Change 4.8 Conclusions References 5. Environmental Fate Models, with Emphasis on Those Applicable to Air 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Empirical vs Computational Models 5.3 Empirical Models 5.3.1 Empirical Models (Microcosm) 5.3.2 Empirical Models (Mesocosm) 5.4 Numeric Models (Computer) 5.4.1 Water/Multimedia Models 5.4.2 Soil/Root Zone Models 5.4.3 Air/Dispersion and Fate Models 5.4.3.1 Emission Rate Estimation for Air/Dispersion and Fate Models 5.5 Chemical Property Estimation 5.5.1 EPI SuiteTM 5.5.2 Literature Search 5.5.3 Experimental Generation 5.6 Conclusions 5.7 Further Reading References 6. Sampling and Analysis 6.1 Introduction 6.2 Sampling 6.2.1 Sampler Design 6.2.2 Physical Properties of the Analyte 6.2.3 Cumulative Sampling 6.2.4 Special Sampler Designs 6.2.5 Environment 6.3 Analysis 6.4 Limit of Detection 6.5 Further Reading References 7. Pesticides in Fog 7.1 Introduction 7.2 Pesticides in Fogwater 7.3 Pesticide Use in California 7.4 Fogwater Sampling Methodology 7.5 Fogwater Sampling Results 7.6 Significance 7.7 Conclusions References 8. Fumigants 8.1 Introduction 8.2 Methyl Bromide 8.3 Emissions of MeBr from Agricultural Fields: Rate Estimates and Methods of Reduction 8.3.1 Flux from a Single Fallow Field 8.3.2 Flux from Multiple Sources 8.3.2.1 Flux from Multiple Fields: Ambient Concentrations Downwind 8.3.2.2 Flux from Multiple Fields: ISCST3 Model Performance 8.3.2.3 Flux from Multiple Fields: CALPUFF Model Performance 8.3.2.4 Flux from Multiple Fields: Applications to Exposure Calculations 8.3.2.5 Flux from Multiple Fields: Exposure Assessment 8.4 Modeling Emissions 8.5 Mitigation 8.6 Replacement 8.6.1 Methyl Isothiocyanate 8.6.2 Other Fumigants References 9. Trifluoroacetic Acid from CFC Replacements: An Atmospheric Toxicant Becomes a Terrestrial Problem 9.1 Introduction 9.2 TFA as an Environmental Concern 9.3 Sources of TFA 9.4 Chemistry of TFA 9.4.1 Acidity 9.4.2 Stability 9.4.3 Toxicity 9.5 Environmental Concentrations of TFA 9.5.1 Oceans 9.5.2 Hemispheric Background Concentrations 9.5.3 Populated Regions 9.5.4 Terminal Waterbodies 9.5.5 Point Sources of TFA 9.6 Conclusions References 10. Drift 10.1 Introduction 10.2 Drift to Sensitive Ecosystems: From California’s Central Valley to the Sierra Nevada 10.3 Pesticide Drift to Nontarget Crops 10.4 Dicamba Drift, an Ongoing Debate 10.5 Conclusions References 11. Viruses, Pathogens, and Other Contaminants 11.1 Introduction 11.2 COVID-19 11.2.1 Treatments for COVID-19 11.2.2 Vaccines for COVID-19 11.2.3 New Variants of COVID-19 11.2.4 Transmission of COVID-19 11.3 Other Airborne Diseases 11.4 New Insights into Viral Transmission References 12. Biopesticides and the Toolbox Approach to Pest Management 12.1 Introduction 12.2 Current Trends 12.3 Biopesticides 12.4 Other Alternatives to Synthetic Pesticides 12.5 GMO Crops 12.6 Smart Application Systems 12.7 Conclusions References 13. Conclusions 13.1 Conclusions References Index