Imaging in Neurology

Description

Written by two renowned leaders in neuroradiology and neurology, this unique reference is a high-level imaging resource ideal for today’s clinical neurologist or neuroscientist. Using straightforward, jargon-free prose, this book provides an overview of neurological disorders coupled with typical imaging findings ― all designed for use at the point of care. You will be expertly guided throughout, from radiologic appearance and the significance of the imaging findings to the next appropriate steps in effective patient care. Expert Consult eBook version included with purchase, whichallows you to search all of the text, figures, images, and references from the book on a variety of devicesDiscusses radiologic appearances of common neurological diseases, their significance, and the next steps in patient care in a clear manner perfectly suited for neurologists or neuroscientistsProvides high-level information from both a neuroradiologist and a neurologist, making it a balanced and appropriate clinical reference for day-to-day neurology practiceCovers imaging in stroke, infectious disease, brain malformations, tumors, and moreKeeps you up-to-date with unusual emerging neurologic disorders, such as Susac syndrome, West Nile Virus, and IRIS Tablel of Contents Copyright © Contributing Authors Preface Chapter 1. Introduction to Imaging Introduction Imaging Modalities CT MR SPECT PET Ultrasound and Doppler Digital Subtraction Angiography (DSA) Selected References PART I: BRAIN SECTION 1: Pathology-Based Diagnoses: Malformations, Trauma, and Stroke Congenital Malformations Chapter 2. Congenital Malformations Overview General Imaging Approach to Brain Malformations Brain Malformations Chapter 3. Chiari 1 Chapter 4. Chiari 2 Chapter 5. Callosal Dysgenesis Chapter 6. Lipoma Chapter 7. Dandy-Walker Continuum Chapter 8. Septooptic Dysplasia Chapter 9. Heterotopic Gray Matter Chapter 10. Polymicrogyria Chapter 11. Schizencephaly Neurocutaneous Syndromes Chapter 12. von Hippel-Lindau Syndrome Chapter 13. Neurofibromatosis Type 1 Chapter 14. Neurofibromatosis Type 2 Chapter 15. Tuberous Sclerosis Complex Chapter 16. Sturge-Weber Syndrome Chapter 17. Hereditary Hemorrhagic Telangiectasia Chapter 18. Lhermitte-Duclos Disease Chapter 19. Li-Fraumeni Syndrome Trauma Chapter 20. Introduction to CNS Imaging, Trauma Approach to Head Trauma Approach to Skull Base and Facial Trauma Approach to Spine and Cord Trauma Selected References Primary Effects of CNS Trauma Chapter 21. Acute Subdural Hematoma Chapter 22. Subacute Subdural Hematoma Chapter 23. Chronic Subdural Hematoma Chapter 24. Epidural Hematoma, Classic Chapter 25. Epidural Hematoma, Variant Chapter 26. Abusive Head Trauma Chapter 27. Traumatic Subarachnoid Hemorrhage Chapter 28. Cerebral Contusion Chapter 29. Diffuse Axonal Injury Chapter 30. Subcortical Injury Secondary Effects of CNS Trauma Chapter 31. Intracranial Herniation Syndromes Chapter 32. Traumatic Cerebral Ischemia/Infarction Chapter 33. Brain Death Chapter 34. Second Impact Syndrome Chapter 35. Traumatic Intracranial Arterial Dissection Chapter 36. Traumatic Carotid Cavernous Fistula Chapter 37. Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy Vascular Anatomy and Stroke Vascular Anatomy Chapter 38. Intracranial Arteries Overview TERMINOLOGY GROSS ANATOMY IMAGING ANATOMY ANATOMY IMAGING ISSUES Chapter 39. Intracranial Venous System Overview TERMINOLOGY GROSS ANATOMY IMAGING ANATOMY ANATOMY IMAGING ISSUES Chapter 40. Stroke Overview Introduction Approach to Stroke Imaging Ischemic Penumbra CT Perfusion Differential Diagnosis Nontraumatic Intracranial Hemorrhage Chapter 41. Evolution of Intracranial Hemorrhage Chapter 42. Spontaneous Nontraumatic Intracranial Hemorrhage Chapter 43. Hypertensive Intracranial Hemorrhage Atherosclerosis and Carotid Stenosis Chapter 44. Arteriolosclerosis Chapter 45. Intracranial Atherosclerosis Chapter 46. Extracranial Atherosclerosis Nonatheromatous Vasculopathy Chapter 47. Moyamoya Chapter 48. Primary Arteritis of the CNS Chapter 49. Miscellaneous Vasculitis Chapter 50. Reversible Cerebral Vasoconstriction Syndrome Chapter 51. Vasospasm Chapter 52. Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Chapter 53. Cerebral Amyloid Angiopathy (CAA) Chapter 54. CADASIL Chapter 55. Behçet Disease Chapter 56. Susac Syndrome Chapter 57. Fibromuscular Dysplasia Chapter 58. Extracranial Internal Carotid Artery Dissection Chapter 59. Extracranial Vertebral Artery Dissection Cerebral Ischemia and Infarction Chapter 60. Adult Hypoxic Ischemic Injury Chapter 61. Hypotensive Cerebral Infarction Chapter 62. Childhood Stroke Chapter 63. Acute Cerebral Ischemia-Infarction Chapter 64. Subacute Cerebral Infarction Chapter 65. Chronic Cerebral Infarction Chapter 66. Multiple Embolic Cerebral Infarctions Chapter 67. Fat Emboli Cerebral Infarction Chapter 68. Lacunar Infarction Chapter 69. Cerebral Hyperperfusion Syndrome (CHS) Chapter 70. Dural Sinus Thrombosis Chapter 71. Cavernous Sinus Thrombosis/Thrombophlebitis Chapter 72. Cortical Venous Thrombosis Chapter 73. Deep Cerebral Venous Thrombosis Subarachnoid Hemorrhage and Aneurysms Chapter 74. Subarachnoid Hemorrhage and Aneurysms Overview Subarachnoid Hemorrhage Aneurysms and Arterial Ectasias Chapter 75. Aneurysmal Subarachnoid Hemorrhage Chapter 76. Perimesencephalic Nonaneurysmal Subarachnoid Hemorrhage (pnSAH) Chapter 77. Convexal Subarachnoid Hemorrhage (cSAH) Chapter 78. Saccular Aneurysm Chapter 79. Vertebrobasilar Dolichoectasia Chapter 80. Atherosclerotic Vascular Disease (ASVD) Fusiform Aneurysm Vascular Malformations Chapter 81. Vascular Malformations Overview General Considerations Classification Chapter 82. Arteriovenous Malformation Chapter 83. Dural Arteriovenous Fistula Chapter 84. Developmental Venous Anomaly Chapter 85. Cavernous Malformation Chapter 86. Capillary Telangiectasia SECTION 2: Pathology-Based Diagnoses: Neoplasms, Cysts, and Disorders Neoplasms Chapter 87. Neoplasms Overview Introduction Classification/Grading of CNS Neoplasms Astrocytomas Chapter 88. Low-Grade Diffuse Astrocytoma Chapter 89. Anaplastic Astrocytoma Chapter 90. Pilocytic Astrocytoma Chapter 91. Glioblastoma Chapter 92. Gliomatosis Cerebri Nonastrocytic Gliomas Chapter 93. Oligodendroglioma Chapter 94. Anaplastic Oligodendroglioma Chapter 95. Infratentorial Ependymoma Chapter 96. Subependymoma