Membrane processes : pervaporation, vapor permeation and membrane distillation for industrial scale separations

Description

Cover......Page 1 Title Page......Page 5 Copyright Page......Page 6 Contents......Page 7 Preface......Page 19 1 Tackling Challenging Industrial Separation Problems through Membrane Processes......Page 21 1.1 Water: The Source of Life......Page 22 1.2 Significance of Water/Wastewater Treatment......Page 25 1.3 Wastewater Treatment Techniques......Page 28 1.4 Membrane Technologies for Water/Wastewater Treatment......Page 31 1.5.1.1 Symmetric Membranes......Page 32 1.5.1.2 Asymmetric Membranes......Page 33 1.5.2 Membranes Modules and Their Characteristics......Page 34 1.6.1 Conventional Membrane Processes......Page 37 1.7 CSIR-IICT’s Contribution for Water/Wastewater Treatment......Page 41 1.7.1 Nanofiltration Plant for Processing Coke Oven Wastewater in Steel Industry......Page 42 1.8 Potential of Pervaporation (PV), Vapor Permeation (VP), and Membrane Distillation (MD) in Wastewater Treatment......Page 44 1.9 Conclusion......Page 52 References......Page 53 2 Pervaporation Membrane Separation: Fundamentals and Applications......Page 57 2.1 Introduction and Historical Perspective......Page 58 2.2 Principle......Page 60 2.2.1 Mass Transfer......Page 62 2.2.2 Factors Affecting Membrane Performance......Page 64 2.3 Membranes for Pervaporation......Page 65 2.4.1 Solvent Dehydration......Page 66 2.4.2 Organophilic Separation......Page 75 2.4.2.1 Removal of VOCs......Page 77 2.4.2.2 Extraction of Aroma Compounds......Page 78 2.4.3.1 Separation of Polar/Non-Polar Mixture......Page 84 2.4.3.2 Separation of Aromatic/Alicyclic Mixtures......Page 90 2.4.3.3 Separation of Aromatic/Aliphatic/Aromatic Hydrocarbons......Page 91 2.4.3.4 Separation of Isomers......Page 92 2.5 Conclusions and Future Prospects......Page 97 References......Page 98 3 Pervaporation for Ethanol-Water Separation and Effect of Fermentation Inhibitors......Page 109 3.1 Introduction......Page 110 3.2 Theory of Pervaporation......Page 111 3.2.1 Applications of Pervaporation......Page 112 3.2.3 Pervaporation Performance Evaluation Parameters......Page 113 3.3.1 Organic Membranes......Page 114 3.3.2 Inorganic Membranes......Page 122 3.3.3 Mixed Matrix Membranes......Page 124 3.4.1 Effect of Feed Flow Rate......Page 126 3.4.2 Effect of Ethanol Concentration in Feed......Page 127 3.4.3 Effect of Feed Temperature......Page 128 3.5 Effect of Fermentation Inhibitors on Pervaporation Performance......Page 129 3.5.1 Effect of Furfural Concentration......Page 132 3.5.3 Effect of Vanillin......Page 134 3.5.4 Effect of Acetic Acid......Page 135 3.6 Conclusions......Page 136 References......Page 137 4 Dehydration of Acetonitrile Solvent by Pervaporation through Graphene Oxide/Poly(Vinyl Alcohol) Mixed Matrix Membranes......Page 143 4.1 Introduction......Page 144 4.2.2 Preparation of Graphene Oxide......Page 146 4.2.5 Pervaporation Experiments......Page 147 4.2.6 Determination of Diffusion Coefficients......Page 149 4.2.8.1 Specification of Computational Domain and Governing Equations......Page 150 4.3.2 Differential Scanning Calorimeter......Page 152 4.3.3 Effect of GO concentration on PV Performance......Page 154 4.3.5 Concentration Distribution of Water within the Membrane......Page 155 4.3.7 Effect of Permeate Pressure......Page 157 References......Page 159 5 Recovery of Acetic Acid from Vinegar Wastewater Using Pervaporation in a Pilot Plant......Page 161 5.1 Introduction......Page 162 5.2.3 Equilibrium Sorption in PVA-PES Membrane......Page 164 5.2.4 Permeation Experimental Study......Page 165 5.2.5 Flux and Separation Factor......Page 166 5.2.7 Diffusion and Partition Coefficient......Page 167 5.2.10 AFM and SEM Analysis......Page 168 5.3.1 Sorption in PVA-PES Membrane......Page 169 5.3.2 Effect of Feed Composition on Flux and Separation Factor......Page 171 5.3.3 Activation Energy and Heat of Sorption......Page 172 5.3.4 Permeability, Permeance and Intrinsic Membrane Selectivity......Page 173 5.3.5 Diffusion and Partition Coefficient......Page 174 5.3.7 Surface Chemistry by FTIR Analysis......Page 176 5.3.8 Surface Topology by AFM Analysis......Page 179 5.3.9 Surface Topology by SEM Analysis......Page 181 5.3.10 Mechanical Properties of the Membrane......Page 