Critical Debates in Public Finance

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Cover Copyright information Preface Contents List of Contributors Comparison of Tax Revenue Forecasting Models for Turkey 1 Introduction 2 Literature 3 Data and Methodology 3.1 Data 3.1 Methodology 3.1.1 Random Walk-RW 3.1.2 SARIMA 3.1.3 BATS 4 Analysis and Empirical Results 5 Conclusion and Discussion References Examination of Tax Administration by Digitalization: Taxation of Sharing Economy; Country Examples and Evaluation of Turkey 1 Introduction 2 The Concept of Sharing Economy 3 Parties of Sharing Economy 4 Evaluation of the Value Created by the Sharing Economy and Its Taxation 4.1 Services Offered in the Sharing Economy and Estimated Economic Value 4.2 Determination of Taxes and Taxpayers on the Sharing Economy 5 The Role of Cooperation with Platforms in the Taxation of Sharing Economy and Country Applications 5.1 Role of Cooperation with Platforms 5.2 Country Applications 6 The Value Created by the Sharing Economy in Turkey and Its Evaluation in Terms of Taxation 6.1 The Size of Sharing Economy in Turkey 6.2 The Taxes Which Are Sharing Economy Subject to in Turkey 7 Conclusion Acknowledgements References Tax Incentives Provided to Green Bonds in Financing of Energy Efficiency and Its Importance for Turkey 1 Introduction 2 Methods of Financing Energy Efficiency in Turkey 3 Green Bonds in Financing Energy Efficiency 3.1 The Concept of Green Bond and Its Development 3.2 The Green Bond Principles 3.3 Types of Green Bonds 3.4 Tax Incentives Provided for Green Bonds in the World and Turkey 3.4.1 European Union 3.4.2 United States of America 3.4.3 France 3.4.4 Brazil 3.4.5 China 3.4.6 Malaysia 3.4.7 India 3.4.8 Turkey 4 Conclusion References The Importance of Tax Literacy in Tax Compliance 1 Introduction 2 Factors Affecting Tax Compliance and Tax Literacy 2.1 Factors Affecting Tax Compliance 2.2 Importance and Scope of Tax Literacy 2.3 Regulations Regarding Tax Literacy in OECD Countries 2.4 US Tax Literacy Project Implementation 2.5 Austrian Tax Literacy Project 2.6 Tax Literacy Project in the UK 2.7 Australian Tax Literacy Survey 3 Tax Literacy in Turkey 4 Recommendations for Turkey to Improve Tax Literacy 5 Conclusion References The Concept of Collective Investment Institution and Specific Tax Advantages Provided for These Institutions and Their Investors in Turkey 1 Introduction 2 Concept of Collective Investment Institutions (CII) 3 Tax Advantages Specific to the Collective Investment Institutions in Turkey 3.1 Corporate Income Tax Law (CITL) 3.1.1 General Explanation 3.1.2 Regulations in Article 5 of CITL: 3.1.3 Regulation in Article 5/A of CITL 3.1.4 Regulation in Article 10 of CITL 3.1.5 Regulation in Article 15 of CITL 3.2 Income Tax Law (ITL) 3.2.1 Regulation in Article 89 of ITL 3.2.2 Regulations in Provisional Article 67 of ITL 3.2.2.1 Tax Advantages Specific to Collective Investment Institutions 3.2.2.2 Tax Advantages Specific to Investors 3.3 Law on Taxes on Expenditure (BITT) 3.4 Stamp Tax Law (STL) 4 Conclusion References The Impacts of Digitalization of Tax Administration on the Complexity of Tax System: OECD Countries Example 1 Introduction 2 The Digitalization of Tax Administration 3 The Implementation of Digital Transformation of Tax Administration in Some OECD Countries 4 The Assessment of Implementation of Digitalization in Tax Administration: The Complexity of the Tax System 5 Conclusion References Empirical Findings on Macro Determinants of Pharmaceutical