Wastewater Treatment: Recycling, Management, and Valorization of Industrial Solid Wastes

Description

Wastewater Treatment: Recycling, Management, and Valorization of Industrial Solid Wastes bridges the gap between the theory and applications of wastewater treatments, principles of diffusion, and the mechanism of biological and industrial treatment processes. It presents the practical applications that illustrate the treatment of several types of data, providing an overview of the characterization and treatment of wastewaters, and then examining the different biomaterials and methods for the evaluation of the treatment of biological wastewaters. Further, it considers the various types of industrial wastewater treatment, separation, and characterization of industrial wastewater. The book serves as a valuable resource for practicing engineers and students who are interested in the field of wastewater treatment. Features: • Presents the latest technologies in water treatment, including nanomaterials for industrial wastewater • Covers different treatments for various industrial wastewaters, including chemical and pharmaceutical waste • Includes forward-thinking analysis including conclusions and recommendations for water reuse programs Cover Half Title Title Page Copyright Page Contents About the Editors List of Contributors Chapter 1: Water Importance and Pollution Sources—Recommended Limits of Pollutants 1.1. Introduction 1.2. Wastewater Classification 1.2.1. Domestic Wastewater 1.2.2. Industrial Wastewater 1.3. Dye, Paint, and Textile Manufacturing 1.3.1. Dyes 1.3.1.1. Dye Classification 1.3.1.2. Synthetic Dyes 1.3.1.3. Azo Dyes 1.3.1.4. Anthraquinone Dyes 1.3.1.5. Naming Dyes 1.3.1.6. Dye Wastewater 1.3.2. Textile Industry 1.3.2.1. Raw Materials of Textile Manufacturing 1.3.2.2. Textile Manufacturing Process 1.3.2.3. Industrial Textile Wastewater Processing 1.3.2.4. Textile Wastewater Treatment 1.3.3. Paints 1.3.3.1. Paints Classification 1.3.3.2. Raw Materials of Paint Manufacturing Industry 1.3.3.3. Paint Manufacturing Process 1.3.3.4. Paint Wastewater 1.4. Characteristics of Dyes, Paints, and Textile Wastewater/ Existing Regulations 1.4.1. Introduction 1.4.2. Types of Textile Fibers and Their Dyes 1.4.2.1. Dyes for Cellulose Fibers 1.4.2.2. Dyes for Protein Fibers 1.4.2.3. Dyes for Synthetic Fibers 1.4.3. Characterization of Textile Wastewater Effluent 1.4.4. Characterization of Paint Wastewater Effluent 1.4.5. Regulation 1.4.5.1. Laboratory Wastewater Test Understanding 1.4.5.2. Parameters 1.5. Conclusion Acknowledgment References Chapter 2: Microbial Bioremediation of Pesticides and Future Scope 2.1. Introduction 2.2. Effect of Pesticides on Human Health and Environment 2.3. Microbial Remediation of Pesticides 2.3.1. Bacterial Remediation of Pesticides 2.3.2. Fungal Remediation of Pesticides 2.3.3. Algal Role in Remediation of Pesticides 2.4. Limitations of Bioremediation 2.5. Future Prospects for Bioremediation of Pesticides Other Than Microbial Remediation 2.6. Conclusion References Chapter 3: Applied Techniques for Wastewater Treatment: Physicochemical and Biological Methods 3.1. Introduction 3.2. Physicochemical Techniques 3.2.1. Coagulation-Flocculation Process 3.2.2. Electrocoagulation 3.2.3. Sedimentation 3.2.3.1. Sedimentation Theory 3.2.3.2. Sedimentation Tanks in Wastewater Treatment 3.2.3.3. Primary Sedimentation Tank 3.2.3.4. Secondary Sedimentation Tank 3.2.3.5. Imhoff Sedimentation Tank 3.2.4. Flotation 3.2.5. Filtration 3.2.5.1. Gravity Filtration 3.2.5.2. Membrane Filtration 3.2.5.3. Ultra-Filtration and Micro-Filtration 3.2.5.4. Reverse Osmosis 3.2.5.5. Nano-Filtration 3.2.5.6. Electrodialysis 