Introduction to Homeland Security

Description

Introduction to Homeland Security, Third Edition provides the latest developments in the policy and operations of domestic security efforts of the agencies under the U.S. Department of Homeland Security. This includes the FBI, Secret Service, FEMA, the Coast Guard, TSA and numerous other federal agencies responsible for critical intelligence, emergency response, and the safety and security of U.S. citizens at home and abroad. Changes in DHS and domestic security are presented from pre-September 11, 2001 days, to include the formation of DHS under President George W. Bush, all the way through to the current administration. Through this, the many transformative events are looked at through the lens of DHS’s original establishment, and the frequent changes to the various agencies, organization, reporting structure, funding, and policies that have occurred since. This new edition is completely updated and includes coverage of topics relevant to homeland security operations not covered in any other text currently available. This includes highlighting the geopolitical context and the nature of global terrorism—and their implications—specifically as they relate to threats to the United States. Partnerships and collaboration with global allies are highlighted in the context of their relevance to international trade, domestic policies, training, and security. The book ends with a look at emerging threats and potential new, creative solutions—and initiatives in-process within the government—to respond to and address such threats. Cover Half Title Title Copyright Dedication Contents Authors 1 Introduction to Homeland Security and Emergency Management 1.1 Introduction 1.2 Safety and Security 1.3 Threats Are a Step Away and Often Walk among Us 1.4 Why Homeland Security and Emergency Management? 1.5 What Are Homeland Security and Emergency Management? 1.6 Emergency Management: A Key Element in Homeland Security Operations 1.7 What Are the Threats and Dangers Facing Our Nation? 1.8 When and Where Does Disaster Strike? 1.9 Who Are the Responders, and What Is Their Role? 1.10 The Department of Homeland Security: A Brief Examination 1.11 Chapter Comments and Summary 1.12 Key Terms 1.13 Thought and Discussion Questions Notes References 2 Vital National Interests and the Defense of the Homeland 2.1 Introduction 2.2 A Brief History and Reflection 2.3 Threats and Challenges to the Nation 2.4 Vital National Interests and Instruments of National Power 2.5 Foundations of a Nation 2.6 Foundations of National Security 2.7 The Monroe Doctrine 2.8 Early Conflicts 2.9 The Early Twentieth Century 2.10 World War II, Challenging the Spread of Communism, Superpower Emergence, and the Competing World Philosophies 2.11 Intelligence and National Security 2.12 World Organizations Promoting Peace: The League of Nations and the United Nations 2.13 Evolution of the Cold War 2.13.1 Containment 2.13.2 Mutually Assured Destruction (MAD) 2.13.3 Containment and Continuation of MAD: Attempts to Isolate the Soviet Union 2.13.4 Small Wars and the Domino Theory 2.13.5 Détente 2.13.6 Rollback 2.13.7 Glasnost 2.14 The Complexity of the Modern World 2.15 After the Cold War and the Emerging of a New World 2.16 Terrorism: Introduction to the New Threat to the United States 2.17 Desert Shield and Desert Storm 2.18 The Shock and Impact of 9/11 2.19 Global War on Terrorism 2.20 Role of the Military in Support of Homeland Security 2.21 Emerging Threats 2.22 Homeland Defense and a New Type of Warfare 2.23 Chapter Comments and Summary 2.24 Key Terms 2.25 Thought and Discussion Questions Notes References 3 Principal Hazards 