A Grammar of Lezgian

Description

Preliminaries Abbreviations 1. Introduction 1.1. The Lezgian language and its genetic affiliation 1.2. An overview of Lezgian grammar 1.3. A user’s guide to this grammar 2. Lezgian and its speakers 2.1. The Lezgians 2.2. Lezgian dialects 2.3. The status of Lezgian and the standard language 2.4. The effect of language contact on Lezgian Phonology 3. Segmental phonological units 3.1. Orthography and transliteration 3.2. Vowels 3.3. Consonants 4. Phonotactics 4.1. Vowel syncope 4.2. Syllable structure 4.3. Restrictions on the cooccurrence of consonants 4.4. Vowel harmony 4.5. Labial Obstruent-Vowel Harmony 4.6. Neutralization of Obstruent Labialization 5. Phonological and morphophonemic alternations 5.1. Pre-ejective Ejective Aspiration 5.2. Word-final Unaspirated Voicing 5.3. Post-obstruent Aspirated Deaspiration 5.4. Pre-obstruent Unaspirated Aspiration 5.5. Vowel harmony alternations 5.6. High Vowel Loss 5.7. Labial Obstruent-Vowel Harmony alternations 5.8. Metathesis of Labialization 5.9. Word-final Ejective Aspiration 5.10. Word-final Ejective Voicing 5.11. Unstressed Vowel Heightening 5.12. Loss of /R/ 5.13. Affricate Assimilation 5.14. Dissimilatory loss of /r/ 6. Word stress 6.1. Stress of roots 6.2. Stress properties of suffixes 6.3. Stress in post-syncope Lezgian Morphology 7. Noun morphology 7.1. Nominal inflection 7.2. Functions of nominal inflectional categories 7.3. Nominal derivation 8. Adjective morphology 8.1. Adjectival inflection 8.2. Adjectival derivation 9. Verbal inflection 9.1. Introduction 9.2. The three stems of strong verbs 9.3. Verbal inflectional categories 9.4. Illustrative partial paradigms 9.5. Irregular verbs 9.6. Functions of basic tense-aspect categories 9.7. Periphrastic tense-aspect categories 9.8. Functions of non-indicative finite verb forms 9.9. Functions of non-finite verb forms 9.10. Archaic verb forms 10. Verbal derivation 10.1. The causative 10.2. The anticausative 10.3. Preverbs 10.4. The Repetitive 10.5. The -lamiš-form 10.6. Verbal compounds 11. Pronouns 11.1. Personal pronouns 11.2. Reflexive pronouns 11.3. Correlations between demonstratives, interrogatives and indefinites 11.4. Demonstratives 11.5. Interrogative pronouns 11.6. Indefinite pronouns 11.7. Other determiners 12. Adverbs and postpositions 12.1. Adverbs 12.2. Postpositions 13. Numerals and particles 13.1. Numerals 13.2. Focus particles 13.3. Discourse particles 13.4. The negative particle waʔ 13.5. Other particles 13.6. Interjections Syntax 14. The noun phrase and the adjective phrase 14.1. General properties of the noun phrase 14.2. Quantifiers 14.3. Apposition 14.4. Word order in the noun phrase 14.5. The adjective phrase 15. Verbal valence 15.1. Valence patterns: introduction 15.2. General characteristics of verbal valence patterns 15.3. Standard valence patterns 15.4. Non-standard valence patterns 15.5. Free omission of arguments 15.6. Labile verbs 16. Syntax of the clause 16.1. Grammatical relations: the notion of subject 16.2. Word order at the clause level 16.3. Clausal adjuncts 17. Copular clauses 17.1. Copular clauses with a predicative noun phrase 17.2. Copular clauses with a predicative adjective phrase 17.3. Subjectless copular clauses 17.4. ‘Become’ and ‘remain’ 17.5. Transitive copular clauses 17.6. Local copular clauses 17.7. Predicative adverbial phrases with the standard copula 17.8. A copular construction for indicating age 18. Coordination 18.1. Conjunction 18.2. Disjunction 18.3. Clause coordination 19. Relative clauses 19.1. Non-finite (participial) relative clauses 19.2. Finite (correlative) relative clauses 19.3. Predicative relative clauses 19.4. Cleft sentences 20. Complement clauses 20.1. The zero strategy: direct speech 20.2. The Infinitive 20.3. The Masdar 20.4. The substantivized participle 20.5. The luhun strategy 20.6. The converb strategy 20.7. The x̂i strategy 20.8. Minor strategies 20.9. Complement clauses in noun phrases 21. Adverbial clauses 21.1. Adverbial clauses with the Aorist converb 21.2. Adverbial clauses with the Imperfective converb 21.3. Adverbial clauses with the Secondary Imperf. converbs 21.4. Temporal clauses 21.5. Causal clauses 21.6. Purpose clauses 21.7. Conditional clauses 21.8. Concessive clauses 21.9. ‘As’ clauses 22. Coreference 22.1. Pronominal anaphora and pronoun dropping 22.2. Controller and target of omission in adverbial clauses 22.3. Controller and target of omission in complement clauses 22.4. Reflexivization 22.5. Reciprocalization 23. Questions 23.1. Polar questions 23.2. Parametric questions 23.3. Indirect questions 23.4. Echo questions 23.5. Question particles 23.6. Question-like exclamations 23.7. Non-indicative questions 24. Comparison 24.1. Comparison of inequality 24.2. Comparison of equality 24.3. Excessive degree Appendices 25. Texts 25.1. The Nightingale 25.2. Who is Stealing the Melons? 25.3. The Magpie and the Wolf 25.4. The Flower from Russia 25.5. Congress in Beliž 25.6. An early text in the Latin script 26. Lezgian-English vocabulary 27. English-Lezgian vocabulary Cross-references to additional examples References Index of affixes Subject Index