How Children Develop

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About this Book Cover Page LaunchPad for How Children Develop, Sixth Edition Title Page Dedication Copyright Page About the Authors Brief Contents Contents Preface Chapter 1 An Introduction to Child Development Reasons to Learn About Child Development Raising Children Choosing Social Policies Understanding Human Nature Box 1.1 A Closer Look: The Romanian Adoption Study Historical Foundations of the Study of Child Development Early Philosophers’ Views of Children’s Development Social Reform Movements Darwin’s Theory of Evolution Enduring Themes in Child Development 1. Nature and Nurture: How Do Nature and Nurture Together Shape Development? 2. The Active Child: How Do Children Shape Their Own Development? 3. Continuity/Discontinuity: In What Ways Is Development Continuous, and in What Ways Is It Discontinuous? 4. Mechanisms of Change: How Does Change Occur? 5. The Sociocultural Context: How Does the Sociocultural Context Influence Development? 6. Individual Differences: How Do Children Become So Different from One Another? 7. Research and Children’s Welfare: How Can Research Promote Children’s Well-Being? Box 1.2 Individual Differences: Can Children Learn to be More Intelligent? Methods for Studying Child Development The Scientific Method Contexts for Gathering Data About Children Correlation and Causation Research Designs for Examining Children’s Development Ethical Issues in Child-Development Research Chapter Summary Test Yourself Critical Thinking Questions Key Terms Answers to Test Yourself Chapter 2 Prenatal Development and the Newborn Period Prenatal Development Box 2.1 A Closer Look: Beng Beginnings Conception Box 2.2 Individual Differences: Do Girls Outnumber Boys? Developmental Processes Early Development An Illustrated Summary of Prenatal Development Fetal Experience and Behavior Fetal Learning Hazards to Prenatal Development Teratogens Box 2.3 Applications: Sudden Infant Death Syndrome Maternal Factors The Birth Experience Diversity of Childbirth Practices The Newborn Infant State of Arousal Negative Outcomes at Birth Chapter Summary Test Yourself Critical Thinking Questions Key Terms Answers to Test Yourself Chapter 3 Biology and Behavior Nature and Nurture Genetic and Environmental Forces 1. Parents’ Genotype–Child’s Genotype 2. Child’s Genotype–Child’s Phenotype 3. Child’s Environment–Child’s Phenotype Box 3.1 Applications: Genetic Testing 4. Child’s Phenotype–Child’s Environment 5. Child’s Environment–Child’s Genotype Behavior Genetics Quantitative Genetics Research Designs Heritability Molecular Genetics Research Designs Box 3.2 Individual Differences: Genetically Transmitted Developmental Disorders Environmental Effects Brain Development The Neuron The Cortex Box 3.3 Closer Look: Mapping the Mind Developmental Processes The Importance of Experience The Body: Physical Growth and Development Growth and Maturation Nutritional Behavior Box 3.4 Closer Look: Poverty and Health Disparities Vaccines Chapter Summary Test Yourself Critical Thinking Questions Key Terms Answers to Test Yourself Chapter 4 Theories of Cognitive Development Piaget’s Theory View of Children’s Nature Central Developmental Issues Box 4.1 Applications: Educational Applications of Piaget’s Theory Piaget’s Legacy Information-Processing Theories View of Children’s Nature Central Developmental Issues The Development of Problem Solving Box 4.2 Applications: Educational Applications of Information-Processing Theories Core-Knowledge Theories View of Children’s Nature Central Developmental Issue: Nativism Versus Constructivism Box 4.3 Applications: Educational Applications of Core-Knowledge Theories Sociocultural Theories View of Children’s Nature: Vygotsky’s Theory Central Developmental Issues Box 4.4 Applications: Educational Applications of Sociocultural Theories Dynamic-Systems Theories View of Children’s Nature Central Developmental Issues Box 4.5 Applications: Educational Applications of Dynamic-Systems Theories Chapter Summary Test Yourself Critical Thinking Questions Key Terms Answers to Test Yourself Chapter 5 Perception, Action, and Learning in Infancy Perception Vision Box 5.1 A Closer Look: Infants’ Face Perception Box 5.2 A Closer Look: Picture Perception Auditory Perception Taste and Smell Touch Intermodal Perception Motor Development Reflexes Motor Milestones Modern Views of Motor Development Box 5.3 A Closer Look: “The Case of the Disappearing Reflex” The Expanding World of the Infant Box 5.4 A Closer Look: “Gangway—I’m Coming Down” Learning and Memory Habituation Statistical Learning Classical Conditioning Instrumental Conditioning Observational Learning/Imitation Rational Learning Active Learning Memory Chapter Summary Test Yourself Critical Thinking Questions Key Terms Answers to Test Yourself Chapter 6 Development of Language and Symbol Use Language Development The Components of Language What Is Required for Language? Box 6.1 Applications: Two Languages Are Better Than One