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Overview of Domestic Safety and Security 3.3 Major Incidents: A Brief Historical Examination 3.3.1 Natural Disasters 3.3.1.1 New Madrid Earthquakes of 1811–1812 3.3.1.2 Galveston Hurricane of 1900 3.3.1.3 San Francisco Earthquake of 1906 3.3.1.4 Hurricane Katrina 3.3.2 Urban Disasters 3.3.2.1 Chicago Fire of 1871 3.3.2.2 Johnstown Flood of 1889 3.3.3 Industrial Accidents: Domestic and International 3.3.3.1 Triangle Shirtwaist Factory Fire of 1911 3.3.3.2 Texas City Explosion of 1947 3.3.3.3 1989 Exxon Valdez Oil Spill 3.3.3.4 2010 Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill 3.3.3.5 1984 Union Carbide Industrial Accident 3.3.3.6 1986 Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant Explosion 3.3.3.7 Fukushima Daiichi Earthquake, Tsunami, and Nuclear Disaster 3.3.4 Epidemics 3.3.4.1 Yellow Fever Epidemic of the 1800s 3.3.5 Terrorism 3.3.5.1 The 1993 World Trade Center Attack 3.3.5.2 Oklahoma City Bombing of 1995 3.3.5.3 Terrorist Attacks of September 11, 2001 3.4 Today’s Challenges 3.4.1 Droughts 3.4.2 Heat Waves 3.4.3 Tsunamis 3.4.4 Earthquakes 3.4.5 Volcanoes 3.4.6 Tornadoes 3.4.7 Blizzards 3.4.8 Fires 3.4.9 Floods 3.4.10 Hailstorms 3.4.11 Dust Storms 3.4.12 Landslides 3.4.13 Sinkholes 3.4.14 Cyclones 3.4.15 Whirlpools 3.4.16 Limnic Eruptions 3.5 Aftermath of Incidents 3.6 Chapter Comments and Summary 3.7 Key Terms 3.8 Thought and Discussion Questions Notes References 4 Protection of the Homeland and the Establishment of the United States Department of Homeland Security 4.1 Introduction 4.2 The Department of Homeland Security 4.3 The Department of Homeland Security 4.4 Federal Actions and Assistance in Disaster Response and Recovery 4.5 Homeland Security Goals 4.6 Significant Homeland Security Presidential Directives 4.7 Funding and Vision 4.7.1 Safeguarding the Nation’s Transportation Systems 4.7.2 Enhancing Cyber Security and Technology R&D 4.7.3 Strengthening Border Security and Immigration Services 4.7.4 Supporting State Homeland Security Activities 4.8 The Organizational Structure and Mission of the Department of Homeland Security 4.9 Department of Homeland Security Organizational Structuring and Components 4.9.1 Directorate for National Protection and Programs 4.9.2 Directorate for Science and Technology 4.9.3 Directorate for Management 4.9.4 Office of Policy 4.9.5 Office of Health Affairs 4.9.6 Office of Intelligence and Analysis 4.9.7 Office of Operations Coordination and Planning 4.9.8 Federal Law Enforcement Training Center 4.9.9 Domestic Nuclear Detection Office 4.9.10 Federal Emergency Management Agency 4.9.11 Transportation Security Administration 4.9.12 United States Customs and Border Protection 4.9.13 United States Citizenship and Immigration Services 4.9.14 United States Immigration and Customs Enforcement 4.9.15 United States Coast Guard 4.9.16 United States Secret Service 4.9.17 Office of the Secretary of the Department of Homeland Security 4.9.18 Advisory Panels and Committees 4.10 Future of the Department of Homeland Security 4.11 Chapter Comments and Summary 4.12 Key Terms 4.13 Thought and Discussion Questions Notes References 5 Homeland Security and Emergency Management: Function and Operations 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Resource Management and Utilization 5.3 A Perspective of Homeland Security and Emergency Management 5.4 Coordination and Standardization: The Backbone of Homeland Security Operations 5.5 Response 5.6 Department of Homeland Security Homeland Security Operations Center 5.7 Protect: Disciplines, Functions, Operations 5.8 Intelligence as Related to Homeland Security: An Overview 5.9 Strategic, Near-Term, and Operations Plans and Periods 5.9.1 Strategic Concepts 5.9.2 Near-Term Tactical Concepts 5.10 Concepts of Processes and Procedures 5.10.1 Long-Term Strategic Processes 5.10.2 Near-Term Tactical Processes 5.10.3 Operational Processes 5.11 Summary 5.12 Key Terms 5.13 Thought and Discussion Questions Notes References 6 The Partnerships of Homeland Security and Emergency Management 6.1 Introduction 6.2 Why Are Partnerships Important? 