The Future of Heritage Science and Technologies: Materials Science

Description

This book presents selected work from the Florence Heri-Tech, a conference focused on the use of innovative technologies and methods for analyzing, managing, and preserving cultural heritage. This book presents chapters on the  chemical and physical advancement in the development of new materials and methods for the conservation and restoration of cultural heritage. It also covers trends in conservation and restoration technology: biotechnology, nanotechnology, tailored materials, and physical technologies. The reader also finds information on methods and instruments for the conservation diagnosis and treatments. Preface and Acknowledgements Organization Committee General Chairs Organizing Committee Honorary Chairs Technical and Scientific Committee Contents Governance Methods for Cultural Heritage 1 Prioritization Methodology for Resilience Enhancement of Historic Areas Facing Climate Change-Related Hazards 1.1 Introduction 1.2 Prioritization Methodology Development 1.2.1 Survey Results for the Definition of the Relative Weight 1.3 Results of the Prioritization Methodology 1.4 Conclusion References 2 Specific Risk Maps for Cultural Heritage Materials and Airborne Pollutants: An Open Data Approach to Risk-Based Management 2.1 Introduction 2.2 Materials and Methods 2.2.1 Risk Definition 2.2.2 Dose-Response Functions and Relevant Parameters 2.2.3 Acceptable Rate of Deterioration 2.2.4 Case Study 2.2.5 Data Sets and Calculations 2.3 Results and Discussion 2.3.1 Risk-Pollutant and Risk-Climate Correlations in Italy with 2019 Data 2.3.2 Specific Risk Maps for Tuscany with 2019 Data 2.3.3 Variability of Specific Risk in Tuscany Along the Years 2.4 Conclusions References Methods and Instruments for the Conservation Diagnosis and Treatment 3 Satellite Radar Interferometry for Monitoring Historic Urban Fabric: Lucca and Florence Test Cities 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Test Cities: Lucca and Florence 3.2.1 Florence City 3.2.2 Lucca City 3.3 Materials and Methods 3.3.1 Methodological Procedure 3.3.2 Data on Test Cities 3.4 Analysis and Results 3.5 Discussion and Conclusions References 4 The Risk of Heat Waves to Historic Urban Areas. A GIS-Based Model for Developing a Risk Assessment Methodology 4.1 Introduction and Objective 4.2 First Steps for a Risk Assessment Methodology 4.2.1 Framework and Methodological Approach 4.3 Key Performance Indicators 4.4 Categorization of Historic Urban Areas 4.5 The Case Study of Bilbao and Development of the GIS Model for the Characterization 4.5.1 Bilbao’s Old Quarters 4.5.2 Building a GIS Model for Bilbao 4.6 Conclusions References 5 A Non-destructive Archaeometric Study of a Hellenistic Gold Jewel 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Methods 5.2.1 X-ray Microtomography 5.2.2 X-ray Fluorescence Spectroscopy 5.2.3 Raman Spectroscopy 5.3 Results and Discussion 5.4 Conclusions References 6 Use of a GIS-Based Solution for the Design of Preventive Conservation Plans in Heritage Constructions 6.1 Introduction 6.2 HeritageCare Approach 6.2.1 Current Methodologies 6.2.2 The HeritageCare Project 6.3 Architecture of the Application 6.3.1 Sources of Information Required for the Evaluation of Risks 6.3.2 Platform’s QGIS 6.3.3 Automatic Risk Calculation 6.4 Experimental Results 6.4.1 The Romanesque-Gothic Church of San Pedro 6.4.2 Preventive Conservation Plan for the Case Study 6.5 Conclusions References 7 Moisture Condition Evaluation in a Sixteenth Century Building