Essential Neuropsychology: A Concise Handbook for Adult Practitioners

Description

The goal of this book is to provide brief-but-comprehensive information that can aid in rapid differential diagnosis and allow for more thorough follow-up if needed. This guide is intended to fit easily into the pocket of a lab coat or on your desk, giving readers an efficient way to find information about a specific disease or disorder to prepare for an upcoming case. The book is divided into two parts: Part 1 involves general psychometric and reference information including score classifications, formulas for score conversion, likelihood chaining, and reliable change, psychometric data for stand-alone and embedded PVTs, and the effects of common medications on cognition. Part 2 of the book is organized alphabetically by disease or disorder to promote quick searching, and each chapter provides straightforward information including definitions, subtypes, etiology, epidemiology, course, diagnostic criteria, expectations for test results, and links to more comprehensive sources. Whenever possible, information is gathered through up-to-date literature and high quality pubilcations such as systematic reviews or meta-analyses. Helpful references are provided for more extensive follow-up or further reading. Preface Contents Part I: Psychometric and Large-Scale Information Chapter 1: Uniform Labeling of Performance Test Scores Reference Chapter 2: Sensitivity and Specificity of Common PVTs and SVTs References Chapter 3: Common Psychometric Formulas 3.1 Score Conversions 3.2 Worse than Chance Calculations 3.3 Chained Likelihood Ratios 3.4 Reliable Change Calculations 3.5 Formula for a Modified t-Test Comparing An Individual Score with the Mean Score for a Normative of Control Sample with a Modest Sample Size [6] References Chapter 4: Cognitive Side Effects of Common Medications References Part II: Diseases and Disorders Affecting the Brain and/or Cognitive Test Performance Chapter 5: Brain Abscess 5.1 Definition 5.2 Subtypes 5.3 Classic Presentation 5.4 Epidemiology 5.5 Etiology 5.6 Typical Onset 5.7 Course 5.8 Neuropsychological Profile 5.9 Diagnostic Criteria 5.10 Differential Diagnosis 5.11 Helpful Resources References Chapter 6: Acute Disseminated Encephalomyelitis (ADEM) 6.1 Definition 6.2 Subtypes 6.3 Classic Presentation 6.4 Epidemiology 6.5 Etiology 6.6 Typical Onset 6.7 Course 6.8 Neuropsychological Profile 6.9 Diagnostic Criteria 6.10 Differential Diagnosis 6.11 Helpful Resources References Chapter 7: Adult ADHD 7.1 Definition 7.2 Subtypes 7.3 Classic Presentation 7.4 Epidemiology 7.5 Etiology 7.6 Typical Onset 7.7 Course 7.8 Neuropsychological Profile 7.9 Diagnostic Criteria 7.9.1 DSM-5 [23] 7.10 Differential Diagnosis 7.11 Helpful Resources References Chapter 8: Affective Disorders 8.1 Definition 8.2 Subtypes 8.3 Classic Presentation 8.4 Epidemiology 8.5 Etiology 8.6 Typical Onset 8.7 Course 8.8 Neuropsychological Profile 