Chapter 97. Typical Choroid Plexus Papilloma Neuronal and Mixed Neuronal-Glial Tumors Chapter 98. Ganglioglioma Chapter 99. Dysembryoplastic Neuroepithelial Tumor (DNET) Chapter 100. Central Neurocytoma Pineal and Germ Cell Tumors Chapter 101. Pineocytoma Chapter 102. Pineal Parenchymal Tumor of Intermediate Differentiation (PPTID) Chapter 103. Germinoma Miscellaneous Primary Tumors Chapter 104. Medulloblastoma Chapter 105. Hemangioblastoma Chapter 106. Primary CNS Lymphoma Chapter 107. Intravascular (Angiocentric) Lymphoma Chapter 108. Leukemia Metastatic Tumors and Remote Effects of Cancer Chapter 109. Parenchymal Metastases Chapter 110. Miscellaneous Intracranial Metastases Chapter 111. Metastatic Intracranial Lymphoma Chapter 112. Paraneoplastic Syndromes and Limbic Encephalitis Treatment-Related Effects Chapter 113. Radiation and Chemotherapy Chapter 114. Pseudoprogression (PsP) Chapter 115. Pseudoresponse Primary Nonneoplastic Cysts Chapter 115. Primary Nonneoplastic Cysts Overview General Approach to Brain Cysts Anatomy-Based Approach to Brain Cysts Selected References Chapter 116. Arachnoid Cyst Chapter 117. Colloid Cyst Chapter 118. Dermoid Cyst Chapter 119. Epidermoid Cyst Chapter 120. Hippocampal Sulcus Remnant Cysts Chapter 121. Enlarged Perivascular Spaces Chapter 122. Pineal Cyst Chapter 123. Choroid Plexus Cyst Chapter 124. Porencephalic Cyst Infectious, Inflammatory, and Demyelinating Disease Infections Chapter 125. CNS Infectious Disease Overview Overview of CNS Infections Congenital/Neonatal Infections Acquired Infectious/Inflammatory Diseases Chapter 126. Meningitis Chapter 127. Abscess Chapter 128. Ventriculitis Chapter 129. Empyema Chapter 130. Herpes Encephalitis Chapter 131. HHV-6 Encephalitis Chapter 132. West Nile Virus Encephalitis Chapter 133. Miscellaneous Encephalitis Chapter 134. Cerebellitis Chapter 135. Tuberculosis Chapter 136. Neurocysticercosis Chapter 137. Lyme Disease Chapter 138. Acquired HIV Encephalitis Chapter 139. Acquired Toxoplasmosis Chapter 140. Acquired CMV Chapter 141. Fungal Infections Chapter 142. Cryptococcosis Chapter 143. Progressive Multifocal Leukoencephalopathy (PML) Chapter 144. Immune Reconstitution Inflammatory Syndrome (IRIS) Chapter 145. HIV/AIDS, Miscellaneous Manifestations Demyelinating Disorders Chapter 146. Multiple Sclerosis Chapter 147. Neuromyelitis Optica Chapter 148. Acute Disseminated Encephalomyelitis (ADEM) Chapter 149. CLIPPERS Inherited Metabolic/Degenerative Disorders Chapter 150. Inherited Metabolic Disorders Overview Overview First Analysis: White vs. Gray Matter Gray Matter Disorders White Matter Disorders Disorders Affecting Gray and White Matter Chapter 151. Leigh Syndrome Chapter 152. MELAS Chapter 153. Kearns-Sayre Syndrome Chapter 154. Mucopolysaccharidoses Chapter 155. Metachromatic Leukodystrophy (MLD) Chapter 156. Fabry Disease Chapter 157. X-Linked Adrenoleukodystrophy Chapter 158. Canavan Disease Chapter 159. Alexander Disease Chapter 160. Neurodegeneration With Brain Iron Accumulation (NBIA) Chapter 161. Pantothenate Kinase-Associated Neurodegeneration (PKAN) Chapter 162. Huntington Disease Chapter 163. Wilson Disease Acquired Toxic/Metabolic/ Degenerative