Women and Borders: Refugees, Migrants and Communities

Description

Borders - whether settled or contested, violent or calm, closed or open - may have a direct, and often acute, human impact. Those affected may be people living nearby, those attempting to cross them and even those who succeed in doing so. At the border, vulnerable refugee and migrant communities, especially women, are exposed to state-centred boundary practices, paving the way for both their alienation and exploitation. The militarization of borders subjugates the very position of women in these marginalized areas and often subjects them to further victimization, which is facilitated by patriarchal socio-cultural practice. Structural violence is endemic to these regions and gender interlocks with their perimeters to reinforce and shape violence. This book locates gender and violence along geographical edges and critically examines the gendered experiences of women as global border residents and border crossers. Broadly, it explores two questions. First, what are women’s experiences of engaging with borders? Second, where are women positioned in the theory and practice of marking, remarking and demarking these margins? Offering a nuanced and thorough approach, this book suggests that research on borders and violence needs to focus on how bordered violence shapes the embodiment of gender identity and norms and how they are challenged. It examines an array of issues including forced migration, trafficking and cross-border ties to explore how gender and borders intersect. Cover Title Copyright Contents Acknowledgements Notes on Contributors Introduction: Borders, Violence and Gender Theory and Practice of Bordering Juxtaposing Border and Gender Gendered Violence is Omnipresent 1. Gendering the European Borders: The Role of Female Migrants and Refugees Male and Female Borders Vulnerable Groups Crossing Concrete Border European Union, Gendered Borders 2. The Refugee’s Passage: Liminality, Gendered Habits and the Emergence of Difference in Flight Separation: Internal Checkpoints and Neoliberal Lebanon Borderlands of Chronic Liminality Acute Liminality: Trial by Water Crossing Incorporation, Camps and Biopolitical Striations Old Gendered Habits and New Habits of Differentiation 3. Pregnant Crossings: A Political Economy of Care on Europe’s External Borders Introduction: Gendered (In)Visibilities Fragments and Networks of Care at the Border Undocumented Motherhood at the Border Conclusion: Childbirth and Political Economies of Care at the Border 4 Acknowledging and Addressing the Risks of Gender- Based Violence that Follow Refugees Across Borders: Escalation of Domestic Violence in Refugee Populations Gender Equality and Non- discrimination Engaging Men and Boys in Preventing Gender- based Violence Normative Framework for Humanitarian Intervention in GBV Prevention and Response Collateral Repair Project: Community- based Model for Violence Prevention Collateral Repair Project: Human Rights and Violence Prevention Next Steps Conclusion 5 Trapped in a Cycle of Abuse and Violence: A Case Study of Nigerian Women in Italy Introduction Trafficking in Persons: Definition and Worldwide Status Nigerian Women: A Special Case Key Elements Limitations of the Protection Programs Conclusion and Recommendations 6. Unhindered Flow of Gendered Suffering through the India- Nepal Open Border: Trafficking and Commercial Sexual Exploitation India- Nepal Border: The Openness The Problematique Human Trafficking The Narratives Conclusion 7. Migration, Border Crossing and Women: Female Migrant Sexualities Between Objectification and Empowerment Sexual Objectification as a Liability Sexuality as an Asset 8. Gendered Everyday Bordering: An Ethnographic Case Study on the Border Between Finland and Russia What, Where and Why? Everyday Bordering in Transnational and Precarious Conditions Everyday Transnational Care and Gender National Celebrations as Everyday Bordering Discussion 9. Gendered Geographical Edges: Border, Contestation and Women in Kashmir Border in Kashmir Life Along the Border Conclusion 10. Kakching Gardens: Experiments in Normalcy in Manipur Introduction Manipur; Sensitive Space Kakching Gardens: Beautifying the Militarized Landscape Women, Men, Selfies Conclusion Select Bibliography Index