Spending in Selected OECD Countries 1 Introduction 2 Literature 3 Data, Model and Estimation Results 4 Conclusion References Example of Internal Tax Bleeding: “Tax Expenditures” 1 Theoretical Framework on Tax Expenditures 1.1 Conceptually Tax Expenditures 1.2 Tax Expenditures as Deviation from Normative Tax Approach 2 Reasons of Assets of Tax Expenditures 3 Calculation Methods of Tax Expenditures 4 Benefits and Problems of Tax Expenditures 5 World Application Examples of Tax Expenditures 6 Tax Expenditures in Turkey 6.1 Legal Regulation 6.2 Fiscal Dimension: Tax Expenditures in Budget Laws 6.2.1 Tax Expenditures and Gross Domestic Product 6.2.2 Tax Expenditures and Public Expenditures 6.2.3 Tax Expenditures and Tax Revenues 6.3 Numerical Development of Legislation on Tax Expenditures 7 Result References The Size of the Public Sector and the Armey Curve: The Case of Turkey 1 Introduction 2 Armey Curve and Optimal Public Sector Size 2.1 Theoretical Literature 2.2 Empirical Literature 3 The Armey Curve and Optimal Public Sector Size in Turkey 3.1 Model and Data Set 3.2 Method and Findings 3.2.1 Unit Root Analysis 3.2.2 Bounds Test (ARDL) Approach 4 Conclusion References Okun’s Law: Turkey Case1 1 Introduction 2 Growth and Unemployment in the Turkish Economy 3 Literature Review 4 Data Set, Model, and Empirical Findings 5 Result and Evaluations References An Evaluation of Subsidies Granted to the Private Educational Institutions within the Framework of Turkish Tax System1 1 Introduction 2 Concepts in Regards to Subsidies and Education System and Evaluations 2.1 Education as a Concept and Educational Expenditures 2.1.1 Types of Education 2.1.2 Investment Expenditures 3 Subsidies in the Turkish Education System 3.1 Revenue Exception for the Private Education and Teaching 3.2 Exception for Research and Development Activities 3.3 Value Added Tax in Educational Service 3.4 VAT Rates in Private Education Sector 3.5 Investment Subsidies for Investments to be Realized by Private Educational Corporations 3.5.1 Tariff Exception 3.5.2 VAT Exemption 3.5.3 Tax Rebate 3.5.4 Insurance Premium Employers’ Share Support 3.5.5 Investment Location Support 3.5.6 Interest Support 3.5.7 Income Tax Support (For Investments in the 6th Zone) 3.5.8 Insurance Premium Support (For Investments in the 6th Zone) 4 Concluding Remarks References Artificial Intelligence: If It’s Taxed, But How? 1 Introduction 2 Artificial Intelligence and Characteristics 2.1 Artificial Intelligence Conceptually 2.2 Characteristics of Artificial Intelligence 2.3 Difference between Artificial Intelligence and Robot 2.4 Possible Effects of Artificial Intelligence on the Future 3 Taxation Size: To Be or Not to Be… 3.1 Artificial Intelligence in Terms of Externality Theory 3.2 Artificial Intelligence in Terms of Law 3.2.1 Should Artificial Intelligence Be Personified? 3.2.2 Artificial Intelligence in Terms of Responsibility and Punishment 3.2.3 The Fate of Copyrighted Work Produced by Artificial Intelligence 3.3 Discussions on Taxation Regime 3.3.1 In Terms of Income Tax 3.3.1.1 Principle of Financial Power and Identification of Taxpayer: Artificial Intelligence? Or Its Creator/Operator? 3.3.1.2 Assessment of Income and Base: What Type of Earnings? 3.3.1.3 Should Artificial Intelligence Be Considered a Workplace? 3.3.1.4 Discussions on Copyright 3.3.1.5 In Terms of VAT 3.3.1.6 In Terms of Environmental Tax (Pigovian) 4 Conclusion References List of Figures List of Tables Critical Debates in Public Finance The Editors