8.9 Diagnostic Criteria 8.9.1 Major Depressive Disorder (DSM-5) [18] 8.9.2 Persistent Depressive Disorder (DSM-5) [18] 8.9.3 Depressive Disorder Due to Another Medical Condition [18] 8.10 Differential Diagnosis 8.11 Helpful Resources References Chapter 9: Alcohol-Associated Cognitive Disorders 9.1 Definition 9.2 Subtypes 9.3 Classic Presentation 9.4 Epidemiology 9.5 Etiology 9.6 Typical Onset 9.7 Course 9.8 Neuropsychological Profile 9.9 Diagnostic Criteria 9.10 Differential Diagnosis 9.11 Helpful Resources References Chapter 10: Alzheimer’s Disease 10.1 Definition 10.2 Subtypes 10.3 Classic Presentation 10.4 Epidemiology 10.5 Etiology 10.6 Typical Onset 10.7 Course 10.8 Neuropsychological Profile 10.8.1 Late-Life AD 10.8.2 Early Onset AD 10.8.3 fvAD 10.8.4 PCA 10.9 Diagnostic Criteria 10.9.1 All-Cause Dementia [17] 10.9.2 Probable AD [17] 10.9.3 Probable AD with Documented Decline [17] 10.9.4 Probable AD in a Carrier of a Causative AD Genetic Mutation [17] 10.9.5 Possible AD [17] 10.10 Differential Diagnosis 10.11 Helpful Resources References Chapter 11: Anoxia and Hypoxia 11.1 Definition 11.2 Common Subtypes 11.3 Classic Presentation 11.4 Epidemiology 11.5 Etiology 11.6 Typical Onset 11.7 Course 11.8 Neuropsychological Profile 11.9 Diagnostic Criteria 11.10 Differential Diagnosis 11.11 Helpful Resources References Chapter 12: Cancer and Neoplasm 12.1 Definition 12.2 Subtypes 12.2.1 Metastatic 12.2.2 Primary 12.3 Classic Presentation 12.4 Epidemiology 12.5 Etiology 12.6 Typical Onset 12.7 Course 12.8 Neuropsychological Profile 12.9 Diagnostic Criteria 12.10 Differential Diagnosis 12.11 Helpful Resources References Chapter 13: Cerebrovascular Accident 13.1 Definition 13.2 Subtypes 13.2.1 Acute Ischemic Stroke 13.2.2 Lacunar Infarct 13.2.3 Intracranial Berry Aneurysms (IBA) 13.2.4 Fusiform Aneurysms 13.2.5 Mycotic Aneurysm 13.2.6 Cerebral Arteriovenous Malformation (AVM) 13.3 Classic Presentation 13.4 Epidemiology 13.5 Etiology 13.6 Typical Onset 13.7 Course 13.8 Neuropsychological Profile 13.8.1 Middle Cerebral Artery (MCA) 13.8.2 Anterior Cerebral Artery (ACA) 13.8.3 Posterior Cerebral Artery (PCA) 13.8.4 Frontal 13.8.5 Temporal 13.8.6 Parietal 13.8.7 Occipital 13.8.8 Putamen 13.8.9 Thalamus 13.8.10 Pons 13.8.11 Brainstem/Midbrain 13.8.12 Cerebellum 13.8.13 ACoA 13.8.14 ICA 13.8.15 Lacunar 13.8.16 Watershed 13.8.17 AVM 13.9 Differential Diagnosis 13.10 Helpful Resources References Chapter 14: Delirium 14.1 Definition 14.2 Subtypes 14.2.1 Hyperactive 14.2.2 Hypoactive 14.2.3 Mixed Level of Activity 14.3 Classic Presentation 14.4 Epidemiology 14.5 Etiology 14.6 Typical Onset 14.7 Course 14.8 Neuropsychological Profile 14.9 Diagnostic Criteria 14.9.1 DSM-5 Criteria for Delirium [12] 14.10 Differential Diagnosis 14.11 Helpful Resources References Chapter 15: Dementia with Lewy Bodies 15.1 Definition 15.2 Classic Presentation 15.3 Epidemiology 15.4 Etiology 15.5 Typical Onset 15.6 Course 15.7 Neuropsychological