6.3 An Overview of Partnerships 6.4 The Whole Community Approach and the Challenges of Building Response Partnerships 6.5 Building and Sustaining Partnerships 6.6 Scope of Work 6.6.1 Emergency Operations Centers and National Response Framework 6.7 Planning, Training, and Equipping Partnerships 6.8 Partnerships 6.8.1 Lessons from the Past: Hurricane Camille 6.9 Nongovernmental Organizations 6.9.1 The Role of Nongovernmental Organizations 6.9.2 Framework for NGOs 6.9.3 Volunteers 6.10 Key Partnerships Organizations 6.10.1 National Voluntary Organizations Active in Disaster 6.10.1.1 NVOAD Core Principles (Disaster, 2020) 6.10.2 Private Business and Industry 6.10.3 Faith-Based Organizations 6.10.4 Community Emergency Response Team 6.10.5 Citizen Corps 6.10.6 The Fire Corps 6.10.7 National Neighborhood Watch 6.10.8 The Medical Reserve Corps 6.10.9 The Civil Air Patrol (U.S. Air Force Auxiliary) 6.10.9.1 Homeland Security Role 6.10.10 The U.S. Coast Guard Auxiliary 6.10.11 Military Auxiliary Radio System 6.10.12 Local Emergency Planning Committees 6.10.13 The Private Sector 6.11 International, National, and State Military Resources 6.12 Federal Regulations Related to Use of Military Resources 6.12.1 Title 10 of the U.S. Code 6.12.2 Defense Memoranda of Understanding and Agreements 6.12.3 Purchasing Requirements 6.12.4 The Defense Industrial Reserve 6.12.5 U.S. Government Contracts and Foreign Awards 6.13 Summary 6.14 Chapter Comments and Summary 6.15 Key Terms 6.16 Thought and Discussion Questions References 7 Disaster Preparedness and Mitigation Strategies 7.1 Introduction 7.2 Where’s the Threat? The Event for Which We Prepare: Natural Disaster or Man-Made Events? 7.2.1 Natural Disasters 7.2.2 Terrorism and Extremism 7.3 Planning: Strategies and Operations 7.4 Community Response 7.5 State Response 7.6 Federal Response 7.7 Private and Nonprofit Sector 7.8 Special Circumstances 7.9 Planning: The Challenges 7.10 Risk Management and Assessments 7.11 Threat Assessments 7.12 Vulnerability Assessments 7.13 Consequence Assessments 7.14 Federal: Preventing Extremism and Terrorism and Enhancing Security 7.15 Federal: Ensuring Resilience to Disasters 7.16 Federal: Maturing and Strengthening the Homeland Security Enterprise 7.17 Federal: Comments Regarding the Budget 7.18 Hurricane Katrina: A Case Study 7.19 Chapter Comments and Summary 7.20 Key Terms 7.21 Thought and Discussion Questions Notes References 8 Disaster Response, Recovery, and Resilience 8.1 Introduction 8.2 Brief Examination of Response and Recovery 8.3 Disaster Response Community Overview 8.4 Command and Control 8.5 Information Management in a Disaster 8.6 The Disaster Frameworks 8.7 The Role of FEMA 8.8 Human Sustenance—Food and Shelter 8.9 Sheltering “In Place” 8.10 NASA Disasters Program 8.11 The Economics of Response and Recovery 8.12 Insurance, Risk, and the Potential of Disaster 8.12.1 Flood Insurance 8.12.2 Fire Insurance 8.13 Disaster Declarations 8.14 Considerations of Response and Recovery 8.15 Chapter Comments and Summary 8.16 Key Terms 8.17 Thought and Discussion Questions Notes References 9 Domestic Extremism: Threats, Threat Groups, and Terrorism 9.1 Introduction 9.2 What Is Domestic Terrorism? 