Essentials of Dental Radiography and Radiology_SIXTH ED

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Cover Title page Table of Contents Dedication Copyright Preface Acknowledgements Part I. Introduction 1. The Radiographic Image Introduction Nature of the Traditional Two-Dimensional Radiographic Image Quality of the Traditional Two-Dimensional Radiographic Image Perception of the Radiographic Image Types of Traditional Dental Radiographs Part II. Radiation Physics, Equipment and Radiation Protection 2. The Production, Properties and Interactions of X-rays Introduction Atomic Structure X-Ray Production Interaction of X-Rays with Matter 3. Dental X-ray Generating Equipment Introduction Ideal Requirements Main Components of the Tubehead Other X-Ray Generating Apparatus 4. Image Receptors Introduction Digital Receptors Radiographic Film Characteristics of Radiographic Film Background Fog Density Intensifying Screens Cassettes Important Practical Points to Note 5. Image Processing Computer Digital Processing Chemical Processing 6. Radiation Dose, Dosimetry and Dose Limitation Dose Units Dose Limits Dose Rate Dose Limitation 7. The Biological Effects Associated with X-rays, Risk and Practical Radiation Protection Radiation-Induced Tissue Damage Classification of the Biological Effects Practical Radiation Protection Footnote Part III. Radiography 8. Dental Radiography – General Patient Considerations including Control of Infection General Guidelines on Patient Care Specific Requirements When X-Raying Children and Patients with Disabilities Control of Infection Micro-Organisms That May Be Encountered Standard and Transmission-Based Precautions Infection Control Measures Footnote 9. Periapical Radiography Main Indications Ideal Positioning Requirements Radiographic Techniques Anatomy Bisected Angle Technique Comparison of The Paralleling and Bisected Angle Techniques Conclusion Positioning Difficulties Often Encountered in Periapical Radiography Assessment of Image Quality 10. Bitewing Radiography Main Indications Ideal Technique Requirements Positioning Techniques Resultant Radiographs Assessment of Image Quality 11. Occlusal Radiography Introduction Terminology and Classification Upper Standard (or Anterior) Occlusal Upper Oblique Occlusal Lower 90° Occlusal Lower 45° (or Anterior) Occlusal Lower Oblique Occlusal 12. Oblique Lateral Radiography Introduction Terminology Main Indications Basic Technique Principles Positioning Examples For Various Oblique Lateral Radiographs Bimolar Technique 13. Skull and Maxillofacial Radiography Equipment, Patient Positioning and Projections 14. Cephalometric Radiography Introduction Main Indications Equipment Main Radiographic Projections Cephalometric Posteroanterior of the Jaws (PA Jaws) 15. Tomography and Panoramic Radiography Introduction Tomographic Theory Panoramic Tomography Selection Criteria Equipment Technique and Positioning Normal Anatomy Advantages and Disadvantages Assessment of Image Quality Assessment of Not Acceptable Images and Determination of Errors Footnote 16. Cone Beam Computed Tomography Main Indications Equipment and Theory Technique and Positioning Normal Anatomy Radiation Dose Advantages and Disadvantages Assessment of Image Quality Quality Assurance Footnote 17. The Quality of Radiographic Images and Quality Assurance Introduction Quality Assurance (QA) Digital Image Quality Quality Control Procedures for Digital Receptors, Computer Processing and Monitors Film-Based Image Quality Quality Control Procedures for Film, Chemical Processing and Light Boxes Patient Preparation and Positioning Technique Errors in Both Digital and Film-Based Imaging Patient Dose and X-Ray Generating Equipment Working Procedures Staff Training and Updating Audits Footnote 18. Alternative and Specialized Imaging Modalities Introduction Contrast Studies Radioisotope Imaging Computed Tomography (CT) Ultrasound Examinations Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) Part IV. Radiology 19. Introduction to Radiological Interpretation Essential Requirements for Interpretation Conclusion 20. Dental Caries and the Assessment of Restorations Introduction Classification