Kazakh : a comprehensive grammar

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Cover Title Copyright Dedication Contents List of abbreviations The Kazakh alphabet Main properties of Kazakh 1 Syntax 1.1 Simple sentence 1.1.1 Nominal sentences Linking sentences Existential sentences 1.1.2 Verbal sentences 1.1.3 The syntax of voice 1.2 Constituent order 1.2.1 The immediately preverbal position 1.2.2 The topic position 1.2.3 The extraposition of whole phrases and adverbs 1.2.4 The postverbal position of the particle ɣoy and the modal words šïɣar, sekildi, siyaqtï 1.2.5 The position of other frequently used particles and modal words 1.3 Functional sentence types 1.3.1 Declarative sentences 1.3.2 Interrogative sentences Yes/no questions Alternative interrogatives Tag questions Questions formed by the clitics -šI and -še Wh- questions Multiple occurrence of wh- elements Declarative questions Echo questions 1.3.3 The use of interrogative sentences for expressing emotions 1.3.4 Exclamatory sentences 1.3.5 Imperative sentences The use of the auxiliaries bol- and kör- in imperative sentences Other means of expressing orders 1.4 Direct speech 1.5 Complex sentence. Noun clauses 1.5.1 Finite and nonfinite noun clauses 1.5.2 Extraposition of noun clauses 1.5.3 Indirect statements 1.5.4 Indirect questions 1.6 Basic characteristics of relative clauses 1.6.1 Subject and object relatives 1.6.2 Personal pronouns as the head noun 1.6.3 Headless relative clauses 1.7 Causal clauses 1.7.1 Finite causal clauses Subordinators that introduce the effect: Sondïqtan, sol üšin, sol sebepti and poetomu Subordinators that introduce the cause: öytkeni, sebebi and potomu čto 1.7.2 Nonfinite causal clauses 1.8 Temporal clauses 1.8.1 -GAndA 1.8.2 -GAn kezde 1.8.3 -(A)rdA 1.8.4 -GAnnAn soŋ, -GAnnAn keyin 1.8.5 -GAnGA deyin 1.8.6 -(A)r aldïnda, -(A)rdAn burïn 1.8.7 -GAlI 1.8.8 -GAnnAn beri 1.8.9 -GAnšA 1.8.10 -IsImen 1.8.11 -GAn sayïn 1.9 Conditional clauses 1.9.1 Real conditions 1.9.2 Unreal conditions 1.9.3 Other ways of expressing conditional relations 1.10 Concessive clauses 1.11 Purposive clauses 1.12 Coordination 1.12.1 Copulative coordination 1.12.2 Adversative coordination 1.12.3 Disjunctive coordination 1.13 Syntax of noun phrases. Internal structure of noun phrases 1.13.1 Items that can function as the head of a noun phrase 1.13.2 Items that can function as modifiers 1.13.3 Compounds Bare compounds -(s)I compounds Conjoined compounds Multilayered compounds Coordinative compounds (twin words) Adjective-noun compounds Noun-verb compounds Verb-verb compounds 1.13.4 Apposition 1.13.5 Genitive-possessive constructions 1.13.6 Dative-governed noun phrases 1.13.7 Noun phrases with clausal modifiers 1.13.8 The use of the determinative öz in noun phrases 1.13.9 Coordination in noun phrases 1.13.10 Left-headed noun phrases 1.13.11 Stump compounds 1.13.12 Compounds with English nouns 1.14 Syntax of verb phrases. Internal structure of verb phrases 1.14.1 Changing transitivity 1.14.2 Complements of the verb Direct object Indirect object DATIVE-MARKED INDIRECT OBJECT ABLATIVE-MARKED INDIRECT OBJECT INSTRUMENTAL-MARKED INDIRECT OBJECT 1.15 Auxiliaries. Actional modification with auxiliary verb constructions 1.15.1 Auxiliaries that express accomplishment of the event Auxiliary verb constructions with šïq- (converb in -(I)p plus šïq-) THE LEXICAL MEANING OF ŠÏQ- ŠÏQ- WITH ATELIC VERBS ŠÏQ- WITH TELIC, PUNCTUAL, CHANGE OF STATE AND STATIVE VERBS Auxiliary verb constructions with qoy-. The lexical meaning of qoy- CONVERB IN -(I)p PLUS QOY-: QOY- WITH TELIC, PUNCTUAL AND STATIVE VERBS VERBS THAT CANNOT OCCUR IN THE CONSTRUCTION WITH QOY- CONVERB IN -A PLUS QOY- Auxiliary verb constructions with qal-. The lexical meaning of qal- CONVERB IN -(I)p PLUS QAL- CONVERB IN -A PLUS QAL- QAL- IN MULTICOMPONENT AUXILIARY VERB