The Process of Language Acquisition Speech Perception Word Segmentation Preparation for Production First Words Box 6.2 Individual Differences: Language Development and Socioeconomic Status Box 6.3 Applications: iBabies: Technology and Language Learning Putting Words Together Conversational Skills Later Development Theoretical Issues in Language Development Chomsky and the Nativist View Box 6.4 A Closer Look: “I Just Can’t Talk Without My Hands”: What Gestures Tell Us About Language Ongoing Debates in Language Development Box 6.5 Individual Differences: Developmental Language Disorders Nonlinguistic Symbols and Development Using Symbols as Information Drawing and Writing Chapter Summary Test Yourself Critical Thinking Questions Key Terms Answers to Test Yourself Chapter 7 Conceptual Development Understanding Who or What Dividing Objects into Categories Understanding Oneself and Other People Box 7.1 Individual Differences: Children with Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASD) Box 7.2 Individual Differences: Imaginary Companions Knowledge of Living Things Understanding Why, Where, When, and How Many Causality Box 7.3 A Closer Look: Magical Thinking and Fantasy Space Box 7.4 Individual Differences: Development of Spatial Concepts in Blind and Visually Impaired People Time Number Relations Among Understanding of Space, Time, and Number Chapter Summary Test Yourself Critical Thinking Questions Key Terms Answers to Test Yourself Chapter 8 Intelligence and Academic Achievement What Is Intelligence? Intelligence as a Single Trait Intelligence as a Few Basic Abilities Intelligence as Numerous Cognitive Processes A Proposed Resolution Measuring Intelligence The Contents of Intelligence Tests The Intelligence Quotient (IQ) Continuity of IQ Scores IQ Scores as Predictors of Important Outcomes Other Predictors of Success Genes, Environment, and the Development of Intelligence Qualities of the Child Influence of the Immediate Environment Influence of Society Box 8.1 Applications: A Highly Successful Early Intervention: The Carolina Abecedarian Project Alternative Perspectives on Intelligence Gardner’s Theory Sternberg’s Theory Acquisition of Academic Skills: Reading, Writing, and Mathematics Reading Box 8.2 Individual Differences: Dyslexia Writing Mathematics Box 8.3 Applications: Mathematics Disabilities Chapter Summary Test Yourself Critical Thinking Questions Key Terms Answers to Test Yourself Chapter 9 Theories of Social Development Psychoanalytic Theories Freud’s Theory of Psychosexual Development Erikson’s Theory of Psychosocial Development Current Perspectives Learning Theories Watson’s Behaviorism Skinner’s Operant Conditioning Social-Learning Theory Box 9.1 A Closer Look: Bandura and Bobo Current Perspectives Theories of Social Cognition Selman’s Stage Theory of Role Taking Dodge’s Information-Processing Theory of Social Problem Solving Dweck’s Theory of Self-Attributions and Achievement Motivation Current Perspectives Box 9.2 A Closer Look: Developmental Social Neuroscience Ecological Theories Ethological and Evolutionary Theories The Bioecological Model Box 9.3 Individual Differences: Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder Current Perspectives Chapter Summary Test Yourself Critical Thinking Questions Key Terms Answers to Test Yourself Chapter 10 Emotional Development The Development of Emotions Theories on the Nature and Emergence of Emotion The Emergence of Emotions Box 10.1 A Closer Look: Basic Emotional Expressions in Infants Understanding Emotions Identifying the Emotions of Others Box 10.2 A Closer Look: Emotional Intelligence Understanding Real and False Emotions Emotion Regulation The Development of Emotion Regulation The Relation of Emotion Regulation to Social Competence and Adjustment The Role of Family in Emotional Development Parents’ Expression of Emotion Parents’ Socialization of Children’s Emotional Responses Temperament Measuring Temperament Determinants of Temperament How Temperament Fits with Environment Mental Health, Stress, and Internalizing Mental Disorders Stress Box 10.3 Applications: Toxic Stress and Adverse Childhood Experiences Internalizing Mental Disorders Box 10.4 Individual Differences: Gender Differences in Adolescent Depression Chapter Summary Test Yourself Critical Thinking Questions Key Terms Answers to Test Yourself Chapter 11 Attachment to Others and Development of the Self The Caregiver–Child Attachment Relationship Attachment Theory Measurement of Attachment Security Box 11.1 A Closer Look: Does Childcare Interfere With Attachment? Sources of Individual Differences in Attachment Styles Box 11.2 Applications: Interventions to Improve Attachment Attachment and Social-Emotional Development The Self Self-Concept Box 11.3 Individual Differences: Development of Self-Awareness Among Autistic Children Self-Esteem Box 11.4 A Closer Look: Is Too Much Praise Bad for Self-Esteem? Identity Chapter Summary Test Yourself Critical Thinking Questions Key Terms Answers to Test Yourself