Rechargeable Ion Batteries: Materials, Design, and Applications of Li-Ion Cells and Beyond

Description

Highly informative and comprehensive resource providing knowledge on underlying concepts, materials, ongoing developments and the many applications of ion-based batteries. Rechargeable Ion Batteries explores the concepts and the design of rechargeable ion batteries, including their materials chemistries, applications, stability, and novel developments. Focus is given on state-of-the-art Li-based batteries used for portable electronics and electric vehicles, while other emerging ion-battery technologies are also introduced. The text addresses innovative approaches by reviewing nanostructured anodes and cathodes that pave new ways for enhancing the electrochemical performance. The first three chapters are dedicated to the general concepts of electrochemical cells, enabling readers to understand all necessary concepts for batteries from a single book. The following chapter covers the exciting applications of lithium-ion and sodium-ion batteries, while the subsequent chapters on Li-battery components include new types of anodes, cathodes, and electrolytes that have been developed recently, complemented by an overview of designing mechanically stable ion-battery systems. The last three chapters summarize recent progress in lithium-sulfur, sodium-ion, magnesium-ion and zinc and emerging ion-battery technologies. In Rechargeable Ion Batteries, readers can expect to find specific information on: Electrochemical cells, primary batteries, secondary batteries, recycling of batteries, applications of lithium and sodium batteries. Next-generation cathodes, anodes and electrolytes for secondary lithium-ion batteries, which allow for improved performance and safety. Multiphysics modeling for predicting design criteria for next generation ion-insertion electrodes. Developments in lithium-sulfur batteries, sodium-ion batteries, and future ion-battery technologies. Rechargeable Ion Batteries provides informative and comprehensive coverage of the subject to interested researchers, academics, and professionals in various fields, including materials science, electrochemistry, physical chemistry, mechanics, engineering, recycling and industry including the battery manufacturers and supply chain ancillaries, automotive, aerospace, and marine sectors, energy storage installers and environmental stakeholders. Readers can easily acquire a base of knowledge on the subject while understanding future developments in the field. Cover Half Title Rechargeable Ion Batteries: Materials, Design, and Applications of Li-Ion Cells and Beyond Copyright Dedicate Contents Preface 1. Introduction to Electrochemical Cells 1.1 What are Batteries? 1.2 Quantities Characterizing Batteries 1.2.1 Voltage 1.2.2 Electrode Kinetics (Polarization and Cell Impedance) 1.2.2.1 Electrical Double Layer 1.2.2.2 Rate of Reaction 1.2.2.3 Electrodes Away from Equilibrium 1.2.2.4 The Tafel Equation 1.2.2.5 Example: Plotting a Tafel Curve for a Copper Electrode 1.2.2.6 Other Limiting Factors 1.2.2.7 Tafel Curves for a Battery 1.2.3 Capacity 1.2.4 Shelf Life 1.2.5 Discharge Curve/Cycle Life 1.2.6 Energy Density 1.2.7 Specific Energy Density 1.2.8 Power Density (Wh g−1) 1.2.9 Service Life/Temperature Dependence 1.3 Primary and Secondary Batteries 1.4 Conclusions References 2. Primary Batteries 2.1 Introduction 2.2 The Early Batteries 2.3 The Zinc/Carbon Cell 2.3.1 The Leclanché Cell 2.3.2 The Gassner Cell 2.3.3 Current Zinc/Carbon Cell 2.3.3.1 Electrochemical Reactions 2.3.3.2 Components 2.3.4 Disadvantages 2.4 Alkaline Batteries 2.4.1 Electrochemical Reactions 2.4.2 Components 2.4.3 Disadvantages 2.5 Button Batteries 2.5.1 Mercury Oxide Battery 2.5.1.1 Electrochemical Reactions 2.5.2 Zn/Ag2O Battery 2.5.2.1 Electrochemical Reactions 2.5.3 Metal–Air Batteries 2.5.3.1 Zn/Air