3.2.6. Oil Separation 3.2.6.1. Filtration-Based Materials 3.2.6.2. Metallic Mesh-Based Materials 3.2.6.3. Fabric/Textile-Based Materials 3.2.6.4. Absorption-Based Separation 3.2.6.5. Particle and Powdered Absorbents 3.2.6.6. Sponge-Based Materials 3.2.7. Ion Exchange 3.2.8. Chemical Oxidation 3.2.9. Electro-Oxidation Processes 3.2.10. Photochemical Oxidation 3.2.11. Advanced Oxidation Processes 3.2.11.1. Ozonation 3.2.11.2. Ultraviolet Radiation 3.2.11.3. Fenton’s Oxidation 3.3. Biological Treatment Processes 3.3.1. Aerobic Treatment Processes 3.3.1.1. Suspended Growth Treatment Processes 3.3.1.2. Attached Are Growth Treatment Processes “Biofilm” 3.3.2. Hybrid Processes 3.3.3. Anaerobic Treatment 3.3.3.1. Constructed Wetlands 3.4. Conclusion Acknowledgment References Chapter 4: Adsorption as an Emerging Technology and Its New Advances of Eco-Friendly Characteristics: Isotherm, Kinetic, and Thermodynamic Analysis 4.1. Introduction 4.2. Factors Affecting Adsorption Process 4.2.1. Effect of Contact Time 4.2.2. Effect of Agitation Rate and Time 4.2.3. Effect of Temperature 4.2.4. Effect of pH 4.2.5. Effect of Adsorbent Dose 4.2.6. Effect of Initial Pollutant Concentration 4.2.7. Effect of Ionic Strength 4.2.8. Effect of Surface Area and Porosity 4.3. Adsorbent Types 4.3.1. Natural Adsorbents 4.3.1.1. Clay Minerals 4.3.1.2. Zeolites 4.3.2. Industrial By-product 4.3.3. Agriculture Wastes 4.3.4. Biological Biomasses 4.3.4.1. Fungi 4.3.4.2. Bacteria 4.3.4.3. Yeast 4.3.4.4. Algae 4.3.5. Nano-Sorbents 4.3.5.1. Nano-Adsorbent Synthesis 4.3.5.2. Nano-Metal Oxides 4.3.5.3. Polymeric Nano-Sorbents 4.3.5.4. Composite Material Nano-Sorbents 4.4. The Isothermal Models of the Adsorption Process 4.4.1. One-Parameter Isotherm 4.4.1.1. Henry’s Isotherm Model 4.4.2. Two-Parameter Isotherm 4.4.2.1. Langmuir Model 4.4.2.2. Freundlich Model 4.4.2.3. Dubinin–Radushkevich Model 4.4.2.4. Temkin Model 4.4.2.5. Flory–Huggins Model 4.4.2.6. Hill Model 4.4.2.7. Halsey Model 4.4.2.8. Harkins–Jura Model 4.4.2.9. Elovich Model 4.4.2.10. Kiselev Model 4.4.3. Three-Parameter Isotherm 4.4.3.1. Redlich–Peterson Model 4.4.3.2. Toth Model 4.4.3.3. Sips Model 4.4.3.4. Kahn Model 4.4.3.5. Koble–Corrigan Model 4.4.3.6. Radke–Prausnitz Model 4.4.3.7. Langmuir–Freundlich Model 4.4.3.8. Jossens Model 4.4.4. Four-Parameter Isotherm 4.4.4.1. Fritz–Schlunder Model 4.4.4.2. Baudu Model 4.4.4.3. Weber–Van Vliet Model 4.4.4.4. Marczewski–Jaroniec Model 4.4.5. Five-Parameter Isotherm 4.4.5.1. Fritz–Schlunder Model 4.5. Generalized Isothermal Model 4.5.1. The Generalized Brouers-Sotolongo Isotherm 4.6. Adsorption Isotherm Analysis 4.7. The Kinetic Models of the Adsorption Process 4.7.1. First-Order Model 4.7.2. Second-Order Model 4.7.3. Pseudo-First-Order Model 4.7.4. Pseudo-Second-Order Model 4.7.5. InTRA-Particle Diffusion Model 4.7.6. Avrami Model 4.7.7. Elovich Model 4.8. Generalized Kinetic Model 4.8.1. The Brouers–Sotolongo Kinetic 4.9. Kinetic Analysis 4.10. Thermodynamic Analysis 4.11. Conclusion Acknowledgement References Chapter 5: Potential of Algae in the Phyco-Remediation of Industrial Wastewater and Valorization of Produced Biomass 5.1. Introduction 5.2. Algae Cultivation for Biomass Production 5.3. Role of Algae in the Removal of Heavy Metals and Emerging Contaminants 5.4. Reactor Configurations for Wastewater Treatment Using Algae 5.4.1. Photobioreactors Used in the Bioremediation of Wastewater 5.4.2. Suspended Microalgae Systems for Wastewater Treatment 5.4.3. Immobilized Microalgae Systems for Wastewater Treatment 5.4.4. Microalgae Turf Scrubber 5.4.5. Fluidized Bed Systems 5.5. Algae-Bacteria Interaction for Wastewater Bioremediation 5.6. Algal Wastewater