CONSTRUCTIONS Auxiliary verb constructions with ket-. The lexical meaning of ket- CONVERB IN -(I)p PLUS KET- CONVERB IN -A PLUS KET- CONTRASTING KET- WITH QAL- Auxiliary verb constructions with tasta-. Converb in -(I)p plus tasta- Auxiliary verb constructions with bol- 1.15.2 Modal auxiliary verb constructions Auxiliary verb constructions with sal-. The lexical meaning of sal- CONVERB IN -A PLUS SAL- COMBINATIONAL RESTRICTIONS CONVERB IN -(I)p PLUS SAL- Auxiliary verb constructions with kör-. The lexical meaning of kör- CONVERB IN -(I)p PLUS KÖR- KÖR- IN THE IMPERATIVE MOOD (CONVERB IN -A PLUS KÖR-, CONVERB IN -(I)p PLUS KÖR-) Qoy- with the negated converb in -(I)p NEGATED QOY- WITH THE NEGATED CONVERB IN -(I)p Auxiliary verb constructions with tur-. The lexical meaning of tur- CONVERB IN -A PLUS TUR- 1.15.3 Auxiliary verb constructions with žat-, otïr-, tur-, žür-. Distinct properties of žat-, otïr-, tur-, žür- The auxiliary žat- compared to otïr-, tur- and žür- Converb in -A plus žat- Combinational restrictions -GAlI plus žat-, otïr-, tur- and žür- 1.15.4 Auxiliary verb constructions with žiber-. Converb in -(I)p plus žiber- 1.15.5 Auxiliary verb constructions with al-. The lexical meaning of al- Converb in -(I)p plus al- Converb in -A plus al- 1.15.6 Auxiliary verb constructions with ber-. The lexical meaning of ber- Converb in -(I)p plus ber- Converb in -A plus ber- 1.15.7 Auxiliary verb constructions with žazda-. Converb in -A plus žazda- Žazda- in combination with other auxiliary verb constructions 1.15.8 Auxiliary verb constructions with tüs-. Converb in -A plus tüs- 1.15.9 Combinational restrictions of auxiliaries with lexical verbs 1.16 Fusion of verbal phrases 1.16.1 Qayt- 1.16.2 Neɣïp 1.16.3 Söyt-, öyt-, büyt- 1.16.4 Söyde-, büyde- 1.17 Constituent order within a phrase 1.17.1 Constituent order within a noun phrase 1.17.2 Constituent order within a verb phrase 1.17.3 Dislocation of constituents of a phrase Notes 2 Morphology Kazakh verbs 2.1 Agreement suffixes 2.2 Tense 2.2.1 The converb in -A 2.2.2 Žat-, otïr-, tur-, žür- 2.2.3 -(U)wdA 2.2.4 Forms expressing future time 2.2.5 Forms expressing anteriority -DI FORM AND FUNCTION PERFECTIVE USE OF -DI -AtIn Indirective past -(I)ptI EKEN -(I)p žat- (otïr-, tur-, žür-) edi -GAn FORMAL PROPERTIES FUNCTION -GAn edi,-(I)p edi -AtIn edi,-(U)wšI edi 2.3 Mood 2.3.1 Generic statements 2.3.2 Intention: -MAK versus de- 2.3.3 Assumptions: -(A)r versus de-, šïɣar and mümkin 2.3.4 Ability 2.3.5 Permissive possibility 2.3.6 Prohibition 2.3.7 Necessity 2.3.8 Wishes: -GI kel- and -sA 2.3.9 Optative 2.3.10 Pretendative 2.4 Voice 2.4.1 Passive 2.4.2 Causative 2.4.3 Reflexive 2.4.4 Reciprocal constructions 2.4.5 Combination of multiple voice suffixes Kazakh nouns 2.5 Nominal inflection 2.5.1 Singular 2.5.2 Plural 2.5.3 Case Nominative Genitive Dative Accusative Locative Ablative 2.5.4 Possessive suffixes 2.5.5 Definiteness 2.5.6 Indefiniteness 2.5.7 -Men Other word classes 2.6 Adjectives 2.6.1 Comparative 2.6.2 Superlative 2.6.3 Diminutive 2.6.4 Intensive 2.7 Numerals 2.8 Pronouns 2.8.1 Personal pronouns 2.8.2 Polite forms of address 2.8.3 Demonstrative pronouns 2.8.4 Pronominal quantifiers 2.8.5 The pronoun öz Scalar focus particle öz Özi in interrogative sentences 2.9 Adverbs 2.9.1 Items that can function as adverbs 2.9.2 Time adverbs Expressions referring to point of time Frequency Duration Temporal relations expressed by possessive-marked postpositions 2.9.3 Adverbs of place 2.9.4 Manner adverbs 2.10 The clitic -šI 2.11 Word formation 2.11.1 Denominal nominals 2.11.2 Denominal verbs 2.11.3 The most productive derivational devices in coining new Kazakh terminology Notes 3 Phonology 3.1 Vowels 3.2 Consonants 3.3 Pronunciation of Kazakh by urban speakers 3.4 Vowel harmony 3.5 Consonant assimilation 3.6 Stress Notes Bibliography Index