Battery 2.5.3.2 Aluminum/Air Batteries 2.6 Li Primary Batteries 2.6.1 Lithium/Thionyl Chloride Batteries 2.6.2 Lithium/Sulfur Dioxide Cells 2.7 Oxyride Batteries 2.8 Damage in Primary Batteries 2.9 Conclusions References 3. A Review of Materials and Chemistry for Secondary Batteries 3.1 The Lead–Acid Battery (LAB) 3.1.1 Electrochemical Reactions 3.1.2 Components 3.1.3 New Components 3.2 The Nickel–Cadmium Battery 3.2.1 Electrochemical Reactions 3.3 Nickel–Metal Hydride (Ni–MH) Batteries 3.4 Secondary Alkaline Batteries 3.4.1 Components 3.5 Secondary Lithium Batteries 3.5.1 Lithium-Ion Batteries 3.5.2 Li–Polymer Batteries 3.5.3 Lithium/Air Batteries 3.5.4 Evaluation of Li Battery Materials and Chemistry 3.6 Battery Market 3.7 Recycling and Safety Issues 3.7.1 Recycling of Lead–Acid Batteries 3.7.2 Details on the Recycling Process of Lead–Acid Batteries 3.8 Conclusions References 4. Applications of Lithium Batteries 4.1 Portable Electronic Devices 4.2 Hybrid and Electric Vehicles 4.3 Aerospace Applications 4.4 Medical Applications 4.4.1 Heart Pacemakers 4.4.2 Neurological Pacemakers 4.5 Grid Energy Storage 4.6 Conclusions Acknowledgments References 5. Cathode Materials for Lithium-Ion Batteries 5.1 Layered Materials 5.1.1 LiCoO2 5.1.2 Nickel-Rich Materials 5.1.3 Excess Manganese Oxide Layered Cathode Materials 5.2 Spinel Materials 5.3 Polyanion (Phosphate, Silicates) Framework Cathode Materials 5.3.1 LiMPO4 Olivine Crystal Structure and Intercalation Mechanism 5.3.2 LMSiO4 Orthosilicate Crystal Structure and Intercalation Mechanism 5.3.3 Factors to Improve Electrochemical Performance of LMXO4 5.4 Conclusions References 6. Next-Generation Anodes for Secondary Li-Ion Batteries 6.1 Introduction 6.2 Mechanical Instabilities During Electrochemical Cycling 6.3 Nanostructured Anodes 6.4 Sn-Based Materials 6.4.1 Sn-Based Conversion Reaction Materials 6.4.2 Sn-Based Alloys 6.4.3 Sn–C Nanocomposites 6.4.4 Sn-Based Nanofiber/Nanowire Anodes 6.5 Si-Based Materials 6.5.1 Si-Films Anodes 6.5.2 Si-Nanowire Anodes 6.5.3 Si Microparticle Based Porous Electrodes 6.5.4 Si/C Nanocomposites and other Si Nanoconfigurations 6.5.5 Si/Polymer Nanocomposites 6.5.6 Binders 6.5.7 Si–SiO2–C Composites 6.6 Other Anode Materials 6.6.1 MXene Electrodes 6.6.2 Sb-Based Anodes 6.6.3 Al-Based Anodes 6.6.4 Bi-Based Anodes 6.6.5 LiTiO-Based Anodes 6.6.6 Metal Oxide-Based Anodes 6.7 Solid-State Batteries 6.8 Conclusions Acknowledgments References 7. Electrolytes for Lithium Batteries: The Quest for Improving Lithium Battery Performance and Safety 7.1 Introduction 7.2 Nonaqueous Electrolytes 7.2.1 The Solid-Electrolyte Interface (SEI) 7.2.2 Current Collector Corrosion 7.2.3 Solvents for Nonaqueous Electrolytes 7.2.4 Salts for Nonaqueous Electrolytes 7.2.4.1 Lithium Perchlorate (LiClO4) 7.2.4.2 Lithium Tetrafluoroborate (LiBF4) 7.2.4.3 Lithium Hexafluoroarsenate (LiAsF6) 7.2.4.4 Lithium Hexafluorophosphate (LiPF6) 7.2.4.5 Lithium Trifluoromethanesulfonate (Li(CF3SO3)) 7.2.4.6 Lithium Bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide (Li[N(CF3SO2)2] or LiTFSI): 7.2.4.7 Lithium Bis(perfluoroethylsulfonyl)imide (Li[NC(C2F5SO2)2] or LiBETI) 7.2.4.8 Lithium Tris(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)methide (Li[C(CF3SO2)3] or LiTFSM) 7.2.4.9 Lithium Tris(perfluoroethyl)trifluorophosphate (Li[PF3(CF3CF2)3] or LiFAP) 7.2.4.10 Lithium Fluoroalkylborate (Li[BF3(CCF3CF2)] or LiFAB) 7.2.4.11 Lithium Nonafluorobutylsulfonyltrifluoromethylsulfonylimide (Li[N(C4F9SO2)(CF3SO2)] or LiFBMSI): LiFBMSI: 7.2.4.12 Lithium B(oxalato)borate (Li[B(C2O4)2] or LiBOB) 7.2.5 Additives for Nonaqueous Electrolytes 7.2.5.1 Reductive Additives 7.2.5.2 Polymerizable Additives for Graphite-based Anode 7.2.5.3 Reaction Additives for Graphite-based Anode 7.2.5.4 Absorption Additives for Graphite-based Anode 7.2.5.5 Surface Modifier Additives for Graphite-based Anode 7.2.5.6 