182 5.3.11 Reusability of the Membrane......Page 183 5.4 Conclusion......Page 184 Acknowledgement......Page 185 References......Page 186 6 Thermodynamic Models for Prediction of Sorption Behavior in Pervaporation......Page 189 6.1 Introduction......Page 190 6.2.1.1 Models for Single Liquid Sorption in Polymer......Page 192 6.2.1.2 Models for Binary Liquid Sorption in Polymer......Page 195 6.2.2 UNIQUAC Model......Page 200 6.2.2.1 Calculation of Binary Solvent-Solvent Interaction Parameters (Ttf & Tft)......Page 201 6.2.2.2 Calculation of Binary Polymer-Solvent Interaction Parameters (Tim, Tmi & Tjm, Tmj)......Page 204 6.2.2.3 Prediction of Sorption Levels for a Ternary System Using UNIQUAC Model......Page 205 6.2.3.1 Calculation of Binary Solvent-Solvent Interaction Parameters (T'ij and T'ji )......Page 207 6.2.3.2 Calculation of Binary Solvent-Polymer Interaction Parameters......Page 208 6.2.3.3 Prediction of Sorption Levels for a Ternary System......Page 209 6.2.4 Modified NRTL Model......Page 210 6.2.4.2 Calculation of Binary Polymer-Solvent Interaction Parameters (TiM & TMi)......Page 212 6.2.4.3 Prediction of Sorption Behavior for a Ternary System – Method 1......Page 213 6.2.4.4 Prediction of Sorption Behavior for a Ternary System – Method 2......Page 214 6.3 Computational Procedure......Page 216 6.4 Case Study......Page 222 6.5 Summary and Conclusions......Page 227 References......Page 228 7 Molecular Dynamics Simulation for Prediction of Structure-Property Relationships of Pervaporation Membranes......Page 231 7.1 Introduction and Historical Perspective......Page 232 7.2 Molecular Dynamics (MD) Simulations......Page 233 7.3 Calculation of Interaction Parameters......Page 234 7.4 Calculation of Permeation Properties......Page 236 7.5 Free Volume Analysis......Page 240 References......Page 244 8 Vapor Permeation: Fundamentals, Principles and Applications......Page 247 8.1 Introduction and Historical Perspective......Page 248 8.2 Principle......Page 249 8.3 Mass Transfer Models in Vapor Permeation......Page 251 8.4.1 Inorganic Membranes......Page 253 8.4.2 Polymeric Membranes:......Page 256 8.4.3 Mixed Matrix Membranes (MMMs)......Page 259 8.5 Applications of Vapor Permeation......Page 263 References......Page 272 9 Vapor Permeation - A Thermodynamic Perspective......Page 277 9.1 Introduction......Page 278 9.2 Parameters Influencing Vapor Permeation......Page 279 9.3 Sorption in Polymeric Materials......Page 282 9.3.1 Sorption of Pure Liquid or Vapors......Page 283 9.3.2 Sorption of Binary Mixtures of Liquids and Vapors......Page 284 9.4.2 Vapor Permeation Through Glassy Membranes......Page 285 9.4.3 Vapor Permeation Through Crystalline Polymers......Page 287 9.5 Thermodynamics of Penetrant/Polymer Membrane......Page 288 9.6 Non-Equilibrium Thermodynamics......Page 291 9.7 Design of Vapor Permeation Membrane with High Selectivity......Page 293 9.8 Membranes and Membrane Modules......Page 296 9.9 Applications of Vapor Permeation......Page 297 9.10 Conclusion......Page 299 References......Page 300 10 Vapor Permeation: Theory and Modelling Perspectives......Page 303 10.1 Introduction......Page 304 10.3 Mass Transfer Mechanism in VP Process......Page 307 10.4 Fundamentals of Vapor Permeation Modelling......Page 308 10.4.1 Solution-Diffusion Mechanisms......Page 309 10.4.2 Diffusion Modelling......Page 310 10.4.2.1 Multi-Component Diffusion......Page 312 10.4.3.1 Equation of State Approach......Page 313 10.4.3.2 Lattice Fluid-Based Models......Page 314 10.5.1 Modelling of a Multi-Component System for Vapor Permeation Process......Page 316 10.5.2 Cost Effective Vapor Permeation Process for Isopropanol Dehydration......Page 318 10.5.3 Vapor Permeation Modeling for Inorganic Shell and Tube Membranes.......Page 319 10.6 Conclusion......Page 321 References......Page 322 11 Membrane Distillation: Historical Perspective and a Solution to Existing Issues of Membrane Technology......Page 325 11.1 Introduction and Historical Perspective of Membrane Distillation......Page 326 11.2 Principle of Membrane Distillation......Page 328 11.3 Mass Transfer in MD......Page 332 11.4 Parameters Affecting Performance of MD......Page 334 11.5 Heat Transfer in MD......Page 337 11.6 Membranes for MD......Page 338 11.7.1 Seawater Desalination......Page 348 