The Routledge Handbook of Digital Sport Management

Description

The Routledge Handbook of Digital Sport Management provides students, researchers, and practitioners with a contemporary roadmap of the impact of digital technologies in sport management, at all levels and in all sectors, in a global context. Divided into three sections addressing digital transformations, digital tools, and emerging digital issues, this book explores the impact of digital technology in the core functional areas of sport management, such as sponsorship, event management, and human resources. It introduces essential digital innovations such as esports, social media, VR, wearables, analytics, and artificial intelligence, and examines the debates and issues that are likely to shape and transform sport business over the next decade. The only book to survey the full sweep of digital sport management, this book is an essential reference for all serious students of sport business and management, any researcher working in the nexus of sport business and digital, and all managers, policy-makers or associated professionals working in the sport industry. Cover Half Title Title Page Copyright Page Contents Figures Tables Acknowledgments Contributors Embracing the Digital Frontier: Introduction to The Routledge Handbook of Digital Sport Management References Part I: Digital Transformations in Sport Management 1. Organizational Behavior and Digital Transformation in Sport Introduction Individual Employee Level Psychological Capital Innovation Adoption Motivation Intrinsic Motivation Domain Relevant Skills Creativity Process Engagement Work Group Level Resource Dependency Financial Resources Human Resources Knowledge Time Access to Technology Innovative Work Climate Organizational and Environmental Level Escalation of Commitment Sport Structures and Coopetition Trends and Additional Considerations Sport Organizations as Small Enterprises Level 1: Digital Awareness Level 2: Digital Inquiry Level 3: Digital Collaboration Level 4: Digital Transformation Turnover and Burnout Conclusion and Future Directions References 2. Human Resource Management and Digital Technology HRM and Digital Technology in the Sport Industry The Emergence of e-HRM Theory and Movement Forward e-HRM in Organizations The Positive Influence of e-HRM What Does e-HRM Look Like? Sport Industry Trends Recruitment of Diverse Populations - The Context Training and Scheduling Volunteers and Staff - The Context Living in an Evidence-Based Sport Industry - The Context Working on the Road: Reimbursement Systems - The Context e-HRM in Sport: The Move Forward Conclusion Acknowledgment References 3. Virtual Volunteering Introduction Virtual Volunteering Research: Processes and Trends Virtual Volunteering: Participation Trends, Demographics, and Roles Virtual Volunteering Research Future Research Directions Conclusion References 4. Digital Transformations in Youth Sport Introduction Precipitating Jolts in Youth Sport Challenges to the Status Quo in Youth Sport Widespread Adoption of Digital Transformations in Youth Sport Future Directions References 5. Digital Transformation in Not-for-Profit Sport Organizations Introduction Organizational Change Digital Technology in Organizations Digital Transformation in Organizations Organizational Strategy Organizational Structure and Design Leadership and Human Resources Emerging Trends Conclusions and Future Research Directions References 6. Virtual Participatory Sport Events Introduction Participatory Sport Events Digital Disruption of the Participatory Sport Event Market Social Leveraging of Participatory Sport Events Fostering Social Interaction Prompting a Sense of Celebration Social Leveraging and Virtual Running Events Social Leveraging Through Participants' Experiences of Virtual Running Events Extending the Benefits of Virtual Running Events Implications for Future Sport Event Design and Research Enhancing Meaningfulness Through Event Design Management Implications of Virtual Events References 7. Digital Innovation in High-Performance Sport Introduction The Role of Technological and Digital Innovation in High-Performance (Elite) Sport Applications Gear Gadgets and Equipment The Benefits and Risks of Technological and Digital Innovation in High-Performance (Elite) Sport The Case of Australia: "We've Done it Before ... and We Will Do It Again" Conclusion and Future Directions Notes References 8. Corporate Social Responsibility and Digital Transformation in Professional Sport Introduction Concept Grounding: CSR and Digital Transformation - What Does it Mean? Sport Philanthropy and Digital Fundraising CSR Digital Communication and Engagement Corporate Digital Responsibility and Sport Organizations Dimensions