Protective Additives for Cathode 7.2.5.7 LiPF6 Additives to Stabilize Salt Decomposition 7.2.5.8 Shuttle Additives 7.2.5.9 Shutdown Additives 7.2.5.10 Fire-Retardant Additives 7.2.5.11 Additives to Reduce Lithium Plating 7.2.5.12 Additives to Increase the Transport Number 7.2.5.13 Additives for Hindering Aluminum Current Collector Corrosion 7.2.5.14 Additives to Improve theWetting of Separator 7.3 Gel Polymer Electrolytes 7.3.1 Gel Polymer Electrolyte Based on Copolymer PVDF–HFP 7.3.2 Gel Polymer Electrolyte with Ionic Liquid 7.4.2 Second-Generation Solid-State Batteries 7.4 Solid-State Batteries 7.4.1 First-Generation Solid-State Batteries 7.5 Solid-Polymer Electrolytes 7.5.1 The Advantage and the Query for the New Polymeric Materials for Polymer Electrolytes 7.5.2 Polymer Composite Electrolytes 7.6 Solid Electrolytes 7.6.1 Solid-State Electrolyte Issues 7.6.2 NASICON-Type Lithium Electrolytes 7.6.2.1 NASICON-Type Lithium Electrolytes for Lithium–Air Batteries 7.6.2.2 NASICON-Type Lithium Electrolytes for Lithium Aqueous 7.6.3 Glass Electrolytes 7.6.4 Glass–Ceramics Electrolyte 7.6.5 LGPS Family 7.7 Solid-State Battery Companies 7.8 Conclusions Acknowledgment References 8. Developments in Lithium–Sulfur Batteries 8.1 Introduction to Lithium–Sulfur Batteries 8.2 Electrochemical Principles 8.3 Sulfur Utilization and Cycle Life 8.4 Potential Solutions to Hurdles 8.5 Carbon Materials 8.5.1 Porous Carbon 8.5.2 Graphene 8.5.3 Carbon Nanotube 8.6 Metal Oxides 8.7 Polymers 8.8 Further Developments and Innovative Approaches 8.9 Key Parameters for Application Prospects 8.9.1 Functionalized Cathode Materials 8.9.2 Redox Conversion Catalysts 8.9.3 Lithium Metal Anode 8.9.4 Modified Separators 8.10 Conclusions References 9. Sodium-Ion Batteries 9.1 Introduction 9.2 Cathode Materials for Na-Ion Batteries 9.2.1 Transition-Metal Oxides 9.2.1.1 O3 Phase Cathode Materials 9.2.1.2 P2 Phase Cathode Materials 9.2.2 Polyanionic Compounds 9.2.3 Prussian Blue Compounds 9.3 Anode Materials for Na-Ion Batteries 9.3.1 Carbon-Based Anode Materials 9.3.2 Alloying Anodes 9.3.2.1 Huge Volume Expansion Causes Active Material Fracture 9.3.2.2 Volume Expansion Causes Increase the Impedance 9.3.2.3 Unstable SEI 9.4 Electrolytes for Na-Ion Batteries 9.4.1 Electrolyte Components 9.4.2 Ester-Based Organic Electrolyte 9.4.3 Ether-Based Organic Electrolyte 9.5 Industrialization of SIBs 9.5.1 Status of Industrialization of SIBs 9.5.2 Challenges of the Industrialization of Sodium-Ion Batteries 9.6 Conclusions Acknowledgments References 10. Modeling Ion Insertion for Predicting Next-Generation Electrodes 10.1 Introduction 10.2 The Role of Mechanics in Batteries 10.2.1 Initial Modeling of Damage Using Fracture Mechanics 10.3 Accounting for Li-Ion Diffusion 10.3.1 Modeling the Diffusion-Induced Stress in Single Particles 10.3.1.1 Analytical Modeling of DISs Under Elastic Deformation 10.3.1.2 Phase-Field Modeling of DISs 10.3.2 Modeling Fracture in Single Particles 10.3.2.1 Modeling of Damage by the Phase-Field Method 10.3.2.2 Phase-Field Modeling for Capturing Stress Evolution and Fracture in Na-Ion Batteries 10.4 Full Electrode Modeling 10.5 MD Simulations for Li-Ion Batteries 10.5.1 The Role of MD Simulations in LIBs 10.5.2 MD Simulations of Lithiated Si Nanopillars 10.5.2.1 Simulation Setup and Empirical Potential 10.5.2.2 Lithiation Process 10.5.2.3 New Structural Relaxation Approach 10.5.2.4 Deformation and Stress Evolution During Lithiation 10.5.2.5 Plastic Flow of Lithiated SiNPs 10.5.2.6 Fracture Analysis of Si Nanopillars Due to Lithiation 10.6 Conclusions Acknowledgment References 11. Future Ion-Battery Technologies 11.1 Magnesium-Based Batteries 11.1.1 Electrolytes of Mg Batteries 11.1.2 Cathode Material 11.2 Zinc-Based Batteries 11.2.1 Dendrite Formation 11.2.2 Hydrogen Evolution 11.3 Dual-Ion Hybrid Batteries 11.4 Conclusions References Index