9.3 Domestic Terrorism: A Short Historical View 9.4 Domestic Terrorism and Threat Groups 9.5 The Radical Right: A Variety of Perspectives 9.6 Supremacy Groups 9.6.1 Ku Klux Klan 9.6.2 Neo-Nazi and Aryan Movement 9.6.3 The Sovereign Citizens Movement 9.6.4 Militias and the Militia Movement 9.6.5 Racist Skinheads 9.6.6 Black Separatists 9.6.7 Patriot Groups 9.6.8 Inspiration, Leaderless Resistance, Phantom Cell, and the Lone Wolf 9.6.9 Right to Life: Revolutionary Reaction to Abortion 9.6.10 Other Organizations That Pose a Domestic Threat 9.6.10.1 Narco-Terrorist Groups along the U.S. Border 9.7 The Radical Left: Ecological and Animal Rights 9.7.1 Antifa and the Return of the Anarchist Movement 9.8 Major Law Enforcement Agencies Battling Terrorism and Hate 9.8.1 Federal Agencies 9.8.2 State, Local, and Tribal Agencies 9.9 Nongovernmental Agencies Battling Terrorism and Hate 9.9.1 Southern Poverty Law Center 9.9.2 The Anti-Defamation League 9.9.3 American Civil Liberties Union 9.10 Chapter Summary 9.11 Key Terms 9.12 Thought and Discussion Questions Notes References 10 International Terrorism and Extremism: Operations and Sustainment 10.1 Introduction 10.2 Understanding and Defining Terrorism and Extremism 10.3 The Evolution of Terrorism and Extremism: A Brief Historical Perspective 10.3.1 Tyrannicide 10.3.2 Early Examples of the Use of Terror 10.3.2.1 The Zealots 10.3.2.2 The Assassins 10.3.2.3 Thugees or Thugs 10.3.3 Continuation of the Use of Terror 10.3.3.1 Terrorism and the French Revolution 10.3.3.2 Gunpowder Plot (England) of 1605 10.3.4 Terrorism and Extremism in the Late Nineteenth and Early Twentieth Centuries, the Influence of Revolutions and Nationalism, and the Anarchist Movement 10.3.4.1 The Propaganda of Deed and The Catechism of the Revolutionary 10.3.4.2 Russia 10.3.4.3 Bosnia 10.3.4.4 Violence and Extremism in Europe after World War I 10.3.5 Anti-Colonialism, Terrorism, and Extremism after World War II 10.3.5.1 Anti-Colonialism and Terrorism after World War II 10.4 Terrorism and Extremism in the Modern Era 10.5 An Overview of Terrorism and Extremism Internationally Today 10.5.1 Regional Terrorism and Extremism: The Middle East and Afghanistan 10.5.2 Regional Terrorism and Extremism: Europe 10.5.2.1 The United Kingdom 10.5.2.2 Germany 10.5.2.3 Spain 10.5.3 Regional Terrorism and Extremism: Africa 10.5.3.1 Trans-Sahara Counterterrorism Partnership 10.5.3.2 The Partnership for Regional East Africa Counterterrorism 10.5.4 Regional Terrorism and Extremism: Asia 10.5.5 Regional Terrorism and Extremism: Central and South America 10.5.5.1 Cuban Revolution (1952–1958) 10.5.5.2 Carlos Marighella 10.5.6 The Tupamaros of Uruguay 10.5.7 Sendero Luminoso 10.5.8 Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia 10.5.9 Mexico 10.6 Funding of International Terrorism and Extremism 10.6.1 Logistics of Funding Terrorism and Extremism 10.7 Narco-Terrorism 10.8 The Role of the Media and the Use of the Web 10.9 Response Strategies 10.10 Cyber Terrorism 10.11 The Twenty-First Century and the Struggle against Terrorism: Now and the Future 10.12 Operations against the Threat of Terror 10.13 Summary 10.14 Key Terms 10.14.1 Terms 10.14.2 People 10.14.3 Organizations 10.14.4 Events 10.15 Questions and Discussions References 11 The Role of Intelligence in Homeland Security 11.1 Introduction 11.2 What Is Intelligence? 