Profile 15.8 Diagnostic Criteria 15.9 Differential Diagnosis 15.10 Helpful Resources References Chapter 16: Epilepsy and seizures 16.1 Definitions 16.2 Subtypes 16.3 Classic Presentation 16.3.1 Mesial TLE 16.3.2 Lateral TLE 16.3.3 Frontal Lobe Epilepsy 16.4 Epidemiology 16.5 Etiology 16.6 Typical Onset 16.7 Course 16.8 Neuropsychological Profile 16.8.1 General Expectations 16.8.2 Temporal Lobe Epilepsy 16.8.3 Frontal Lobe Epilepsy 16.9 Diagnostic Criteria 16.10 Differential Diagnosis 16.11 Helpful Resources References Chapter 17: Frontotemporal Dementias 17.1 Definition 17.2 Subtypes 17.2.1 Language 17.2.2 Behavioral 17.2.3 Motor 17.3 Classic Presentation 17.4 Epidemiology 17.5 Etiology 17.6 Typical Onset 17.7 Course 17.8 Neuropsychological Profile 17.9 Diagnostic Criteria 17.9.1 Primary Progressive Aphasia [5] 17.9.2 Behavioral Variant Frontotemporal Dementia [9] 17.9.3 Corticobasal Degeneration [10]: 17.9.4 Progressive Supranuclear Palsy [11] 17.9.5 Major or Mild Frontotemporal Neurocognitive Disorder [12] 17.10 Differential Diagnosis 17.11 Helpful Resources References Chapter 18: Hashimoto’s Encephalopathy 18.1 Definition 18.2 Subtypes 18.3 Classic Presentation 18.4 Epidemiology 18.5 Etiology 18.6 Typical Onset 18.7 Course 18.8 Neuropsychological Profile 18.9 Diagnostic Criteria 18.10 Differential Diagnosis 18.11 Helpful Resources References Chapter 19: Hepatic Encephalopathy 19.1 Definition 19.2 Subtypes 19.3 Classic Presentation 19.4 Epidemiology 19.5 Etiology 19.6 Typical Onset 19.7 Course 19.8 Neuropsychological Profile 19.9 Diagnostic Criteria 19.10 Differential Diagnosis 19.11 Helpful Resources References Chapter 20: HIV-Associated Neurocognitive Disorder 20.1 Definition 20.2 Subtypes 20.3 Classic Presentation 20.4 Epidemiology 20.5 Etiology 20.6 Typical Onset 20.7 Course 20.8 Neuropsychological Profile 20.9 Diagnostic Criteria 20.9.1 Frascati Criteria [11] 20.9.2 Major or Mild Neurocognitive Disorder Due to HIV Infection (DSM-5) [12] 20.10 Differential Diagnosis 20.11 Helpful Resources References Chapter 21: HSV Encephalitis 21.1 Definition 21.2 Subtypes 21.3 Classic Presentation 21.4 Epidemiology 21.5 Etiology 21.6 Typical Onset 21.7 Course 21.8 Neuropsychological Profile 21.9 Differential Diagnosis 21.10 Helpful Resources References Chapter 22: Hydrocephalus 22.1 Definition 22.2 Subtypes 22.3 Classic Presentation 22.4 Epidemiology 22.5 Etiology 22.5.1 Communicating 22.5.2 Noncommunicating 22.5.3 Normal Pressure Hydrocephalus (NPH) 22.6 Typical Onset 22.7 Course 22.8 Neuropsychological Profile 22.9 Diagnostic Criteria 22.10 Differential Diagnosis 22.11 Helpful Resources References Chapter 23: Lyme Disease 23.1 Definition 23.2 Subtypes 23.3 Classic Presentation 23.3.1 Acute Lyme neuroborreliosis 23.3.2 Post-Treatment Lyme Disease Syndrome 23.4 Epidemiology 23.5 Etiology 23.6 Typical Onset 23.7 Course 23.8 Neuropsychological Profile 23.9 Diagnostic Criteria 23.10 Differential Diagnosis 23.11 Helpful