Oxidative Stress and Toxicity in Reproductive Biology and Medicine: A Comprehensive Update on Male Infertility- Volume One

Description

This book discusses the role of oxidative stress in human reproduction with a focus on men’s health. The physiological roles of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in male fertility are the focus in this book. This topic is important because oxidative stress is a result of the imbalance between ROS and antioxidants in the body which may lead to sperm damage (DNA or count), deformity, and eventually, male infertility. Therefore, for a better understanding of the molecular mechanisms related to male genotoxicity and its regulation in infertility, this book provides an up-to-date view on the impact of oxidative stress factors in male reproduction . The main aim of this book is to collect a series of research articles and reviews from a diverse group of scientists to share their research work on the role of ROS or oxidative stress in physiological and pathological states in relation to (in)fertility in the male. This book presents various state-of-the-art chapters of the recent progress in the field of cellular toxicology and clinical manifestations of various issues related to men’s health and fertility. Topics include cell signaling, DNA damage and infertility, the pathophysiology of disease instigation and distribution, immune toxicity and prevention. Foreword Preface and Acknowledgments Contents Chapter 1: Oxidative Stress and Toxicity in Reproductive Biology and Medicine: Historical Perspectives and Future Horizons in Male Fertility 1.1 Introduction References Chapter 2: Reactive Oxygen Species in the Reproductive System: Sources and Physiological Roles 2.1 Introduction 2.2 Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) 2.2.1 Free Radicals 2.2.2 Superoxide Anion (O2●¯) 2.2.3 Hydroxyl Radical (OH●) 2.2.4 Nitric Oxide (NO●) 2.3 Non-radicals 2.3.1 Hydrogen Peroxide (H2O2) 2.3.2 Singlet Oxygen (1O2) 2.3.3 Ozone (O3) 2.4 Sources of ROS in the Female Reproductive System 2.4.1 Graafian Follicle 2.4.2 Follicular Fluid 2.4.3 Fallopian Tube 2.4.4 Peritoneal Cavity 2.4.5 Endometrium 2.5 Sources of ROS in the Male Reproductive System 2.5.1 Leukocytes 2.5.2 Immature Spermatozoa 2.5.3 Varicocele 2.6 Physiological Role of ROS in Female Reproductive System 2.6.1 Folliculogenesis 2.6.2 Ovarian Steroidogenesis 2.6.3 Ovulation 2.6.4 Formation and Luteolysis of Corpus Luteum 2.6.5 Implantation 2.6.6 Maintenance of Pregnancy 2.6.7 Parturition 2.7 Physiological Roles of ROS in the Male Reproductive System 2.7.1 Spermatogenesis and Sperm Maturation 2.7.2 Capacitation 2.7.3 Acrosome Reaction 2.7.4 Sperm–Oocyte Fusion 2.8 Conclusions References Chapter 3: Pathological Roles of Reactive Oxygen Species in Male Reproduction 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Male Infertility 3.2.1 Effect of ROS on Sperm Structural and Functional Integrity 3.2.2 Effect of ROS on Sperm DNA 3.2.3 Effect of ROS on Sperm Motility 3.2.4 Effect of Varicocele-Induced ROS on Infertility 3.3 Erectile Dysfunction (ED) 3.4 Prostate Cancer 3.5 Future Perspectives 3.6 Conclusions References Chapter 4: Molecular Interactions Associated with Oxidative Stress-Mediated Male Infertility: Sperm and Seminal Plasma Proteomics 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Proteomic Evaluation in Sperm and Seminal Plasma 4.3 