Disorders Chapter 164. Acquired Toxic/Metabolic Disorders Overview Approach to Toxic and Metabolic Disorders Imaging Anatomy Pathologic Issues Differential Diagnosis Selected References Toxic, Metabolic, Nutritional, Systemic Diseases With CNS Manifestations Chapter 165. Adult Hypoglycemia Chapter 166. Thyroid Disorders Chapter 167. Parathyroid Disorders Chapter 168. Fahr Disease Chapter 169. Alcoholic Encephalopathy Chapter 170. Hepatic Encephalopathy Chapter 171. Acute Hypertensive Encephalopathy, Posterior Reversible Encephalopathy Syndrome (PRES) Chapter 172. Chronic Hypertensive Encephalopathy Chapter 173. Idiopathic Intracranial Hypertension Chapter 174. Carbon Monoxide Poisoning Chapter 175. Drug Abuse Chapter 176. Osmotic Demyelination Syndrome Chapter 177. Mesial Temporal Sclerosis Chapter 178. Status Epilepticus Chapter 179. Transient Global Amnesia (TGA) Dementias and Degenerative Disorders Chapter 180. Normal Aging Brain Chapter 181. Alzheimer Disease Chapter 182. Vascular Dementia Chapter 183. Frontotemporal Lobar Degeneration Chapter 184. Dementia With Lewy Bodies Chapter 185. Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease (CJD), Classic Chapter 186. Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease (CJD), Variants Chapter 187. Parkinson Disease Chapter 188. Multiple System Atrophy Chapter 189. Posterior Cortical Atrophy Chapter 190. Corticobasal Degeneration Chapter 191. Progressive Supranuclear Palsy (PSP) Chapter 192. Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) Chapter 193. Wallerian Degeneration Chapter 194. Spinocerebellar Ataxias Chapter 195. Crossed Cerebellar Diaschisis Chapter 196. Hypertrophic Olivary Degeneration SECTION 3: Anatomy-Based Diagnoses Ventricles and Cisterns Chapter 197. Ventricles and Cisterns Overview Gross and Imaging Anatomy Imaging Recommendations Differential Diagnosis Approach Chapter 198. Cavum Septi Pellucidi (CSP) Chapter 199. Intraventricular Obstructive Hydrocephalus Chapter 200. Extraventricular Obstructive Hydrocephalus Chapter 201. Aqueductal Stenosis Chapter 202. Normal Pressure Hydrocephalus Chapter 203. CSF Shunts and Complications Sella and Pituitary Chapter 204. Sella and Pituitary Overview Gross Anatomy Imaging Recommendations Imaging Anatomy Differential Diagnosis Approach Suprasellar Lesions Infundibular Stalk Lesions Chapter 205. Pituitary Anomalies Chapter 206. Pituitary Microadenoma Chapter 207. Pituitary Macroadenoma Chapter 208. Pituitary Apoplexy Chapter 209. Rathke Cleft Cyst Chapter 210. Craniopharyngioma Chapter 211. Empty Sella Chapter 212. Pituitary Hyperplasia Chapter 213. Lymphocytic Hypophysitis Cerebellopontine Angle and Internal Auditory Canal (CPA-IAC) Chapter 214. CPA-IAC Overview Terminology Embryology Imaging Anatomy of Cochlea, IAC, and CPA Imaging Techniques & Indications Approaches to Imaging Issues of CPA-IAC Selected References Chapter 215. Epidermoid Cyst, CPA-IAC Chapter 216. Arachnoid Cyst, CPA-IAC Chapter 217. Bell's Palsy Chapter 218. Trigeminal Neuralgia Chapter 219. Hemifacial Spasm Chapter 220. Vestibular Schwannoma Chapter 221. Nonvestibular Schwannoma Chapter 222. Meningioma, CPA-IAC Chapter 223. Metastases, CPA-IAC