GNSS ENVIRONMENTAL SENSING : revolutionizing environmental monitoring

Description

This book is the second edition of Environmental Monitoring using GNSS and highlights the latest developments in global navigation satellite systems (GNSS). It features a completely new title and additional chapters that present emerging challenges to environmental monitoring—“climate variability/change and food insecurity.” Since the publication of the first edition, much has changed in both the development and applications of GNSS, a satellite microwave remote sensing technique. It is the first tool to span all four dimensions of relevance to humans (position, navigation, timing and the environment), and it has widely been used for positioning (both by military and civilians), navigation and timing. Its increasing use is leading to a new era of remote sensing that is now revolutionizing the art of monitoring our environment in ways never imagined before. On the one hand, nearly all GNSS satellites (Global Positioning System (GPS), Global Navigation Satellite System (GLONASS), Galileo and Beidou) have become operational, thereby providing high-precision, continuous, all-weather and near real- time remote sensing multi-signals beneficial to environmental monitoring. On the other hand, the emerging challenges of precisely monitoring climate change and the demand for the production of sufficient food for ever-increasing populations are pushing traditional monitoring methods to their limits. In this regard, refracted GNSS signals (i.e., occulted GNSS signals or GNSS meteorology) are now emerging as sensors of climate variability, while the reflected signals (GNSS reflectometry or GNSS-R) are increasingly finding applications in determining, e.g., soil moisture content, ice and snow thickness, ocean heights, and wind speed and direction, among others. Furthermore, the increasing recognition and application of GNSS-supported unmanned aircraft vehicles (UAV)/drones in agriculture (e.g., through the determination of water holding capacity of soil) highlights the new challenges facing GNSS. As such, this new edition three new chapters address GNSS reflectometry and applications; GNSS sensing of climate variability; and the applications in UAV/drones. Moreover, it explores the application of GNSS to support integrated coastal zone management. Front Matter ....Pages i-xxii Environmental Monitoring (Joseph Awange)....Pages 1-13 Front Matter ....Pages 15-15 Modernization of GNSS (Joseph Awange)....Pages 17-24 The Global Positioning System (Joseph Awange)....Pages 25-42 Mathematical Modelling (Joseph Awange)....Pages 43-58 Environmental Surveying and Surveillance (Joseph Awange)....Pages 59-95 Data Processing and Adjustment (Joseph Awange)....Pages 97-113 Basics of Galileo Satellites (Joseph Awange)....Pages 115-122 Front Matter ....Pages 123-123 GNSS Maps in Environmental Monitoring (Joseph Awange)....Pages 125-138 GNSS Remote Sensing of the Environment (Joseph Awange)....Pages 139-172 GNSS Reflectometry and Applications (Joseph Awange)....Pages 173-183 Climate Change and Weather Related Impacts (Joseph Awange)....Pages 185-216 GNSS Sensing of Climate Variability (Joseph Awange)....Pages 217-241 Environmental Impact Assessment (Joseph Awange)....Pages 243-272 Water Resources (Joseph Awange)....Pages 273-309 Coastal Resources (Joseph Awange)....Pages 311-331 Land Management (Joseph Awange)....Pages 333-349 Disaster Management (Joseph Awange)....Pages 351-386 Environmental Pollution (Joseph Awange)....Pages 387-401 Animals and Vegetation Protection and Conservation (Joseph Awange)....Pages 403-422 Unmanned Aircraft Vehicles (Joseph Awange)....Pages 423-443 Back Matter ....Pages 445-452