The Roman Empire and Its Germanic Peoples

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Translated by Thomas Dunlap. Originally published as "Das Reich und die Germanen", 1990 Wolf Jobst Siedler Verlag GmbH, Berlin The names of early Germanic warrior-tribes and leaders resound in songs and legends, and the real story of the part they played in transforming the ancient world is no less gripping. Herwig Wolfram’s panoramic history spans the great migrations of the Germanic peoples and the rise and fall of their kingdoms between the third and eighth centuries, as they invaded, settled in, and ultimately transformed the Roman Empire. We know at the start, from the accounts of Tacitus and other Romans, that the Germanic peoples spread across all of northern and central Europe east of the Rhine and north of the Danube. Some already lived within the empire’s boundaries, but they nonetheless shared a common social structure and culture, even a common language. Over the centuries, as Germanic military kings and their fighting bands created kingdoms and won political and military recognition from imperial governments through alternating confrontation and accommodation, the tribes became sharply differentiated. They acquired their own regions and their own histories, which blended with the history of the empire. The Goths in their complicated relationship with Huns as well as Romans, Ostrogoths and Vandals, Franks and Visigoths, the kingdoms of Toulouse and Burgundy, and the Longobards who made northern Italy their own—all interacted with Roman politics and the Christian religion and transformed Roman society as much as they were transformed by it. Wolfram acknowledges the other outside forces that contributed to the end of the Roman world of antiquity: Arabs conquered the entire southern half of the Roman Empire; Avars, Persians, and above all Slavs brought transformation in the east. But north and west of the Mediterranean it was the migrating Germanic tribes that changed Rome irrevocably. In Wolfram’s words, 'the Germanic peoples neither destroyed the Roman world nor restored it; instead, they made a home for themselves within it.' As a result, the empire was economically and culturally provincialized even as its geographical and ethnographic horizons were expanded. Tribal and imperial practices and traditions merged in varying ways and to varying degrees. LIST OF GENEALOGICAL CHARTS ix CHRONOLOGIES xi ONE. Kings, Heroes, and Tribal Origins 14 TWO. The Empire and the 'New' Peoples: From the Marcomannic Wars to the End of the Third Century 35 THREE. The Germanic Peoples as Enemies and Servants of the Empire in the Fourth Century 51 FOUR. Emperorship and Kingship on Roman Soil 102 FIVE. The Hunnic Alternative 123 SIX. The Kingdom of Toulouse (418-507): Pioneering Achievement and Failed Accommodation 145 SEVEN. The Vandals (406-534): A Unique Case? 159 EIGHT. Odovacar, or the Roman Empire That Did Not End 183 NINE. Theodoric (451-526) and Clovis (466/467-511) 194 TEN. A Battle for Rome (526/535-552/555) 224 ELEVEN. Britain Too Was Not Conquered: The Making of England in the Fifth and Sixth Centuries 240 TWELVE. The Burgundians: Weakness and Resilience (407/413-534) 248 THIRTEEN. The Spanish Kingdom of the Visigoths (507/568-711/725): The First Nation of Europe 260 FOURTEEN. The Longobard Epilogue (488-643/652) 279 FIFTEEN. The Transformation of the Roman World 301 LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS 315 NOTES 317 BIBLIOGRAPHY 333 INDEX 347 MAPS 363