Embedded Discrete Fracture Modeling and Application in Reservoir Simulation (Volume 68) (Developments in Petroleum Science, Volume 68)

Description

The development of naturally fractured reservoirs, especially shale gas and tight oil reservoirs, exploded in recent years due to advanced drilling and fracturing techniques. However, complex fracture geometries such as irregular fracture networks and non-planar fractures are often generated, especially in the presence of natural fractures. Accurate modelling of production from reservoirs with such geometries is challenging. Therefore, Embedded Discrete Fracture Modeling and Application in Reservoir Simulation demonstrates how production from reservoirs with complex fracture geometries can be modelled efficiently and effectively. This volume presents a conventional numerical model to handle simple and complex fractures using local grid refinement (LGR) and unstructured gridding. Moreover, it introduces an Embedded Discrete Fracture Model (EDFM) to efficiently deal with complex fractures by dividing the fractures into segments using matrix cell boundaries and creating non-neighboring connections (NNCs). A basic EDFM approach using Cartesian grids and advanced EDFM approach using Corner point and unstructured grids will be covered. Embedded Discrete Fracture Modeling and Application in Reservoir Simulation is an essential reference for anyone interested in performing reservoir simulation of conventional and unconventional fractured reservoirs. Cover Title-page_2020_Developments-in-Petroleum-Science Dedication_2020_Developments-in-Petroleum-Science Copyright_2020_Developments-in-Petroleum-Science Contents Authors-biography_2020_Developments-in-Petroleum-Science Preface_2020_Developments-in-Petroleum-Science Chapter-One---Introduction_2020_Developments-in-Petroleum-Science Chapter One - Introduction 1.1 - Conventional reservoirs 1.2 - Unconventional reservoirs 1.3 - Fracture complexity 1.4 - Effect of fractures on fluid flow 1.5 - Embedded discrete fracture model 1.6 - Brief description of chapters References Chapter-Two---Naturally-and-hydraulically-frac_2020_Developments-in-Petroleu Chapter Two - Naturally and hydraulically fractured reservoirs 2.1 Complex fracture networks in shale 2.2 Monitoring and observation of fracture complexity 2.3 Distributed acoustic sensing and distributed temperature sensing 2.4 - Complex fracture hits 2.5 Three fracture classes References Chapter-Three---Numerical-approaches-for-modeli_2020_Developments-in-Petrole Chapter Three - Numerical approaches for modeling complex fractures 3.1 - Dual-continuum models 3.2 - Discrete fracture models 3.3 - Limitations of unstructured gridding based DFMs References Chapter-Four---Basic-EDFM-approach-using-Car_2020_Developments-in-Petroleum- Chapter Four - Basic EDFM approach using Cartesian grid 4.1 - Overview of the embedded discrete fracture model 4.2 - Description of EDFM methodology in conventional reservoir simulators using Cartesian grids 4.3 - Calculation of NNC transmissibility factors and fracture well indices 4.3.1 - Basic flux formulations 4.3.2 - Matrix–fracture intersection 4.3.3 - Connection between fracture segments within an individual fracture 4.3.4 - Fracture intersection 4.3.5 - Fracture–well intersection 4.3.6 - Fracture pore-volume cutoff 4.3.7 - Derivation of matrix–fracture transmissibility factor 4.4 - Modeling complex fracture geometries 4.4.1 - Nonplanar fracture geometry 4.4.2 - Varying fracture width 4.4.3 - Special handling of small fracture segments 4.5 - Model verifications 4.5.1 - Case 1: Bi-wing fractures 4.5.2 - Case 2: Complex orthogonal fractures 4.5.3 - Case 3: Non-orthogonal fractures 4.5.4 - Case 4: Nonplanar fractures 4.5.5 - Case 5: Complex nonplanar fractures with variable width 4.5.6 - Computational efficiency comparison 4.6 - Model application 4.6.1 - Case 6: Shale gas production in a naturally fractured reservoir 4.6.2 - Case 7: Three-dimensional, three-phase, multi-component simulation 4.7 - Remarks Nomenclature References Chapter-Five---An-extension-of-the-embedded-discrete-fr_2020_Developments-in Chapter Five - An extension of the embedded discrete fracture model for modeling dynamic behaviors of complex fractures 5.1 - Introduction 5.2 - Methodology 5.2.1 - Half-transmissibility form of the EDFM formulations 5.2.2 - Modeling matrix- and fracture-permeability change during simulation 5.2.3 - Modeling of fracture shear failure 5.3 - Model verification and field application 5.3.1 - Case 1: Horizontal well with transverse planar hydraulic fractures in the Eagle Ford Shale 5.3.2 - Case 2: History matching of an Eagle Ford shale-oil well 5.4 - Case studies with complex fractures 5.4.1 - Case 3: Vertical well refracturing in tight gas reservoir 5.4.2 - Case 4: Horizontal well refracturing with nonplanar fractures 5.4.3 Case 5: Multiple-well interference through fracture hits 5.4.4 Case 6: Natural fracture activation during water injection Nomenclature References Chapter-Six---Field-scale-applications-of-the-embe_2020_Developments-in-Petr Chapter Six - Field-scale applications of the embedded discrete fracture model 6.1 - Field-scale case study in the Piceance Basin Niobrara Formation 6.1.1 Completions of six subject wells 6.1.2 - History matching and production forecasting 6.1.3 - Impact of propped fracture length 6.1.4 Impact of natural fractures 6.1.5 - Impact of well spacing with and without natural fractures 6.1.6 - CPU time comparison 6.1.7 - Discussions 6.2 - Field-scale case study in the Marcellus Shale 6.2.1 - Modeling gas slippage in nanopores using LBM 6.2.2 - EDFM verification with LGR for simple bi-wing fractures 6.2.3 - History matching and production forecasting 6.2.4 - Discussions Nomenclature References Chapter-Seven---EDFM-for-field-scale-reservoir-simul_2020_Developments-in-Pe Chapter Seven - EDFM for field-scale reservoir simulation with complex corner-point grids 7.1 - Introduction 7.2 - EDFM in corner-point grids 7.2.1 - Non-cuboid block geometry 7.2.2 - Definition of block faces 7.2.3 - Degeneracy of block geometry 7.2.4 - Algorithm for matrix–fracture intersection 7.2.5 - Connections between fracture segments 7.3 - Model verification 7.3.1 - Case 1: Comparison of EDFM with LGR in a shale-gas reservoir 7.4 - Grid sensitivity study of the EDFM 7.4.1 - Case 2: EDFM with different matrix gridding 7.5 - Model application 7.5.1 - Case 3: Three-phase-flow simulation 7.5.2 - Case 4: Application of the EDFM in the Norne Field 7.5.2.1 - Case 4a: Verification of EDFM with LGR for simulating hydraulic fractures 7.5.2.2 - Case 4b: Simulation of natural fractures Nomenclature Appendix A: Algorithm to calculate the intersection between a polyhedron (representing matrix gridblock) and a polygon (re... References Chapter-Eight---Advanced-EDFM-approach-using-u_2020_Developments-in-Petroleu Chapter Eight - Advanced EDFM approach using unstructured grids 8.1 - Introduction 8.2 - Unstructured grids using the EbFVM 8.2.1 - Two-dimensional grids 8.2.2 - Three-dimensional grids 8.2.3 - Evaluation of flux 8.3 - EDFM in unstructured grids using the EbFVM 8.4 - Case studies for 2D unstructured grids using the EbFVM 8.4.1 - Case 1: Homogeneous reservoir with different matrix gridding 8.4.2 - Case 2: Homogeneous reservoir with 41 natural fractures 8.4.3 - Case 3: Reservoir with irregular geometry 8.5 - Case studies for 3D unstructured grids using the EbFVM 8.5.1 - Case 4: Tight gas reservoir with inclined hydraulic fractures 8.5.2 - Case 5: 3D Reservoir with complex geometry Nomenclature Appendix B: Shape functions for 2D and 3D elements References Chapter-Nine---Concluding-remarks_2020_Developments-in-Petroleum-Science Chapter Nine - Concluding remarks 9.1 - Key conclusions 9.2 - Summary of the advantages of the EDFM 9.3 - Discussion on the disadvantages of the EDFM 9.4 - Recommendations References Index_2020_Developments-in-Petroleum-Science Back_cover