A History of Vaccines and their Opponents

Description

The coronavirus pandemic that began in 2019 brought to the fore the presence of a significant minority of individuals who strongly oppose vaccination. This opposition is by no means recent. Ever since the very first attempts to immunize individuals, opposition has been intense in some societies. The reasons for this opposition range from religious to political to medical. Although vaccines have eliminated smallpox and largely eliminated polio and measles, opposition to vaccination persists and,  in some countries, has grown stronger. A History of Vaccines and Their Opponents seeks to describe the history of this opposition as well as its changing rationale over the years and in different societies. The discussion may ultimately provide some suggestions for reducing hesitancy in the future. Demonstrates vaccine hesitancy is not new and is widespread around the worldPresents the history of the opposition to immunizationProvides counterarguments to the opposition today Front Cover A History of Vaccines and their Opponents A History of Vaccines and their Opponents Copyright Dedication Contents Preface 1 - How vaccines work The microbial world The immune system The defenders Innate immunity Adaptive immunity Antibody-mediated immunity Cell-mediated immunity The adaptive immune response Step 1: Antigen capture and processing Step 2: Helper T cell activation Step 3: B or T cell responses Antigen processing Step 4: Memory cell generation Memory B cells Memory T cells A word of caution References Further reading 2 - Medical science at the beginning of the 18th century Hippocratic medicine The humoral theory The status of physicians Witchcraft Seventeenth century Variolation References Further reading 3 - Variolation: the early years in Britain and Europe Immunity Variolation in Asia Emanuel Timoni's letter Lady Mary Montagu Inoculation progress Early resistance to inoculation Edmund Massey Endorsement of inoculation Skepticism Persistent opposition Resistance and acceptance in Europe France Germany References 4 - Variolation in New England Cotton Mather Smallpox in Boston Zabdiel Boylston Responses William Douglass Subsequent reconsideration Medical arguments Religious arguments Arguments for variolation Actual results More Boston epidemics References 5 - Variolation and American independence Boylston' legacy Legislation and inoculation Washington's dilemma Smallpox and the revolutionary war The first immunization mandate Major influencers Benjamin Franklin and his son Abigail Adams and her children The state of medicine References 6 - The introduction of vaccination in Britain and Europe Vaccination Edward Jenner Subsequent studies Rapid adoption Methodology Horsepox Initial responses Hostility Dr William Rowley Dr Benjamin Moseley Charles Creighton Positive responses Vaccination in Europe References Further reading 7 - The introduction of vaccination to America First deliveries John Clinch Benjamin Waterhouse Supply problems Early opposition and exploitation The first federal vaccination legislation Vaccine farms The Camden incident The Biologics Control Act of 1902 Triumph References 8 - Making vaccination compulsory in Britain and Europe Compulsory vaccination laws The 1840 Act The 1853 Act The 1867 Act The 1871 Act The 1898 Vaccine Act Benefits of mandates Ireland Mandates in Europe Typhoid vaccines References 9 - Vaccine mandates in the United States State-mandated vaccination Phase 1: 1810–1920. Mandatory smallpox vaccination Massachusetts Texas Ohio Mandatory smallpox vaccination Mandate enforcement Phase 2: 1910 to 1940–60: Voluntary vaccination Phase 3: 1960–present: New vaccine mandates Polio vaccine mandates Measles vaccine mandates Current state mandates Covid vaccine mandates Canada Exceptions Military mandates References Further reading 10 - Anti-inoculation and anti-vaccination riots Anti-inoculation riots The 1730 Marblehead riot 1774—Marblehead again! 1768–1769: The Norfolk riots Anti-vaccination riots The Montreal vaccine riots of 1885 The Milwaukee riots of 1894 The Laredo smallpox riots, 1899 Some British riots The Seven Wise Men of Keighley The Charlbury anti-vaccination riots The vaccine rebellion, Brazil, 1904 Coronavirus vaccine protests References 11 - The Supreme Court weighs in Smallpox in Boston Anti-vaccination sentiment The Pfeiffer affair Jacobson v Massachusetts Zucht v King Prince v Massachusetts O'brien v Cunard Maricopa County v Harmon Vaccine compulsion References 12 - The rise of anti-vaccine societies in Britain The Anti-Vaccination League of 1853 The Anti-Compulsory Vaccination League of 1867 The London Society for the Abolition of compulsory Vaccination The National Anti-Vaccination League of 1896 George Bernard Shaw Alfred Russel Wallace Leicester William Tebb References 13 - Anti-vaccination movements in the United States and Canada The Anti-Vaccination League of America William Tebb The Anti-Vaccination Society of America The Anti-Vaccination League of America Lora Little State anti-vaccination efforts New England Minnesota Louisiana Pennsylvania California Meanwhile in Canada The arguments Freedom Safety Other issues References 14 - Medical liberty and vaccination Diverse medical theories Homeopaths Eclectics Hydropathy Chiropractors Osteopaths Physiomedicalism Patent medicines Medical associations The American Medical Association The National League for Medical Freedom The American Medical Liberty League The Flexner Report of 1910 References 15 - Developments and dead ends in immunology Horsepox and vaccination Syphilization Syringes and needles Vaccination Louis Pasteur Anthrax and rabies Dead vaccines Antiviral vaccines References Further reading 16 - Antibacterial vaccines and their opponents Diphtheria The Ididarod The Balto debate The St Louis incident of 1901 Active immunization Tetanus Pertussis Combination vaccines USA United Kingdom Canada Opposition USA Analysis References 17 - Polio vaccines and their opponents The disease Jonas Salk Albert Sabin Opposition Chiropractors The British situation The Cutter incident Global eradication Nigeria Vaccine-induced polio Pakistan Afghanistan The endgame References 18 - Measles, mumps, and rubella: three contentious virus diseases Adverse effect principles Measles Current status Measles vaccines Mumps Mumps vaccines Rubella Rubella vaccines Dr. Andrew Wakefield Conflicts of interest Methodological problems Retraction Autism spectrum disorder The response The consequences Thiomerosal Foreign intervention References 19 - Safety and sexual promiscuity: hepatitis B, human papilloma virus, and influenza vaccines Hepatitis B Multiple sclerosis SIDS and HBV vaccine Human papilloma virus Initial problems Current problems Encouragement of immorality Heavy marketing/mistrust Trypanophobia Influenza vaccine hesitancy References 20 - COVID-19: politics and disinformation The origins of COVID-19 COVID-19 vaccines RNA vaccines Vaccination mandates Political partisanship Reasons for hesitancy Social media Antivaccine strategies Lack of trust Exaggerate harm Minimize effectiveness Question motivation Appeal to ignorance Personal freedom Conspiracy theories Russian disinformation Medical misinformation Consequences References 21 - Religious objections to vaccination Early religious objections Christian attitudes Non-objecting denominations Objecting denominations The problem of “sorcery” Issues and moral responsibility Jewish attitudes Islamic attitudes Hindu attitudes Buddhist attitudes References 22 - Rational hesitancy: situations where hesitancy is and was appropriate Medical exemptions The swine flu scare—1976 The smallpox scare—2002 Anthrax vaccination References Glossary Index A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W Y Z Back Cover