Treatment: Concept of Circular Bioeconomy 5.7. Algal Biorefinery Contributing to Bioeconomy 5.8. End-Use Applications of Microalgae Cultivated in Wastewaters 5.9. Conclusions References Chapter 6: Recycling of Fruit By-Products for Wastewater Treatment Applications 6.1. Introduction 6.2. Recycling Routes 6.3. Water Treatment Applications 6.3.1. Removal of Synthetic Dyes 6.3.2. Removal of Heavy Metal 6.3.3. Removal of Pharmaceutical Pollutants 6.4. Economic Feasibility for Industrial Applications 6.5. Conclusion References Chapter 7: Metal Oxide-Based Antibacterial Nano-Agents for Wastewater Treatment 7.1. Introduction 7.2. Wastewater Pollution and Impacts 7.3. Nanostructured Materials for Wastewater Management 7.3.1. Nano-Metal Oxide Particles 7.3.2. Preparation of Nano-Metal Oxide Particles 7.3.2.1. Chemical Methodology 7.3.2.2. Biosynthesis Procedure 7.3.2.3. Sol-Gel Technique 7.3.2.4. Co-Precipitation Method 7.3.2.5. Electrochemical Method 7.3.2.6. Wet Chemical Approach 7.3.2.7. Pyrolytic 7.3.2.8. Microwave-Assisted Technique 7.3.2.9. Hydrothermal/Solvothermal Method 7.4. Antibacterial Mechanisms of Metal Oxide NPs 7.4.1. Cell Walls’ Biochemical Nature and Adsorption Methods 7.4.2. Cell Membranes’ Electrostatic Contact Damages 7.4.3. Disturbance of the Metal/Metal Ion Hometal Oxidestasis 7.4.4. Oxidative Stress and ROS Production 7.4.5. Dysfunction of Proteins and Enzymes 7.4.6. Inhibition of Signal Transduction and Toxicity 7.4.7. Photokilling 7.4.8. Other Strategies 7.5. Concerns About the Applications of Nano-Metal Oxide Particles for Bacterial Resistance 7.5.1. NPs’ Cytotoxicity 7.5.2. NPs’ Dosage and Clearance 7.5.3. Size, Morphology, and Stability of the NPs 7.5.4. NPs’ Interactions with the Cells 7.5.5. Scale-Up/Optimization 7.5.6. Instrumentation and Variation in Microbes and Human Diseases 7.6. Conclusion 7.7. Challenges and Future Perspectives Acknowledgments References Chapter 8: Electrochemical Treatment as a Promising Advanced Technique for Industrial Wastewater Treatment 8.1. Introduction 8.1.1. Water Pollution Sources and Types 8.1.2. Treatment Techniques of Wastewater 8.1.3. Categories of Electrochemical Wastewater Treatment Methods 8.1.3.1. Electro-Oxidation of Wastewater 8.1.3.2. Electro-Coagulation (EC) 8.2. Design Parameters and Factors Affecting the Electrochemical Treatment Efficiency 8.2.1. Electrode Material and Shape 8.2.2. Distance between Electrodes 8.2.3. Current Density 8.2.4. pH 8.2.5. Conductivity 8.2.6. Temperature 8.2.7. Reaction Time 8.3. The Removal Efficiency of Pollutants in Several Types of Industrial Wastewater 8.3.1. Food Industry 8.3.2. Textile Industry 8.3.3. Paper and Pulp Industry 8.3.4. Metal Plating Industry 8.3.5. Petroleum and Oil Industry 8.4. Techno-Economic Evaluation for Different Types of Electrochemical Treatment 8.5. Conclusion and Recommendations References Chapter 9: Lignocellulosic-Based Sorbents: A Sustainable Framework for the Adsorption of Pharmaceutical and Heavy Metal Pollutants in Wastewater 9.1. Introduction 9.1.1. Lignocellulosic Materials 9.1.2. Preparation of Lignocellulosic-Based Bioadsorbents 9.1.3. Characterization Techniques 9.1.3.1. Pore Volume, Size and Surface Area 9.1.3.2. FTIR Analysis 9.1.3.3. Zeta Potential and pHZPC Analyses 9.1.3.4. Optical and SEM/TEM Microscopy 9.1.3.5. XRD Analysis 9.1.3.6. XPS Analysis 9.2. Removal of Pharmaceuticals Through Bioadsorption Using Lignocellulosic Materials 9.2.1. Pharmaceuticals in the Environment 9.2.2. Treatment Methods for Pharmaceutical-Laden Wastewater 9.2.3. Adsorption 9.2.3.1. Utilization of Lignocellulosic Biomass 9.2.4. Adsorption Modeling 9.2.4.1. Adsorption Kinetics 9.2.4.2. Adsorption