of Caries Diagnosis and Detection of Caries Other Important Radiographic Appearances Limitations Of Radiographic Detection of Caries Radiographic Assessment of Restorations Limitations of the Radiographic Image Suggested Guidelines for Interpreting Bitewing Images Cone Beam Computed Tomography 21. The Periapical Tissues Introduction Normal Radiographic Appearances The Effects of Normal Superimposed Shadows Radiographic Appearances of Periapical Inflammatory Changes Treatment and Imaging in Endodontics Other Important Causes of Periapical Radiolucency Suggested Guidelines for Interpreting Periapical Images 22. The Periodontal Tissues and Periodontal Disease Introduction Selection Criteria Radiographic Features of Healthy Periodontium Classification of Periodontal Diseases Radiographic Features of Periodontal Disease and the Assessment of Bone Loss and Furcation Involvement Evaluation of Treatment Measures Limitations of Radiographic Diagnosis 23. Implant Assessment Introduction Main Indications Main Contraindications Treatment Planning Considerations Radiographic Examination Peri-operative Imaging Post-operative Evaluation and Follow-Up Footnote 24. Developmental Abnormalities Introduction Classification of Developmental Abnormalities Typical Radiographic Appearances of The More Common and Important Developmental Abnormalities Radiographic Assessment of Mandibular Third Molars Radiographic Assessment of Unerupted Maxillary Canines 25. Radiological Differential Diagnosis – Describing a Lesion Introduction Detailed Description of a Lesion Footnote 26. Differential Diagnosis of Radiolucent Lesions of the Jaws Introduction Step-By-Step Guide Typical Radiographic Features of Radiolucent Cysts and Tumours Typical Radiographic Features of Tumours Typical Radiographic Features of Allied Lesions Footnote 27. Differential Diagnosis of Lesions of Variable Radiopacity in the Jaws STEP I STEP II STEP III STEP IV STEP V Typical Radiographic Features of Abnormalities of the Teeth Typical Radiographic Features of Conditions of Variable Opacity Affecting Bone Summary Typical Radiographic Features of Soft Tissue Calcifications Typical Radiographic Features of Foreign Bodies 28. Bone Diseases of Radiological Importance Introduction Developmental or Genetic Disorders Infective or Inflammatory Conditions Hormone-Related Diseases Blood Dyscrasias Diseases of Unknown Cause 29. Trauma to the Teeth and Facial Skeleton Introduction Injuries to the Teeth and Their Supporting Structures Skeletal Fractures Fractures of the Mandible Fractures of the Middle Third of the Facial Skeleton Other Fractures and Injuries 30. The Temporomandibular Joint Introduction Normal Anatomy Investigations Main Pathological Conditions Affecting the TMJ Footnote 31. The Maxillary Antra Introduction Normal Anatomy Normal Appearance of the Antra on Conventional Radiographs Antral Disease Investigation and Appearance of Disease Within the Antra Infection and Inflammation Other Paranasal Air Sinuses 32. The Salivary Glands Salivary Gland Disorders Investigations Bibliography and Suggested Reading Index Copyright Title Page Dedication Contents Chapter 1: ‘I’m thinking’ – Oh, but are you? Chapter 2: Renegade perception Chapter 3: The Pushbacker sting Chapter 4: ‘Covid’: The calculated catastrophe Chapter 5: There is no ‘virus’ Chapter 6: Sequence of deceit Chapter 7: War on your mind Chapter 8: ‘Reframing’ insanity Chapter 9: We must have it? So what is it? Chapter 10: Human 2.0 Chapter 11: Who controls the Cult? Chapter 12: Escaping Wetiko Postscript Appendix: Cowan-Kaufman-Morell Statement on Virus Isolation Bibliography Index Copyright Title Page Dedication Contents Chapter 1: ‘I’m thinking’ – Oh, but are you? Chapter 2: Renegade perception Chapter 3: The Pushbacker sting Chapter 4: ‘Covid’: The calculated catastrophe Chapter 5: There is no ‘virus’ Chapter 6: Sequence of deceit Chapter 7: War on your mind Chapter 8: ‘Reframing’ insanity Chapter 9: We must have it? So what is it? Chapter 10: Human 2.0 Chapter 11: Who controls the Cult? Chapter 12: Escaping Wetiko Postscript Appendix: Cowan-Kaufman-Morell Statement on Virus Isolation Bibliography Index