Mass Metrology: The Newly Defined Kilogram

Description

This second edition of Mass Metrology: The Newly Defined Kilogram has been thoroughly revised to reflect the recent redefinition of the kilogram in terms of Planck’s constant. The necessity of defining the kilogram in terms of physical constants was already underscored in the first edition. However, the kilogram can also be defined in terms of Avogadro’s number, using a collection of ions of heavy elements, by the levitation method, or using voltage and watt balances. The book also addresses the concepts of gravitational, inertial and conventional mass, and describes in detail the variation of acceleration due to gravity. Further topics covered in this second edition include: the effect of gravity variations on the reading of electronic balances derived with respect to latitude, altitude and earth topography; the classification of weights by the OIML; and maximum permissible error in different categories of weights prescribed by national and international organizations. The book also discusses group weighing techniques and the use of nanotechnology for the detection of mass differences as small as 10-24 g. Last but not least, readers will find details on the XRCD method for defining the kilogram in terms of Planck’s constant. Front Matter ....Pages i-xxiv Unit of Mass and Standards of Mass (S. V. Gupta)....Pages 1-19 Two-Pan Equal-Arm Balances (S. V. Gupta)....Pages 21-52 Single-Pan Mechanical Balances (S. V. Gupta)....Pages 53-68 Electronic Balances and Effect of Gravity (S. V. Gupta)....Pages 69-95 Strain Gauge Load Cells (S. V. Gupta)....Pages 97-127 Various Types of Transducers for Weighing (S. V. Gupta)....Pages 129-157 Testing of Electronic Balances (S. V. Gupta)....Pages 159-180 Air Density and Buoyancy Correction (S. V. Gupta)....Pages 181-213 Weights—Standards of Mass (S. V. Gupta)....Pages 215-254 Group Weighing Method (S. V. Gupta)....Pages 255-301 Nanotechnology for Detection of Small Mass Difference (S. V. Gupta)....Pages 303-334 Redefining the Unit of Mass (S. V. Gupta)....Pages 335-364 Redefining the Base Units (S. V. Gupta)....Pages 365-384 Realisation of Mass Unit (S. V. Gupta)....Pages 385-448 Back Matter ....Pages 449-453