11.3 Contemplating Intelligence 11.4 The Intelligence Cycle 11.5 The United States Intelligence Community: History 11.5.1 IC History: The Revolutionary War to World War II 11.5.2 IC History: World War II and the Cold War 11.5.3 IC History: Iraq to the Present 11.5.4 IC Success in the Struggle against International Extremism and Terrorism 11.6 The Modern U.S. Intelligence Community 11.7 State and Local Intelligence Efforts 11.7.1 Intelligence-Led Policing/Law Enforcement 11.7.2 Fusion Centers 11.8 Legal Guidelines Pertaining to Intelligence Collection 11.9 Foreign Intelligence Services 11.10 The Function of Intelligence in Homeland Security 11.11 Intelligence Gathering versus Privacy 11.12 Intelligence Challenges for the New Century 11.13 The Intelligence Partnership 11.14 Regional Information-Sharing Systems 11.15 Chapter Comments and Summary 11.16 Key Terms 11.17 Thought and Discussion Questions References 12 Protecting Our Nation’s Infrastructure: Border and Transportation Security 12.1 Introduction 12.2 Overview: Border and Transportation Security 12.3 An Overview of Transportation Security 12.4 Historical Perspective: Aviation and Aerospace Security 12.5 Modern Perspective: Aviation and Aerospace Security 12.6 Additional Commentary: Aircraft Hijacking 12.7 Historical Perspective: Maritime Security 12.8 Modern Perspective: Maritime Security 12.9 Historical Perspective: Mass Transit and Railway Security 12.10 Modern Perspective: Mass Transit and Railway Security 12.11 Container and Cargo Security 12.12 The Mexican Border and Violence 12.13 Human Trafficking 12.14 Transportation and Border Security Initiatives 12.14.1 Border Permeability 12.14.2 Border Security: Immigration 12.14.3 Border Security: Searches 12.14.4 Border Security: U.S.-Mexican Border Fence 12.14.5 Border Security: Aviation Surveillance and Reconnaissance 12.15 Small Vessel Security Strategy 12.16 Federal Flight Deck Officers 12.17 Terrorist Watch List and the No-Fly List 12.18 Legislation Pertaining to Transportation and Border Security 12.18.1 The Magnuson Act of 1950 12.18.2 Ports and Waterways Safety Act of 1972 12.18.3 Port and Tanker Safety Act of 1978 12.18.4 International Maritime and Port Security Act 12.18.5 Maritime Transportation Security Act of 2002 12.18.6 Security and Accountability for Every Port Act of 2006 12.18.7 The Oil Pollution Act of 1990 12.18.8 The Illegal Immigration Reform and Immigrant Responsibility Act of 1996 12.18.9 The Aviation and Transportation Security Act of 2001 12.18.10 Critical Infrastructure Information Act of 2002 12.18.11 The Border Protection, Antiterrorism, and Illegal Immigration Control Act of 2005 12.19 Chapter Comments and Summary 12.20 Key Terms 12.21 Thought and Discussion Questions Notes References 13 International Emergency Management 13.1 Introduction 13.2 International Emergency Management: An Overview 13.3 Historical Scope of the Challenge 13.4 Global and International Scope of the Challenge 13.4.1 Natural Disasters 13.4.2 Accidents 13.4.3 Pandemics 13.4.4 Conflicts and Violence 13.5 International Assistance 13.5.1 International Support Involving Other Nations 13.5.2 International Support from Nongovernmental Organizations 13.5.3 International Military Assistance 13.5.4 United Nations Disaster Relief Support 13.6 The U.S. Response to an International Crisis 13.6.1 U.S. Emergency Response Protocol 13.7 Chapter Comments and Summary 13.8 Key Terms 13.9 Thought and Discussion Questions Notes References 14 Globalization, Geopolitics, and Homeland Security 14.1 Introduction 14.2 Globalization Explained 14.3 Ramifications of Globalization for Homeland Security 14.4 Clash of Civilizations 14.5 Terrorism: A Backlash to Globalization? 14.6 Globalism: U.S. Security along the U.S.-Mexican Border 14.7 Globalism: U.S. Security along the U.S.-Canadian Border 14.8 Case Study: The Rise of a Theocratic Iran 14.9 Case Study: Mara Salvatrucha 14.10 Globalization and Organized Crime 14.11 Chapter Comments and Summary 14.12 Key Terms 14.13 Thought and Discussion Questions Notes References Index