Skull, Scalp, and Meninges Chapter 224. Skull, Scalp, and Meninges Overview Overview Scalp Skull Vault (Calvaria) Meninges Differential Diagnosis Nonneoplastic Disorders Chapter 225. Intracranial Hypotension Chapter 226. Skull Base CSF Leak Chapter 227. Intracranial Idiopathic Inflammatory Pseudotumor Chapter 228. IgG4-Related Disease Chapter 229. Fibrous Dysplasia Chapter 230. Paget Disease Chapter 231. Thick Skull Chapter 232. Langerhans Cell Histiocytosis, Skull and Brain Chapter 233. Neurosarcoid Chapter 234. Trichilemmal Cyst Neoplasms Chapter 235. Meningioma Chapter 236. Atypical and Malignant Meningioma Chapter 237. Calvarial Hemangioma Chapter 238. Myeloma Chapter 239. Skull and Meningeal Metastases Eye, Orbit, and Optic Nerve Overview Chapter 240. Orbit Overview Imaging Approach & Indications Imaging Anatomy Anatomy-Based Imaging Issues Imaging Protocols Pathologic Issues: Vascular Malformations Selected References Nonneoplastic Disorders Chapter 241. Optic Neuritis Chapter 242. Thyroid Ophthalmopathy Chapter 243. Orbital Idiopathic Inflammatory Pseudotumor Neoplasms Chapter 244. Optic Pathway Glioma Chapter 245. Optic Nerve Sheath Meningioma PART II: SPINE SECTION 1: Normal Anatomy and Congenital Disorders Anatomy Chapter 246. Normal Spine Anatomy Imaging Anatomy Chapter 247. Approach to Spine and Spinal Cord Development Terminology Imaging Protocols Embryology Selected References Malformations, Congenital Disorders, and Scoliosis Chapter 248. Myelomeningocele Chapter 249. Dorsal Dermal Sinus Chapter 250. Simple Coccygeal Dimple Chapter 251. Tethered Spinal Cord Chapter 252. Klippel-Feil Spectrum Chapter 253. Dural Dysplasia Chapter 254. Neurofibromatosis Type 1 Chapter 255. Neurofibromatosis Type 2 Chapter 256. Achondroplasia Chapter 257. Kyphosis Chapter 258. Scoliosis Chapter 259. Degenerative Scoliosis SECTION 2: Trauma and Hemorrhage Chapter 260. Central Spinal Cord Syndrome Chapter 261. Posttraumatic Syrinx Chapter 262. Spinal Cord Contusion-Hematoma Chapter 263. Spontaneous Epidural Hematoma Chapter 264. Subdural Hematoma Chapter 265. Subarachnoid Hemorrhage SECTION 3: Degenerative Diseases and Arthritides Spine Degenerations Chapter 266. Nomenclature of Degenerative Disc Disease Disc Degeneration Bulge vs. Herniation Degenerative Endplate Changes Selected References Chapter 267. Degenerative Disc Disease Chapter 268. Disc Bulge Chapter 269. Cervical Intervertebral Disc Herniation Chapter 270. Thoracic Intervertebral Disc Herniation Chapter 271. Lumbar Intervertebral Disc Herniation Chapter 272. Intervertebral Disc Extrusion, Foraminal Chapter 273. Cervical Facet Arthropathy Chapter 274. Lumbar Facet Arthropathy Chapter 275. Schmorl Node Chapter 276. Scheuermann Disease Chapter 277. Acquired Lumbar Central Stenosis Chapter 278. Congenital Spinal Stenosis Chapter 279. Cervical Spondylosis Chapter 280. Diffuse Idiopathic Skeletal Hyperostosis (DISH) Chapter 281. Ossification of Posterior Longitudinal Ligament (OPLL) Spondylolisthesis and Spondylolysis Chapter 282. Spondylolisthesis Chapter 283. Spondylolysis Inflammatory, Crystalline, and Miscellaneous Arthritides Chapter 284. Adult Rheumatoid Arthritis Chapter 285. Calcium Pyrophosphate