Oxidative Stress-Mediated Changes in Semen Proteins 4.3.1 Molecular Changes in Sperm 4.3.2 Molecular Changes in Seminal Plasma 4.4 Enriched Molecular Pathways Associated with Oxidative Stress in Male Infertility-Related Conditions 4.4.1 Sperm Abnormalities 4.4.2 Varicocele 4.4.3 Testicular Cancer 4.5 Antioxidant Treatment and Its Effect on Sperm Proteins 4.6 Conclusions References Chapter 5: Unraveling the Molecular Impact of Sperm DNA Damage on Human Reproduction 5.1 Sperm DNA Damage 5.1.1 DNA Damage and Male Infertility: Brief Overview 5.1.2 Brief Introduction to the Causes of DNA Damage 5.2 Different Types of Sperm DNA Damage 5.2.1 Mismatched Bases 5.2.2 Base modifications: Oxidation, Alkylation, Hydrolysis, Deamination, Pyrimidine Dimers, and Intrastrand Crosslinking Oxidation Alkylation Hydrolysis Deamination Dimers of Pyrimidines Interstrand Crosslinks 5.2.3 DNA Fragmentation 5.2.4 Telomere Shortening 5.2.5 Y Chromosome Microdeletions 5.2.6 Epigenetic Abnormalities 5.3 Molecular Mechanisms of Sperm DNA Repair 5.3.1 Excision Repair Base Excision Repair Nucleotide Excision Repair 5.3.2 Mismatch Repair 5.3.3 DNA Double-Strand Break Repair/Recombinational Repair 5.4 DNA Repair Mechanisms During Spermatogenesis 5.5 Role of Oocyte in Repairing Sperm DNA Damage 5.6 Molecular Tests for the Analysis of DNA Damage in Sperm 5.6.1 Brief Overview of SDF Testing 5.6.2 Real-Time PCR for mtDNA Copy Number and Long PCR for mtDNA Integrity 5.6.3 Telomere Length Measurement 5.6.4 PCR for Y Microdeletions 5.6.5 DNA Methylation Profiling Using Pyrosequencing and Next Generation Sequencing 5.6.6 Detection of DNA Repair Proteins as Molecular Markers: γH2AX and XRCC1 5.7 Sperm DNA Damage and Fertilization of the Oocyte 5.7.1 In Vitro and Animal Studies on the Role of Sperm DNA in Supporting Sperm Movement and Oocyte Fertilization 5.7.2 Clinical Studies in ART 5.8 Sperm DNA Damage and Pregnancy 5.8.1 In Vitro and Animal Studies on the Role of Sperm DNA in Supporting Embryo Implantation and Pregnancy 5.8.2 Clinical Studies in Natural Pregnancies and ART 5.9 Molecular Markers of Sperm DNA Damage and Future Areas of Investigation 5.10 Conclusions References Chapter 6: Role of Infection and Leukocytes in Male Infertility 6.1 Introduction: Infection and Male Infertility 6.1.1 Cystitis and Pyelonephritis 6.1.2 Urosepsis 6.1.3 Urethritis 6.1.4 Prostatitis, Epididymitis, and Orchitis 6.2 Types of Infection 6.2.1 Bacterial Infection Escherichia coli Chlamydia trachomatis Staphylococcus sp. Neisseria gonorrhoeae Ureaplasma sp. Mycoplasma sp. 6.3 Viral Infections 6.3.1 Mumps Virus (MuV) 6.3.2 Human Papilloma Virus (HPV) 6.3.3 Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) 6.3.4 Zika Virus (ZIKV) 6.3.5 SARS-CoV-2 6.3.6 Protozoan Infection 6.3.7 Fungal Infection 6.4 Management of Bacterial Infection 6.5 Leukocytes and Male Infertility 6.6 Bacteriospermia 6.7 Etiology 6.8 Pathophysiology 6.9 Management of Leukocytospermia 6.10 Perspective References Chapter 7: Bacteriospermia and Male Infertility: Role of Oxidative Stress 7.1 Introduction 7.2 Oxidative Stress (OS) and Fertility Pattern in the Male 7.3 Bacteriospermia and Male Infertility 7.4 Bacteria-Associated Male Urogenital Infection 7.4.1 Urinary Tract Infection (UTI) 7.4.2 Male Accessory Gland Infection (MAGI) 7.4.3 Sexually Transmitted Infection (STI) 7.5 Prevalence of Bacteriospermia-Associated Male Infertility 7.5.1 