of Corporate Digital Responsibility Social CDR and Sport Economic CDR and Sport Technological CDR and Sport Environmental CDR and Sport Conclusions, Implications, and Future Research References 9. Digital Transformation in Sport Sponsorship Introduction Sport Sponsorship Digital Framework Digital Sponsorship Process Marketer/Property/Sponsor Digital Technology Digital Media Digital Platforms Audience/Fan/Consumer Digital Devices Digital Data Business Models and Strategies Sport Sponsorship Ecosystem Consumers/Fans - The Ways They Interact Digitally Online Following Digital Assets Virtual Reality Augmented Reality Fantasy Sports Video Games Sports Betting Conclusions about the Current Context Digital Transition for Sport Esports, "Born Digital" The Skills Gap Future Directions Devices Used Data Visualization The Nature of New Research Artificial Intelligence The Digital Divide References 10. Digital Sport Management and the Law Introduction Social Media Regulation Social Media Policies Governing Sport Professionals Social Media Policies Governing Olympic Athletes Digital Media and Regulation Moving Forward Esports and Intellectual Property Law Esports & Copyright Control Copyright Defenses Sexual Harassment and Electronic Gaming The Effect of Harassment on Esports Anti-Harassment Regulation and Esports Esports Moving Forward References 11. Digital Technology and Sport for Development Introduction Prior SFD Literature Information and Communication Technology for Development Communication Platforms Monitoring and Evaluation Open-Source and User-Driven Solutions Supporting Livelihood Digital Program Delivery Future Directions Capability Approach Critical Pedagogy Innovation Diffusion Theory Technology Acceptance Model Digital Literacy Ecological Theories/Models Virtual and Augmented Reality Actor-Network Theory Technology for Peacebuilding and Conflict Resolution Technology and Institutional Work Mobile Applications Concluding Thoughts References Part II: Digital Tools in Sport Management 12. Fantasy Sport in the Digital Realm The Role of Fantasy Sport in the Digital Realm Understanding Fantasy Sport Participation Motivations for play Arousal & Self-Esteem Camaraderie & Social Sport Control Escape & Pass Time Surveillance Competition Contemporary Trends RedZone Mobile Advancements Web & Social Media FNTSY Sports Network Future Directions Conclusions References 13. Podcasting and Sports Journalism Podcasting History and Industry Audience Growth and Revenue Podcasts as a Media Product Serial and The Long Tail of Podcasts The Sports Podcasting Landscape Podcasts and Sports Entities The Modern Podcasting Environment Starting Out in Sports Podcasting Podcast Planning and Podcast Typographies Distributing Podcasts Building a Podcast Audience The Future of Sports Podcasting Conclusion References 14. Evolution of Live Streaming Introduction The Growth of Live Streaming Characterizing Live Streaming Over the Top Services (OTT) Social Live Streaming Services Athlete-driven SLSS The Case of the Sydney Swans and the Black Dog Mental Health Institute Organizational Driven SLSS Fan-Focused Positioning of Live Streaming Interaction Immediacy Immersion Sociality Dominant Theoretical Frameworks Future of LS References 15. Social Media and Sport Marketing in North America Introduction Methods in Exploring Social Media and Sports Marketing Future Implications in Social Media and Sports Marketing Fandom Influencers and Creators Crisis Communication Involving Social Media and Sports Diversity, Equity, and Inclusion in Social Media and Sports Sports and Social Movements Gaming New Methodological Approaches References 16. Social Media and Athlete Branding Introduction Social Media and Athlete Branding Theoretical Frameworks and Athlete Branding Social Media Branding and Gender Social Media Branding and Sport Stakeholder Perspectives Trends and Future Research Athlete Social Media Branding and COVID-19: Challenges and Opportunities Athlete Philanthropy and Activism Athletes as Role Models and Influencers Challenges of Athlete Social Media Branding Emerging Platforms and Features Conclusion References 17. Immersive Technology and the Virtual Sport Spectator Experience Introduction Definitions and Trends in Virtual Sport Spectatorship Virtual Reality Augmented Reality Immersive Spectator Experience VR and AR Research in Sport Management Social Neuroscience and Virtual Sport Spectator Experiences Functional Neuroimaging and Eye-Tracking Methods Available to Sport Researchers Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) Functional Near-Infrared Spectroscopy Electroencephalography Theoretical Implications of Employing Social Neuroscience Methodology Neuroimaging Research in Sport Management