Resources References Chapter 24: Malingering and Invalid Test Performance 24.1 Definition 24.2 Subtypes 24.3 Classic Presentation 24.4 Epidemiology 24.5 Etiology 24.6 Typical Onset 24.7 Course 24.8 Neuropsychological Profile 24.9 Diagnostic Criteria 24.10 Differential Diagnosis 24.11 Helpful Resources References Chapter 25: Meningitis 25.1 Definition 25.2 Subtypes 25.2.1 Aseptic/Viral 25.2.2 Bacterial 25.2.3 Cryptococcal 25.2.4 Mollaret 25.3 Classic Presentation 25.4 Epidemiology 25.5 Etiology 25.6 Typical Onset 25.7 Course 25.8 Neuropsychological Profile 25.9 Differential Diagnosis 25.10 Helpful Resources References Chapter 26: Mild Cognitive Impairment 26.1 Definition 26.2 Subtypes 26.3 Classic Presentation 26.4 Epidemiology 26.5 Etiology 26.6 Typical Onset 26.7 Course 26.8 Neuropsychological Profile 26.9 Diagnostic Criteria 26.10 Differential Diagnosis 26.11 Helpful Resources References Chapter 27: Mild Traumatic Brain Injury 27.1 Definition 27.2 Subtypes 27.2.1 Complicated 27.2.2 Uncomplicated 27.2.3 Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy (CTE) 27.3 Classic Presentation 27.4 Epidemiology 27.5 Etiology 27.6 Typical Onset 27.7 Course 27.8 Neuropsychological Profile 27.9 Diagnostic Criteria 27.10 Differential Diagnosis 27.11 Helpful Resources References Chapter 28: Moderate–Severe Traumatic Brain Injury 28.1 Definition 28.2 Subtypes 28.3 Classic Presentation 28.4 Epidemiology 28.5 Etiology 28.6 Typical Onset 28.7 Course 28.8 Neuropsychological Profile 28.9 Diagnostic Criteria 28.9.1 Major or Minor Neurocognitive Disorder due to Traumatic Brain Injury [14] 28.10 Differential Diagnosis 28.11 Helpful Resources References Chapter 29: Multiple Sclerosis 29.1 Definition 29.2 Subtypes 29.2.1 Clinically Isolated Syndrome (CIS) 29.2.2 Radiologically Isolated Syndrome (RIS) 29.2.3 Relapsing-Remitting (RRMS) 29.2.4 Secondary Progressive (SPMS) 29.2.5 Primary Progressive (PPMS) 29.3 Classic Presentation 29.4 Epidemiology 29.5 Etiology 29.6 Typical Onset 29.7 Course 29.7.1 Active Disease 29.7.2 Progressive Disease 29.7.3 Worsening Disease 29.7.4 Confirmed Progression or Worsening 29.8 Neuropsychological Profile 29.9 Diagnostic Criteria 29.9.1 2017 Revisions of the McDonald Criteria [18] 29.9.2 Mild Neurocognitive Disorder Due to Multiple Sclerosis [19] 29.9.3 Major Neurocognitive Disorder Due to Multiple Sclerosis [19] 29.10 Differential Diagnosis 29.11 Helpful Resources References Chapter 30: Multiple System Atrophy 30.1 Definition 30.2 Subtypes 30.2.1 Parkinsonian (MSA-P) 30.2.2 Cerebellar (MSA-C) 30.3 Classic Presentation 30.4 Epidemiology 30.5 Etiology 30.6 Typical Onset 30.7 Course 30.8 Neuropsychological Profile 30.9 Diagnostic Criteria 30.10 Differential Diagnosis 30.11 Helpful Resources References Chapter 31: Neurosyphilis 31.1 Definition 31.2 Subtypes 31.3 Classic Presentation 31.4 Epidemiology 31.5 Etiology 31.6 Typical Onset 31.7 Course 31.8 Neuropsychological Profile 31.9 Diagnostic Criteria 31.10 