Escherichia Coli 7.5.2 Pseudomonas Aeruginosa 7.5.3 Chlamydia Trachomatis 7.5.4 Neisseria Gonorrhoeae 7.5.5 Staphylococcus Aureus 7.5.6 Ureaplasma sp. 7.5.7 Mycoplasma sp. 7.5.8 Klebsiella Pneumoniae 7.6 Bacteriospermia and ROS-Mediated Damage 7.7 Management of Bacteriospermia in the Infertile Male 7.8 Conclusions References Chapter 8: Oxidant-Sensitive Inflammatory Pathways and Male Reproductive Functions 8.1 Introduction 8.2 ROS and Oxidative Stress 8.3 Oxidative Tissue Injury 8.4 Oxidative Stress and Male Infertility 8.4.1 Lipid Peroxidation 8.4.2 Sperm DNA Fragmentation 8.4.3 Apoptosis 8.5 Stress Response Pathways in the Male Germ Cells 8.6 Sperm Mitochondrial Response to Stress 8.7 Oxidative Stress and Inflammation: A Vicious Loop 8.8 OS and Inflammation in Testes 8.9 Summary References Chapter 9: Oxidative Stress and Idiopathic Male Infertility 9.1 Introduction 9.2 Idiopathic Male Infertility 9.3 Pathophysiology of Oxidative Stress and Male Infertility 9.3.1 Inflammation and OS 9.3.2 Varicocele and OS 9.3.3 Obesity and OS 9.4 Sources of ROS 9.4.1 Endogenous Sources Immature Sperm Leukocyte 9.4.2 Exogenous Sources Smoking Alcohol Consumption Radiation Environmental Sources 9.5 Impact of Oxidative Stress on Spermatozoa 9.5.1 Lipid Peroxidation 9.5.2 Sperm DNA Fragmentation 9.5.3 Apoptosis 9.6 Male Oxidative Stress Infertility (MOSI) and Its Diagnosis 9.7 Antioxidants as Possible Treatment to MOSI 9.7.1 Role of Antioxidants in Sperm Motility 9.7.2 Role of Antioxidants in Preventing Cryodamage 9.7.3 Role of Antioxidants in Preventing DNA Damage 9.8 Conclusions 9.9 Future Perspectives References Chapter 10: Oxidative Stress and Varicocele-Associated Male Infertility 10.1 Introduction 10.2 Pathophysiology of Varicocele-Induced Oxidative Stress 10.3 Correlations Among OS, Varicocele, and Infertility 10.3.1 Varicocele Grade and OS 10.3.2 Varicocele-Associated OS and Fertility Fertile Men with or Without Varicocele Infertile Men with or Without Varicocele Fertility in Men with Varicocele 10.3.3 Varicocele in Adolescent 10.3.4 Varicocele and Secondary Male Infertility 10.4 Role of Interventions and to Reduce OS in Men with Varicocele-Associated Infertility 10.4.1 Varicocelectomy Varicocelectomy in Adult Men Varicocelectomy in Adolescent 10.4.2 Exogenous Antioxidants Sole Therapy Antioxidants as an Adjunct Therapy to Varicocelectomy 10.5 Conclusions References Chapter 11: Oxidative Stress in Men with Obesity, Metabolic Syndrome and Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: Mechanisms and Management of Reproductive Dysfunction 11.1 Introduction 11.2 Obesity, Metabolic Syndrome and Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus 11.3 Clinical Assessment of Obesity, Metabolic Syndrome and Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus 11.4 Inflammation and Oxidative Stress in the Pathophysiology of Obesity, Metabolic Syndrome and Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus 11.5 Impact of Obesity, Metabolic Syndrome and Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus on Male Fertility 11.6 Pathophysiology of Inflammation and Oxidative Stress in Metabolic Dysfunction on Male Fertility 11.7 Assessment and Management of Oxidative Stress in Male Infertility 11.7.1 Management 11.7.2 Lifestyle: Nutrition and Exercise 11.7.3 Nutritional Supplements and Antioxidants 11.7.4 Herbal Medicines 11.7.5 Pharmaceuticals 