Isotherm 9.2.4.3. Adsorption Thermodynamics 9.2.5. Adsorption Mechanisms Involved During the Adsorption of Pharmaceutical Wastewater 9.2.6. Regeneration Capabilities of Exhausted Bioadsorbents Loaded with Pharmaceutical Pollutants 9.3. Removal of Heavy Metals Through Bioadsorption Using Lignocellulosic Materials 9.3.1. Occurrence and Fate of Heavy Metals in the Environment 9.3.2. Utilization of Lignocellulosic Biomass to Remove Heavy Metals 9.3.3. Effects of Process Variables on Heavy Metal Removal 9.3.3.1. Effect of pH 9.3.3.2. Effect of Temperature 9.3.3.3. Effect of Initial Concentration 9.3.3.4. Effect of Contact Time 9.3.3.5. Effect of Adsorbent Dose 9.3.3.6. Effect of Coexisting Ions 9.3.4. Adsorption Mechanisms Associated with the Adsorption of Metal Ions 9.3.5. Regeneration and Reusability Possibilities of Exhausted Bioadsorbents Loaded with Metal Ions 9.4. Cost Analysis 9.5. Conclusion and Future Prospects References Chapter 10: Valorization of Industrial Solid Waste to Green Sustainable Products 10.1. Types of Wastes 10.2. Solid Waste (SW) 10.3. Industrial Solid Waste (ISW) 10.4. Sources of (ISW) 10.5. Classification of (ISW) 10.5.1. The Classification of Industrial Solid Wastes Referring to Nature 10.5.2. The Classification of ISW Referring to the Pollution Characteristics 10.5.3. The Classification of ISW Referring to the Industrial Sectors 10.5.4. The Classification of ISW Referring to the Industrial Process 10.6. Industrial Waste Management 10.6.1. Life Cycle Assessment 10.6.2. Processing and Control 10.6.3. Treatment and Pretreatment 10.7. Egypt Goes Green 10.7.1. The Industrial Waste Management System in Egypt 10.7.2. Solid Waste Production and Treatment in Egypt 10.7.3. The Egyptian Legal Framework for Solid Waste Management 10.7.4. Concerns About the Situation of Solid Waste Management in Egypt 10.7.5. Sustainable Strategy for Solid Waste Management in Egypt 10.7.6. Major Government Projects 10.8. Conclusion References Chapter 11: Reclaimed Irrigation Water Affect Soil Properties and Lettuce (Lactuca Sativa L.) Growth, Yield and Quality 11.1. Introduction 11.2. Materials and Methods 11.2.1. Experimental Site 11.2.2. Experimental Design and Plot Management 11.2.3. Data Collection and Chemical Analysis 11.2.4. Statistical Data Analysis 11.3. Results 11.3.1. Physico-Chemical Quality of Irrigation Water 11.3.2. Nutrients Supplied by the Irrigation Waters 11.3.3. Effects of Irrigation Waters on Growth, Yield and Quality of Lettuce Crop 11.3.3.1. Growth and Yields 11.3.3.2. Quality of the Harvested Leaves: Nutrients (N, P, K, Ca and Mg) Content in the Leaves 11.3.3.3. Quality of the Harvested Leaves: Heavy Metal (Cu, Fer, Zn, Pb and Cd) Content in the Leaves 11.3.3.4. Quality of the Harvested Leaves: Microbial Analyses 11.3.4. Effect of Irrigation Waters on Soil Nutrients and Microbial Contamination 11.3.4.1. Macronutrients (N, P and K) and Heavy Metal Content in the Soil 11.3.4.2. Microbial Contamination of the Irrigated Soils 11.4. Discussion 11.4.1. Nutrient Supply and Quality of the Irrigation Waters 11.4.2. Effects of Irrigation Waters on Growth, Yield and Quality of Lettuce 11.4.3. Effects of Irrigation Waters on Soil Nutrients and Microbial Contamination 11.5. Conclusions Acknowledgments References Chapter 12: Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning of Petroleum Wastewater Treatment by Nanofilteration Membranes 12.1. Introduction 12.2. Valorization of Agrowaste for Membrane Process 12.3. Artificial Intelligence in Biopolymer Membrane: Optimization and Sustainability 12.4. Membrane Technology 12.5. Treatment of Petroleum Wastewater with Biochar Membranes 12.6. Conclusion References Index