Employing a Social Neuroscience Approach to Understand Virtual Sport Spectator Experiences: Pitfalls and Challenges References 18. Business Analytics in Sport Organizations Introduction Key Terms and Concepts Current and Emerging Uses of Sport Business Analytics Current Research Trends Next Steps for Sports Analytics Research Conclusion References Part III: Emerging Digital Issues in Sport Management 19. Collaborative Consumption in the Sport Industry Introduction Networked Hospitality Peer Exchanges, Commercial Platforms, and the Sport Industry Modes of Collaborative Consumption Categories of Collaborative Consumption Why Collaborative Consumption is Increasing in Popularity Consumer Trust An Industry Perspective Collaborative Consumption in the Sport Industry Applying Collaborative Consumption to the Sport Industry Summary Industry Examples Sport Experiences Sport Apparel Sport Equipment Sport Coaching Sport Facilities Sport Event Tickets Future Research Implications Conclusion References 20. Data and the Sport Consumer Introduction The Digitalization of Sport Consumer Behavior Digital and Data as an Opportunity Consumer Data Sources Using Digital Data to Guide Strategy and Create Advantage Capacity Building for Competitive Advantage from Digital Consumer Data Summary References 21. Digital Fitness Ecosystem Introduction Review of the Sport Fitness Ecosystem Wearables Equipment Applications Spatial Computing Connectivity Future Research References 22. Convergence of Sport and Esports Introduction Overview of The Esports Ecosystem Video Game Industry Esports Teams Video Game Developers and Publishers Digital Platforms Esports Sponsors: Endemic and Non-Endemic Convergence of Sport and Esports Diversification of Sport Organizations Sports and Esports: Monetization Differences The Case of the Overwatch League Future Trends Sponsorships Media Rights Ticket sales Merchandise Conclusion Notes References 23. Blockchain and the Sports Tech Dilemma Introduction Blockchain Technology Explained The Pillars The Ownership The Objectives Blockchain's Potential to Transform the Sport Industry Blockchain's Value Proposition to Sport Opportunities for Consumer Experiences Opportunities for Sport Memorabilia Collectables Opportunities for Sport Betting and Fantasy Sport Opportunities for Sponsorship and Athlete Crowdsourcing Opportunities for Player Data and Anti-Doping The Sports Tech Dilemma The Challenges of Combining Multiple Logics Future Research References 24. Digitization of Sport Participation for Health Introduction Digitalization in Sport Contexts Sport Participation and Health A Social-Ecological Framework for Digitalization in Sport for Health Social-Ecological Model Intrapersonal Level Interpersonal Level Institutional Level Community Level Public-Policy Level Multilevel Interactions Implications for Future Research Conclusions References 25. Artificial Intelligence History and Current State of AI AI and the Sport Industry The Impact of AI on Sport Industry Research Downsides and Ethical Considerations of AI Future of AI Conclusion References 26. Digital Technology and Sport Ecology Introduction Digital Applications in Sport Ecology Weather and Disaster Monitoring Air Quality Monitoring Digital Facility Management Technologies Digital Applications for Personal Use Conclusion References 27. Shifting Gender Power Relations in the Digitization of Sport The Gendered Landscape of Digital Sport Media Gender, Digital Technology, and Mediated Sport Systems Digital Diversification and Women's Sport Broadcasting Addressing Gender Bias in Traditional and Social Media Representation Being Visible and Having a Voice: Sport Feminism in the Digital Age Women's Representation in the Digital Spectacle of Major Sport Events Future Directions References 28. Sport Innovation Introduction The Innovation Ecosystem Model Attributes of the Innovation Ecosystem Model Ecosystem Metaphor Co-creation Interdependent and Non-Linear Inter-Organizational Relations Market Orientation Self-Organization and the Central Importance of (focal) Actors Openness and Coopetition Central Importance of Institutions Functions of Innovation Ecosystems Next Steps in Research Location Innovation Performance Evolution Innovation Process Functions Economic Growth Innovation Drivers and Barriers Innovation Capability Spillover Effects Participation Motives Innovation Culture Notes References 29. Economics of Digital Sport Consumption Introduction Consumer Adoption of New Technologies From "Attitudes About" to "Relationship with" Technology Technology Adoption and Portfolio Management The Effect of Time Tradeoffs of Technology use and Adoption Implications for Sport Consumption Research Conclusion Note References Index