Using Non-destructive Techniques 7.1 Introduction 7.2 Case Study 7.2.1 Building Description 7.2.2 General Weather Specifications 7.3 Methodology 7.3.1 Visual Inspection 7.3.2 Environmental Conditions 7.3.3 Infrared Thermography (IRT) 7.3.4 Electrical Resistance Measuring (ERM) 7.4 Results and Discussion 7.4.1 Visual Inspection 7.4.2 Environmental Conditions 7.4.3 Infrared Thermography (IRT) 7.4.4 Electrical Resistance Measuring (ERM) 7.5 Conclusions References 8 Spectroscopic Characterization of Sensitive Museum Plastic-Based Objects 8.1 Introduction 8.2 Experimental 8.2.1 Samples 8.2.2 Methods 8.3 Results and Discussion 8.3.1 SWIR Reflectance Spectroscopy 8.3.2 Raman Spectroscopy 8.3.3 Microfading Testing (MFT) 8.4 Conclusions References 9 How Trustworthy Is an Adhesive? The Suitability of Adhesives for Use in Conservation of Fine Art 9.1 Introduction 9.1.1 Adhesives in Conservation of Fine Art 9.2 Materials and Methods 9.2.1 Sample Preparation and Aging Conditions 9.2.2 Experimental Methods and Data Collection 9.3 Results 9.3.1 FT-IR Spectra 9.4 Discussion 9.5 Conclusions References 10 Restoration and Research of Ilya Repin’s Painting “Ivan the Terrible and His Son Ivan on November 16, 1581” in State Tretyakov Gallery 10.1 Historical Background and the Events of 2018 10.1.1 History of the Painting 10.1.2 Condition of the Painting After the Attack in 2018 10.2 The Pre-restoration Research 10.2.1 Goals and Approaches 10.2.2 Examination Results 10.2.3 Discussion and Theories on Weak Adhesion Between Ground and Paint Layers 10.3 Further Conservation Procedures and Additional Applied Investigations 10.3.1 Relining and Sizing Layer Removal 10.3.2 Selection of Paint Layer Consolidation Materials and Applied Research for Comparison 10.3.3 Varnish Layer Examination and Thinning Procedures 10.4 Conclusions References 11 Mapping Cadmium-Based Pigments Using Multispectral Imaging Techniques. A Case Study on Mrs. Ševa Ristić by Petar Dobrović 11.1 Introduction 11.2 Materials and Methods 11.2.1 Material 11.2.2 Methods 11.3 Result and Discussion 11.4 Conclusion References 12 An investigation into the Decontamination of Biocide Polluted Museum Collections Using the Temperature and Humidity Controlled ICM Method 12.1 Introduction 12.2 State of Research to Date 12.3 Humidity-Regulated Warm Air Technology (ICM® Method) 12.4 Decontamination Procedure 12.4.1 Principle of Thermal Processes 12.4.2 ICM® process 12.5 Experimentation 12.5.1 Tested Materials 12.5.2 Analytical methods used to determine depletion rates 12.6 Results 12.6.1 Experiment I: Determination of the Depletion Rates 12.6.2 Experiment II: Determination of the Depletion Rates 12.6.3 Experiment V: Determination of the Depletion Rates 12.7 Summary References 13 Structural and Diagnostic Investigations on Materials and Plasters of the Biblioteca Umanistica of the University of Florence 13.1 Introduction 13.1.1 Historical Background 13.2 Materials and Methods 13.2.1 In Situ Structural Investigations 13.2.2 Stratigraphic Investigations on Colored-Finishing Layers 13.3 Results and Discussion 13.3.1 In Situ Structural Investigations 13.3.2 Stratigraphic Investigations on Colored-Finishing Layers 13.4 Conclusions References 14 Traditional or Innovative Systems for the Reproduction of Decorative Elements 14.1 Reproduction of Decorative Elements—A Case Study 14.1.1 Introduction 14.1.2 The Jerónimos Monastery and the Noble Staircase of the National Archeology Museum 14.1.3 The Intervention of Conservation and Restoration 14.2 The Reproduction of Decorative Stucco