Schaum’s Outline of Thermodynamics

Description

Cover......Page 1 Title Page......Page 4 Copyright Page......Page 5 Preface......Page 6 Contents......Page 8 1.2 Thermodynamic Systems and Control Volume......Page 14 1.3 Macroscopic Description......Page 15 1.4 Properties and State of a System......Page 16 1.5 Thermodynamic Equilibrium; Processes......Page 17 1.6 Units......Page 18 1.7 Density, Specific Volume, Specific Weight......Page 20 1.8 Pressure......Page 21 1.9 Temperature......Page 23 1.10 Energy......Page 24 2.2 The P-v-T Surface......Page 36 2.3 The Liquid-Vapor Region......Page 38 2.4 Steam Tables......Page 39 2.5 The Ideal-Gas Equation of State......Page 41 2.6 Equations of State for a Nonideal Gas......Page 43 3.2 Definition of Work......Page 54 3.3 Quasiequilibrium Work Due to a Moving Boundary......Page 55 3.4 Nonequilibrium Work......Page 59 3.5 Other Work Modes......Page 60 3.6 Heat......Page 62 4.2 The First Law of Thermodynamics Applied to a Cycle......Page 75 4.3 The First Law Applied to a Process......Page 76 4.4 Enthalpy......Page 78 4.6 Specific Heats......Page 80 4.7 The First Law Applied to Various Processes......Page 84 4.8 General Formulation for Control Volumes......Page 88 4.9 Applications of the Energy Equation......Page 91 5.2 Heat Engines, Heat Pumps, and Refrigerators......Page 130 5.3 Statements of the Second Law of Thermodynamics......Page 132 5.4 Reversibility......Page 133 5.5 The Carnot Engine......Page 134 5.6 Carnot Efficiency......Page 137 6.2 Definition......Page 146 6.3 Entropy for an Ideal Gas with Constant Specific Heats......Page 148 6.4 Entropy for an Ideal Gas with Variable Specific Heats......Page 149 6.5 Entropy for Substances Such as Steam, Solids, and Liquids......Page 151 6.6 The Inequality of Clausius......Page 153 6.7 Entropy Change for an Irreversible Process......Page 154 6.8 The Second Law Applied to a Control Volume......Page 156 7.1 Basic Concepts......Page 174 7.2 Reversible Work and Irreversibility......Page 175 7.3 Availability and Exergy......Page 177 7.4 Second-Law Analysis of a Cycle......Page 179 8.2 Gas Compressors......Page 188 8.3 The Air-Standard Cycle......Page 193 8.5 The Otto Cycle......Page 195 8.6 The Diesel Cycle......Page 197 8.7 The Dual Cycle......Page 200 8.8 The Stirling and Ericsson Cycles......Page 201 8.9 The Brayton Cycle......Page 203 8.10 The Regenerative Gas-Turbine Cycle......Page 205 8.11 The Intercooling, Reheat, Regenerative Gas-Turbine Cycle......Page 207 8.12 The Turbojet Engine......Page 209 9.2 The Rankine Cycle......Page 227 9.3 Rankine Cycle Efficiency......Page 230 9.4 The Reheat Cycle......Page 232 9.5 The Regenerative Cycle......Page 233 9.6 The Supercritical Rankine Cycle......Page 237 9.7 Effect of Losses on Power Cycle Efficiency......Page 239 9.8 The Combined Brayton-Rankine Cycle......Page 240 10.2 The Vapor Refrigeration Cycle......Page 256 10.3 The Multistage Vapor Refrigeration Cycle......Page 260 10.4 The Heat Pump......Page 262 10.5 The Absorption Refrigeration Cycle......Page 263 10.6 The Gas Refrigeration Cycle......Page 265 11.1 Three Differential Relationships......Page 276 11.2 The Maxwell Relations......Page 278 11.3 The Clapeyron Equation......Page 279 11.4 Further Consequences of the Maxwell Relations......Page 281 11.5 Relationships Involving Specific Heats......Page 283 11.6 The Joule–Thomson Coefficient......Page 285 11.7 Enthalpy, Internal-Energy, and Entropy Changes of Real Gases......Page 286 12.1 Basic Definitions......Page 297 12.2 Ideal-Gas Law for Mixtures......Page 298 12.3 Properties of a Mixture of Ideal Gases......Page 299 12.4 Gas-Vapor Mixtures......Page 300 12.5 Adiabatic Saturation and Wet-Bulb Temperatures......Page 303 12.6 The Psychrometric Chart......Page 304 12.7 Air-Conditioning Processes......Page 305 13.1 Combustion Equations......Page 321 13.2 Enthalpy of Formation, Enthalpy of Combustion, and the First Law......Page 324 13.3 Adiabatic Flame Temperature......Page 327 Sample Exams for a Semester Course for Engineering Students......Page 338 Appendix A: Conversions of Units......Page 358 Appendix B: Material Properties......Page 359 Appendix C: Thermodynamic Properties of Water (Steam Tables)......Page 366 Appendix D: Thermodynamic Properties of R134a......Page 381 Appendix E: Ideal-Gas Tables......Page 391 Appendix F: Psychrometric Charts......Page 403 Appendix G: Compressibility Chart......Page 405 Appendix H: Enthalpy Departure Charts......Page 407 Appendix I: Entropy Departure Charts......Page 409 C......Page 412 E......Page 413 G......Page 414 L......Page 415 P......Page 416 S......Page 417 W......Page 418 Z......Page 419