Dihydrate Deposition (CPPD) Chapter 286. Ankylosing Spondylitis SECTION 4: Infection and Inflammatory Disorders Infections Chapter 287. Pathways of Spread of Infection Anatomy-Based Imaging Issues Pathologic Issues Clinical Implications Differential Diagnosis Selected References Chapter 288. Spinal Meningitis Chapter 289. Tuberculous Osteomyelitis Chapter 290. Paraspinal Abscess Chapter 291. Epidural Abscess Chapter 292. Subdural Abscess Chapter 293. Viral Myelitis Chapter 294. HIV Myelitis Chapter 295. Opportunistic Infections Inflammatory and Autoimmune Disorders Chapter 296. Acute Transverse Myelopathy Chapter 297. Idiopathic Acute Transverse Myelitis Chapter 298. Multiple Sclerosis Chapter 299. Neuromyelitis Optica Chapter 300. Acute Disseminated Encephalomyelitis (ADEM) Chapter 301. Acute Inflammatory Demyelinating Polyradiculoneuropathy (AIDP) Chapter 302. Chronic Inflammatory Demyelinating Polyneuropathy (CIDP) Chapter 303. Sarcoidosis Chapter 304. Subacute Combined Degeneration Chapter 305. Paraneoplastic Myelopathy SECTION 5: Neoplasms, Cysts, and Other Masses Neoplasms Chapter 306. Spread of Neoplasms Anatomy-Based Imaging Issues Pathologic Issues Clinical Implications Selected References Extradural Chapter 307. Blastic Osseous Metastases Chapter 308. Lytic Osseous Metastases Chapter 309. Hemangioma Chapter 310. Lymphoma Chapter 311. Leukemia Chapter 312. Plasmacytoma Chapter 313. Multiple Myeloma Intradural Extramedullary Chapter 314. Schwannoma Chapter 315. Meningioma Chapter 316. Neurofibroma Chapter 317. Metastases, CSF Disseminated Intramedullary Chapter 318. Astrocytoma Chapter 319. Classic Ependymoma Chapter 320. Myxopapillary Ependymoma Chapter 321. Spinal Cord Metastases Neoplasms and Treatment-Related Effects Chapter 322. Radiation Myelopathy Chapter 323. Postirradiation Vertebral Marrow Chapter 324. Anterior Lumbar Radiculopathy Nonneoplastic Cysts and Tumor Mimics Cysts Chapter 325. CSF Flow Artifact Chapter 326. Perineural Root Sleeve Cyst Nonneoplastic Masses and Tumor Mimics Chapter 327. Epidural Lipomatosis Chapter 328. Normal Fatty Marrow Variants Chapter 329. IgG4-Related Disease/Hypertrophic Pachymeningitis Vascular and Systemic Disorders Vascular Lesions Chapter 330. Vascular Anatomy Terminology Imaging Anatomy Embryology Selected References Chapter 331. Type 1 Vascular Malformation (dAVF) Chapter 332. Spinal Cord Infarction Spinal Manifestations of Systemic Diseases Chapter 333. Osteoporosis SECTION 6: Peripheral Nerve and Plexi Chapter 334. Normal Plexus and Nerve Anatomy Terminology Imaging Anatomy Anatomy-Based Imaging Issues Clinical Implications Differential Diagnosis Selected References Chapter 335. Superior Sulcus Tumor Chapter 336. Thoracic Outlet Syndrome Chapter 337. Muscle Denervation Chapter 338. Brachial Plexus Traction Injury Chapter 339. Idiopathic Brachial Plexus Neuritis Chapter 340. Hypertrophic Neuropathy Chapter 341. Femoral Neuropathy Chapter 342. Ulnar Neuropathy Chapter 343. Suprascapular Neuropathy Chapter 344. Median Neuropathy Chapter 345. Common Peroneal Neuropathy Chapter 346. Tibial Neuropathy Radiology Abbreviation Index Index A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z