Elements 14.2.1 The Relieved Stucco Ceiling and the Need to Reproduce New Elements 14.2.2 Reproduction Techniques 14.3 Conclusion References Stone Material Assessment and Facades analysis 15 System Integration for Masonry Quality Assessment: A Complete Solution Applied to Sonic Velocity Test on Historic Buildings 15.1 Introduction 15.2 Methods 15.2.1 Sonic Velocity Test Methodology 15.2.2 Data Management System 15.3 Experimental Campaigns 15.3.1 Case Studies/Investigation Procedures 15.4 Results and Discussion 15.5 Conclusions References 16 Characterization of XVI Century Wall Paint and Lime Mortar in the Façade of the Cathedral of Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic 16.1 Introduction 16.2 Main Façade of the Cathedral of Santo Domingo 16.3 Materials and Methods 16.3.1 Polarized Light Microscopy (PLM) 16.3.2 Scanning Electron Microscopy/Energy Dispersive Analysis X-ray (SEM/EDX) 16.3.3 X-ray Diffraction (XRD) 16.4 Results and Discussion 16.4.1 Polarized Light Microscopy (PLM) 16.4.2 Scanning Electron Microscopy/Energy Dispersive Analysis X-ray (SEM/EDX) 16.4.3 X-ray Diffraction (XRD) 16.5 Discussion 16.6 Conclusions References 17 Laboratory and In Situ Control of Cleaning Techniques and Solutions Performed on Stone Façade of the Serbian National Theatre Building 17.1 Introduction and Brief History 17.2 Methods 17.2.1 In Situ Investigation and Measurements 17.2.2 Laboratory Investigation and Measurements 17.3 In Situ and Laboratory Stone Characterisation 17.4 Stone Cleaning and Protection 17.4.1 Selection of Cleaning Techniques/Laboratory Solutions 17.4.2 In Situ Cleaning Trials 17.4.3 Façade Stone Protection 17.5 Conclusion References 18 Design of Compatible Mortars for a Late Roman Tomb in Serbia 18.1 Introduction 18.2 Materials and Methods of the Research 18.2.1 Archaeological and Architectural Context of the Research 18.2.2 Characterisation of Historical Mortars from the Tomb 18.2.3 Design of Conservation Mortars for the Tomb 18.3 Results and Discussion 18.3.1 Characteristics of Historical Mortars 18.3.2 Compatible Conservation Mortars 18.4 Conclusions References 19 Development of a New Cleaning Product for Heavy Metals Containing Facades 19.1 Introduction 19.2 “Clean Galena”—A Special Cleaning Process 19.2.1 Significance of Metal Ions in Connection with Cleaning 19.2.2 Composition and Mode of Action 19.2.3 Possible Side Effects 19.3 Individualisation of the Cleaning Effect on the Object 19.4 Processing 19.4.1 The Procedure in Detail 19.4.2 Disposal 19.5 Projects 19.5.1 Hotel de Rohan, Paris 19.5.2 Musée du Louvre, Paris 19.5.3 Musée Carnavalet, Paris 19.6 Conclusions References 20 IRT Survey of Historic Building Façades for Focusing the Diagnostic Analysis 20.1 Introduction 20.1.1 Historical Background 20.2 Methods and Materials 20.2.1 IR Thermography Survey 20.2.2 Laboratory Analysis 20.2.3 Samples Description 20.3 Results and Discussions 20.3.1 Infrared Thermography 20.3.2 Chemical, Mineralogical, and Petrographic Characterization 20.4 Conclusions References Untitled 21 Walking Through Florence to Discover the Stone-Built Cultural Heritage 21.1 Introduction 21.2 Looking for the Differences Between the Pietra Serena and Pietraforte Sandstones 21.2.1 The Pietra Serena Sandstone 21.2.2 The Pietraforte Sandstone 21.3 Searching for Three-Colours Decorated Churches 21.3.1 Apuan Marble 21.3.2 Red Ammonitic Limestone 21.3.3 Red Marly Limestone 21.3.4 Serpentinite 21.4 Hunting for Little Used Polychrome Materials 21.4.1 Carystium Marble 21.4.2 Breccia Di Seravezza 21.4.3 Granite References