Differential Diagnosis 31.11 Helpful Resources References Chapter 32: Paraneoplastic Syndrome 32.1 Definition 32.2 Subtypes 32.2.1 Limbic Encephalitis (LE) 32.2.2 Cerebellar Degeneration (PCD) 32.2.3 Lambert-Eaton Myasthenic Syndrome (LEMS) 32.3 Classic Presentation 32.4 Epidemiology 32.5 Etiology 32.6 Typical Onset 32.7 Course 32.8 Neuropsychological Profile 32.9 Diagnostic Criteria 32.10 Differential Diagnosis 32.11 Helpful Resources References Chapter 33: Parkinson’s Disease and Parkinson’s Disease Dementia 33.1 Definition 33.2 Subtypes 33.2.1 Juvenile Onset PD 33.2.2 Young Onset PD 33.2.3 Early-Onset PD 33.2.4 Typical Onset Parkinson’s Disease 33.2.5 Mild Cognitive Impairment Due to PD 33.2.6 Parkinson’s Disease with Dementia (PD-D) 33.3 Classic Presentation 33.4 Epidemiology 33.5 Etiology 33.6 Typical Onset 33.7 Course 33.8 Neuropsychological Profile 33.9 Diagnostic Criteria 33.9.1 UK PD Brain Bank Clinical Diagnostic Criteria for Parkinson’s Disease [24] 33.9.2 National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS) Diagnostic Criteria for Parkinson’s Disease (PD) [24] 33.9.3 Parkinson’s Disease Dementia (MDS Task Force Proposed Criteria) [25] 33.9.4 Mild Cognitive Impairment in Parkinson’s Disease [21] 33.10 Differential Diagnosis 33.11 Helpful Resources References Chapter 34: Persistent Postconcussion Syndrome 34.1 Definition 34.2 Classic Presentation 34.3 Epidemiology 34.4 Etiology 34.5 Typical Onset 34.6 Course 34.7 Neuropsychological Profile 34.8 Diagnostic Criteria 34.9 Differential Diagnosis 34.10 Helpful Resources References Chapter 35: Progressive Multifocal Leukoencephalitis 35.1 Definition 35.2 Subtypes 35.2.1 Classic 35.2.2 PML-IRIS 35.2.3 JC Virus Granule Cell Neuronopathy 35.3 JC Virus Meningitis 35.4 Classic Presentation 35.5 Epidemiology 35.6 Etiology 35.7 Typical Onset 35.8 Course 35.9 Neuropsychological Profile 35.10 Diagnostic Criteria 35.11 Differential Diagnosis 35.12 Helpful Resources References Chapter 36: Prion Diseases 36.1 Definition 36.2 Subtypes 36.2.1 Sporadic CJD 36.2.2 Familial CJD 36.2.3 Iatrogenic CJD 36.2.4 Variant CJD 36.3 Classic Presentation 36.4 Epidemiology 36.5 Etiology 36.6 Typical Onset 36.7 Course 36.8 Neuropsychological Profile 36.9 Diagnostic Criteria 36.10 Differential Diagnosis 36.11 Helpful Resources References Chapter 37: Psychogenic Nonepileptic Seizures 37.1 Definition 37.2 Classic Presentation 37.3 Epidemiology 37.4 Etiology 37.5 Typical Onset 37.6 Course 37.7 Neuropsychological Profile 37.8 Diagnostic Criteria 37.9 Differential Diagnosis 37.10 Helpful Resources References Chapter 38: Posttraumatic Stress Disorder 38.1 Definition 38.2 Subtypes 38.2.1 Posttraumatic Stress Disorder 38.2.2 Subsyndromal PTSD 38.2.3 Complex PTSD (cPTSD) 38.3 Classic Presentation 38.4 Epidemiology 38.5 Etiology 38.6 Typical Onset 38.7 Course 38.8 Neuropsychological Profile 38.9 Diagnostic Criteria 38.10 Differential Diagnosis 38.11 Helpful Resources References Chapter 