11.8 Conclusions References Chapter 12: Metabolic Dysregulation and Sperm Motility in Male Infertility 12.1 Introduction 12.2 Asthenozoospermia 12.3 Cellular and Molecular Factors for Sperm Motility 12.3.1 Role of the Cilia in Sperm Motility as Well as Its Defect 12.3.2 Sperm Motility, Energy Driving as Well as Its Defect 12.3.3 Signaling Pathway and Genes Involve in Sperm Motility 12.3.4 Role of Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) in the Acquisition and Control of Sperm Motility 12.3.5 Role of Metabolic Pathways and the Gene Responsible for Sperm Motility 12.3.6 Sperm Motility, Molecular Pathways, and Lifestyle Factors 12.4 Therapeutic Approach for Athenozoospermia 12.5 Conclusion References Chapter 13: Tale of Viruses in Male Infertility 13.1 Introduction 13.1.1 Origin of Virus Primordial Virus World/Virus Early Theory Regressive Virus Origin/Regression Theory Escaped Genes Theory 13.1.2 Virus Life Cycle Cell Entry Genome Replication, Transcription and Translation of Viral Proteins Cell Exit 13.2 Classification of Viruses 13.2.1 Morphological Characteristics Helical Virus Icosahedral Complex Virus Structures 13.2.2 Genetic Characteristics DNA Virus RNA Virus Reverse Transcribing Virus 13.3 Oxidative Stress and Male Infertility 13.4 Viruses and Male Infertility 13.4.1 Human Papillomavirus (HPV) Human Papillomavirus (HPV) and Male Infertility 13.4.2 Herpes Simplex Virus (HSV) Herpes Simplex Virus (HSV) and Male Infertility 13.4.3 Hepatitis C Virus (HCV) Hepatitis C Virus (HCV) and Male Infertility 13.4.4 West Nile Virus West Nile Virus and Male Infertility 13.4.5 Zika Virus Zika Virus and Male Infertility 13.4.6 Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) Virus Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) and Male Infertility 13.4.7 Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome–Coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome–Coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) and Male Infertility 13.4.8 Ebola Virus Ebola Virus and Male Infertility 13.4.9 Influenza Virus Influenza Virus and Male Infertility 13.4.10 Mumps Virus Mumps Virus and Male Infertility 13.4.11 Hepatitis B Virus (HBV) Hepatitis B Virus (HBV) and Male Infertility 13.4.12 Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) and Male Infertility 13.5 Antiviral Therapies 13.5.1 Natural Compounds 13.5.2 Interferon Therapy 13.6 Conclusions References Chapter 14: Pathogenesis of Viral Infections and Male Reproductive Health: An Evidence-Based Study 14.1 Introduction 14.2 Methodology 14.3 Viruses and the Male Reproductive System 14.3.1 Viruses in Semen 14.3.2 Viral Infection in the Testis 14.3.3 Viral Infection in the Prostate 14.4 Gender-Based Susceptibility 14.5 Virus-Induced Oxidative Damage and Male Infertility 14.6 Testicular Antiviral Defense System 14.7 Conclusions 14.8 Future Perspectives References Chapter 15: Sperm Redox System Equilibrium: Implications for Fertilization and Male Fertility 15.1 Introduction 15.2 The Glutathione Redox Cycle 15.3 The Implications of Glutathione on Male Fertility from Testis to Embryo 15.4 The Role of Glutathione Transferases in Sperm Development and Fertilization 15.5 Glutathione Peroxidases of the Male Reproductive Tract 15.6 The Influence of Selenium in the Male Reproductive Tract 15.7 The Mammalian Testis Thioredoxin System 15.8 Conclusions and Perspectives References Index