Chapter 12 The Family Family Structure Changes in Family Structure in the United States Box 12.1 Individual Differences: Teenagers as Parents Same-Sex Parents Divorced Parents Stepparents Family Dynamics Parenting Box 12.2 Applications: Should Parents Spank Their Children? Differences in Mothers’ and Fathers’ Interactions with Their Children The Child’s Influence on Parenting Sibling Relationships Child Maltreatment Risks for Maltreatment Consequences of Maltreatment Box 12.3 Applications: Preventing Child Maltreatment Family Socioeconomic Context Cultural Contexts Economic Contexts Box 12.4 A Closer Look: Homelessness Parents’ Work Contexts Box 12.5 Applications: Family-Leave Policies Childcare Contexts Chapter Summary Test Yourself Critical Thinking Questions Key Terms Answers to Test Yourself Chapter 13 Peer Relationships Play Box 13.1 Individual Differences: The Development of Children’s Social Play Friendships Children’s Choice of Friends Box 13.2 Individual Differences: Culture and Children’s Peer Experience Developmental Changes in Friendship The Role of Technology in Friendships Effects of Friendships on Psychological Functioning and Behavior Box 13.3 A Closer Look: Cyberbullying Gender Differences in the Functions of Friendships Status in the Peer Group Measurement of Peer Status Box 13.4 Applications: Fostering Children’s Peer Acceptance Cross-Cultural Similarities and Differences in Factors Related to Peer Status The Role of Parents in Children’s Peer Relationships Box 13.5 A Closer Look: Parents’ Strategies for Shaping Peer Relationships Relations Between Attachment and Competence with Peers Quality of Ongoing Parent–Child Interactions and Peer Relationships Chapter Summary Test Yourself Critical Thinking Questions Key Terms Answers to Test Yourself Chapter 14 Moral Development Moral Judgment Piaget’s Theory of Moral Judgment Kohlberg’s Theory of Moral Reasoning Social Domain Theory of Moral Development The Development of Conscience Prosocial Behavior The Development of Prosocial Behavior The Origins of Individual Differences in Prosocial Behavior Box 14.1 A Closer Look: Cultural Contributions to Children’s Prosocial Tendencies Box 14.2 Applications: School-Based Interventions for Promoting Prosocial Behavior Antisocial Behavior The Development of Antisocial Behaviors Box 14.3 A Closer Look: Oppositional Defiant Disorder and Conduct Disorder The Origins of Aggression and Antisocial Behavior Interventions for Aggressive and Antisocial Children Box 14.4 Applications: Positive Youth Development and Service Learning Chapter Summary Test Yourself Critical Thinking Questions Key Terms Answers to Test Yourself Chapter 15 Gender Development Sex and Gender Box 15.1 A Closer Look: Challenges to the Gender Binary Comparisons of Girls and Boys Theoretical Approaches to Gender Development Biological Influences Cognitive and Motivational Influences Box 15.2 Applications: Where are Spongesally Squarepants and Curious Jane? Cultural Influences Milestones in Gender Development Infancy and Toddlerhood Preschool Years Middle Childhood Adolescence Patterns of Gender Development Physical Growth: Prenatal Development Through Adolescence Cognitive Abilities and Academic Achievement Interpersonal Goals and Communication Aggressive Behavior Box 15.3 Applications: Sexual Harassment and Dating Violence Chapter Summary Test Yourself Critical Thinking Questions Key Terms Answers to Test Yourself Chapter 16 Conclusions Theme 1: Nature and Nurture: All Interactions, All the Time Nature and Nurture Begin Interacting Before Birth Infants’ Nature Elicits Nurture Timing Matters Nature Does Not Reveal Itself All at Once Everything Influences Everything Theme 2: Children Play Active Roles in Their Own Development Self-Initiated Activity Active Interpretation of Experience Self-Regulation Eliciting Reactions from Other People Theme 3: Development Is Both Continuous and Discontinuous Continuity/Discontinuity of Individual Differences Continuity/Discontinuity of Overall Development: The Question of Stages Theme 4: Mechanisms of Developmental Change Biological Change Mechanisms Behavioral Change Mechanisms Cognitive Change Mechanisms Change Mechanisms Work Together Theme 5: The Sociocultural Context Shapes Development Growing Up in Societies with Different Practices and Values Growing Up in Different Times and Places Growing Up in Different Circumstances Within a Society Theme 6: Individual Differences Breadth of Individual Differences at a Given Time Stability Over Time Predicting Future Individual Differences on Other Dimensions Determinants of Individual Differences Theme 7: Child-Development Research Can Improve Children’s Lives Implications for Parenting Implications for Education Implications for Helping Children at Risk Improving Social Policy Chapter Summary Test Yourself Critical Thinking Questions Answers to Test Yourself Glossary References Name Index Subject Index Study Smarter with LearningCurve! LaunchPad for How Children Develop, Sixth Edition Back Cover