39: Schizophrenia Spectrum Disorders 39.1 Definition 39.2 Subtypes 39.3 Classic Presentation 39.4 Epidemiology 39.5 Etiology 39.6 Typical Onset 39.7 Course 39.8 Neuropsychological Profile 39.9 Diagnostic Criteria 39.10 Differential Diagnosis 39.11 Helpful Resources References Chapter 40: Serotonin Syndrome 40.1 Definition 40.2 Subtypes 40.3 Classic Presentation 40.4 Epidemiology 40.5 Etiology 40.6 Typical Onset 40.7 Course 40.8 Neuropsychological Profile 40.9 Diagnostic Criteria 40.10 Differential Diagnosis 40.11 Helpful Resources References Chapter 41: Somatic Symptom Disorders 41.1 Definition 41.2 Subtypes 41.2.1 Conversion Disorder 41.2.2 Factitious Disorder 41.2.3 Illness Anxiety Disorder 41.2.4 Psychological Factors Affecting Other Medical Conditions 41.2.5 Other Specified Somatic Symptom and Related Disorders 41.2.6 Unspecified Somatic Symptom and Related Disorders 41.3 Classic Presentation 41.4 Epidemiology 41.5 Etiology 41.6 Typical Onset 41.7 Course 41.8 Neuropsychological Profile 41.9 Diagnostic Criteria 41.10 Differential Diagnosis 41.11 Helpful Resources References Chapter 42: Systemic Lupus Erythematosus 42.1 Definition 42.2 Subtypes 42.3 Classic Presentation 42.4 Epidemiology 42.5 Etiology 42.6 Typical Onset 42.7 Course 42.8 Neuropsychological Profile 42.9 Diagnostic Criteria 42.10 Differential Diagnosis 42.11 Helpful Resources References Chapter 43: Transient Ischemic Attack 43.1 Definition 43.2 Subtypes 43.2.1 Embolic/Atherothrombotic 43.2.2 Lacunar 43.3 Low Flow (i.e., “Limb Shaking”) 43.4 Classic Presentation 43.5 Epidemiology 43.6 Etiology 43.7 Typical Onset 43.8 Course 43.9 Neuropsychological Profile 43.10 Diagnostic Criteria 43.11 Differential Diagnosis 43.12 Helpful Resources References Chapter 44: Vascular Dementia 44.1 Definition 44.2 Subtypes 44.2.1 Multi-Infarct Dementia (Cortical VaD) 44.2.2 Small Vessel Dementia (Subcortical VaD) 44.2.3 CADASIL 44.2.4 Strategic Infarct 44.3 Classic Presentation 44.4 Epidemiology 44.5 Etiology 44.6 Typical Onset 44.7 Course 44.8 Neuropsychological Profile 44.9 Diagnostic Criteria 44.9.1 NINDS-AIREN [13] 44.9.2 ADDTC (“California Criteria”) [14] 44.9.3 Major or Mild Vascular Neurocognitive Disorder (DSM-5) [15] 44.10 Differential Diagnosis 44.11 Helpful Resources References Chapter 45: Vitamin Deficiencies 45.1 Definition 45.2 Subtypes 45.2.1 A (Retinol) 45.2.2 B1 (Thiamine) 45.2.3 B6 (Pyridoxine) 45.2.4 B12 (Cobalamin) 45.2.5 D3 (Cholecalciferol) 45.2.6 E (Alpha-tocopherol) 45.3 Classic Presentation 45.4 Epidemiology 45.5 Etiology 45.6 Typical Onset 45.7 Course 45.8 Neuropsychological Profile 45.9 Diagnostic Criteria 45.10 Differential Diagnosis 45.11 Helpful Resources References Chapter 46: Wilson’s Disease 46.1 Definition 46.2 Subtypes 46.3 Classic Presentation 46.4 Epidemiology 46.5 Etiology 46.6 Typical Onset 46.7 Course 46.8 Neuropsychological Profile 46.9 Diagnostic Criteria 46.10 Differential Diagnosis 46.11 Helpful Resources References Index