11.7.2 Drinking Water Purification......Page 353 11.7.3 Oily Wastewater Treatment......Page 358 11.7.4 Solvent Dehydration......Page 360 11.7.5 Treatment of Textile Industrial Effluent......Page 363 11.7.6 Food Industrial Applications......Page 365 11.7.7 Treatment of Radioactive Waste Water......Page 366 11.7.8 Dairy Effluent Treatment......Page 367 11.8 Conclusions and Future Trends......Page 370 References......Page 371 12 Dewatering of Diethylene Glycol and Lactic Acid Solvents by Membrane Distillation Technique......Page 377 12.1 Introduction......Page 378 12.2.2.1 Synthesis of Microporous Hydrophobic ZSM-5/PVC Mixed Matrix Membrane......Page 380 12.2.3.1 Description of Membrane Distillation Set-up......Page 381 12.2.3.2 Experimental Procedure......Page 382 12.2.4.2 X-Ray Diffraction Studies (XRD)......Page 383 12.3.1.1 FTIR......Page 384 12.3.1.2 XRD......Page 386 12.3.1.3 TGA......Page 387 12.3.1.4 SEM......Page 388 12.3.2.1 Effect of Feed Lactic Acid Concentration on Membrane Performance......Page 389 12.3.3.1 Effect of Feed Diethylene Glycol Concentration on Membrane Performance......Page 391 12.4 Conclusions......Page 392 References......Page 393 13 Graphene Oxide/Polystyrene Mixed Matrix Membranes for Desalination of Seawater through Vacuum Membrane Distillation......Page 395 13.1 Introduction......Page 396 13.1.1 Graphene and its Derivatives......Page 398 13.2.2 Preparation of Graphene Oxide......Page 400 13.2.3 Membrane Synthesis......Page 401 13.2.4 Performance of the Crosslinked GO Loaded PS Membrane......Page 402 13.2.5 Membrane Distillation Experiment......Page 403 13.2.7.1 Model Development......Page 404 13.3.1.1 SEM......Page 408 13.3.1.2 Contact Angle Measurement......Page 409 13.3.1.3 FTIR......Page 410 13.3.2 Effect of GO Concentration on MD Performance......Page 411 13.3.3 Concentration Profile of Water Vapor within the Membrane......Page 412 13.3.4 Effect of Feed Salt Concentration......Page 413 13.3.6 Effect of Membrane Thickness......Page 415 13.4 Conclusion......Page 416 References......Page 417 14 Vacuum Membrane Distillation for Water Desalination......Page 419 14.2.1 Direct Contact Membrane Distillation (DCMD)......Page 420 14.2.4 Vacuum Membrane Distillation (VMD)......Page 421 14.3 Selection Criteria for MD Membrane......Page 422 14.5 Applications......Page 423 14.6 Modelling in MD......Page 424 14.7 Mass and Heat Transport in VMD......Page 427 14.8 Recovery Modelling in VMD......Page 430 14.9.1 Variation in Permeate Flux with Feed Rate......Page 431 14.9.2 Variation in P ermeate Flux with Feed Inlet Temperature......Page 432 14.9.3 Variation in Permeate Flux with Permeate Pressure......Page 435 14.9.4 Variation in Permeate Flux with Feed Salt Concentration......Page 436 14.9.5 Effect of Runtime......Page 437 14.10 Water Recovery......Page 438 14.11 Fouling on Membrane......Page 440 14.12 Conclusions......Page 444 Nomenclature......Page 445 References......Page 446 15 Glycerol Purification Using Membrane Technology......Page 451 15.1 Introduction......Page 452 15.2.1 Impurities Present in Crude Glycerol......Page 453 15.3 Sources of Glycerol......Page 454 15.3.1 Transesterification Reaction......Page 455 15.3.3 Hydrolysis of Oils and Fats......Page 456 15.4.1.1 Pre-Treatment (Acidification and Neutralization)......Page 460 15.4.1.2 Solvent Removal......Page 461 15.4.1.4 Ion-Exchange Adsorption......Page 462 15.4.2.1 Membrane Distillation (MD)......Page 463 15.4.2.2 Operating Variables Affecting VMD Process......Page 467 15.5.3 Methods......Page 473 15.5.4.2 Membrane Porosity Measurement......Page 475 15.5.4.4 Contact Angle......Page 476 15.6.1 Characterization of Membrane......Page 477 15.7 Conclusions......Page 479 Nomenclature......Page 480 References......Page 481 16 Reclamation of Water and Toluene from Bulk Drug Industrial Effluent by Vacuum Membrane Distillation......Page 485 16.1 Introduction......Page 486 16.2.2 Membrane Synthesis......Page 487 16.2.3.4 Sorption Studies......Page 488 16.2.6 Flux......Page 489 16.3.1.1 FTIR......Page 490 16.3.1.3 XRD......Page 491 16.3.1.4 Sorption Studies......Page 492 16.3.3 Effect of Polymer Loading......Page 494 16.3.4 Effect of Permeate Pressure......Page 495 16.4 Conclusions......Page 497 References......Page 498 Index......Page 499 EULA......Page 503