Proceedings of the 3rd Meeting of the Association of Ground Stone Tools Research

Description

Ground Stone Tools and Past Foodways brings together a selection of papers presented at the 3rd meeting of the Association of Ground Stone Tools Research, which was held at the University of Copenhagen in 2019. Ground stone artefacts are one of the most enduring classes of material culture: first used by Palaeolithic gatherer-hunters, they are still used regularly by people in many parts of the world to grind, mash and pulverize plants, meat and minerals. As such, ground stone artefacts provide a well preserved record at the nexus of interaction between humans, plants and animals. The papers in this volume focus especially on the relationship between ground stone artefacts and foodways and include archaeological and ethnographic case studies ranging from the Palaeolithic to the current era, and geographically from Africa to Europe and Asia. They reflect the current state of the art in ground stone tool research and highlight the many ways in which foodways can be studied through holistic examinations of ground stone artefacts. Cover Title Page Copyright Information Contents 1. Making Flour In Palaeolithic Europe. New Perspectives On Nutritional Challenges From Plant Food Processing Table 1: Radiocarbon dating of the Gravettian layers containing the ground stone tools object of the analysis. Table 2: Possible origin of the starch grains found on the tools. Table 3: Chemical and nutritional composition of oak, cattail, emmer and oat meals (g/100g fw)*. 2. The Groundstone Assemblages of Shubayqa 1 and 6, Eastern Jordan - Technological choices, Gestures and Processing Strategies of Late Hunter-Gatherers in the Qa’ Shubayqa Table 1: Shubayqa 1 dating, for detailed overview see (Richter et al. 2017). Table 2: Shubayqa 6 Dating (based on (Yeomans et al. 2019). Table 3: Assemblage overview. Table 4: Strategies: Action, gestures and resulting tool shape and surface morphology based on observations of the Shubayqa material. Table 5: Diversity of strategies when including all tools, i.e. fragments etc. Table 6: Diversity of strategies when including only complete tools. 3. Starch Grain Analysis Of Early Neolithic (Linearbandkeramik And Blicquy/Villeneuve-Saint-Germain) Contexts: Experimental Grinding Tests Of Cereals And Legumes Table 1: Details of the grinding activities undertaken. Table 2: Details of the dehusking activities undertaken. Table 3: Parameters of other experimental studies where grinding and/or dehusking was carried out with the aim to study starch grain modifications. Note: Pagan-Jimenez et al. (2017) was not included here as they grated manioc and sweet potatoes followed b 5. Macro-Lithic Tools And The Late Neolithic Economy In The Middle Morava Valley, Serbia Table 1: Middle Morava valley: number of rock types according to the settlements. Table 2: Middle Morava valley: number of tool types according to the settlements. Table 3: Middle Morava Valley: Results of the first and second analytical steps according to settlements. 6. The Ecological Significance of Ground-stone axes in the Later Stone Age (LSA) of West-Central Africa Table 1: A chronological overview of the archaeological phases and environmental conditions of the sites discussed in the text. Table 2: The names of ground-stone axes in some cultures in West Africa. 7. The New Oasis: Potential of Use-Wear for Studying Plant Exploitation in the Gobi Desert Neolithic Table 1: Descriptive framework for the micropolish observed at high magnifications. Table 2: Most common type of post-depositional alterations observedand assessment of tool surface alteration (x=present). Table 3: Types of use-wear observed on the active surface of the lower implements (LI). Table 4: Use-wear observed on the active surface of the sample of upper implements (UI). Table 5: Use-wear observed on the active surface of the sample of upper implements (UI). Table 6: Use-wear observed on the active surface of semilunar GST(indeterminate lower of upper implement, U/L). 8. Above And Below: The Late Chalcolithic Ground Stone Tool Assemblage Of Tsomet Shoket Table 1: Breakdown of the assemblage for types and raw materials. Table 2: Breakdown of the ground stone tools contexts. 9. Grinding technologies in the Bronze Age of northern Greece: New data from the sites of Archontiko and Angelochori Table 1: The macrolithic categories and types of Bronze Age Archontiko. Table 2: The distribution of the grinding tools from Archontiko within the different occupation horizons. Horizon 1 belongs to the Late Bronze Age, while Horizons II-IV to the Early Bronze Age. The column marked with a ‘?’ includes the specimens of uncert Table 3: Plenitude proportions of the grinding implements from Bronze Age Archontiko. Proportion rates are based on the estimated original size of the tool. Table 4: Raw material frequencies for the grinding implements from Bronze Age Archontiko. Table 5: Raw material frequencies for the grinding implements from Bronze Age Angelochori. Table 6: Manufacture ratios for the grinding implements from Bronze Age Archontiko and Angelochori. Table 7: Number and relation of the use surfaces of the grinding implements from Bronze Age Archontiko and Angelochori. Table 8: The use sequences of the grinding tools from Bronze Age Archontiko. Table 9: The distribution of grinding tools from Early Bronze Age Archontiko within the buildings and open areas of Phase IV. 10. Pounding Amid The Cliffs: Stationary Facilities And Cliff Caves In The Judean Desert, Israel Table 1: Corpus of stationary facilities in the cliff caves of the Judean Desert. 13. Telling Textures: Surface Textures May Reveal Which Grains Were Ground in Northern Ethiopia Table 1: Madit Grinding Handstone Surface Textures at Mezber and Ona Adi. Table 2: Mezber and Ona Adi Bifacial Madit Handstones. Table 3: Mezber and Ona Adi Bifacial Madit – Medium/Coarse Textures Combined. Table 4: Mezber and Ona Adi Bifacial Madit Use Surfaces. 1. Making Flour In Palaeolithic Europe. New Perspectives On Nutritional Challenges From Plant Food Processing Figure 1: The grindstone and the pestle-grinder from Bilancino (Tuscany, Central Italy). Figure 2: Stereomicroscope micro-photographs of the grinding surface of the Bilancino grindstoneA, peripheral area. B, grinding area (from Revedin et al. 2018, revised). Figure 3: The sampling tests carried out on the experimental artefacts: (a) the tool is covered with high-adhesion, transparent cling film and a square with a side length of 2 cm was cut out of the film, (b) a water jet is directed onto the exposed surfac Figure 4: The european findings of gravettian grinding tools: 1,6, Bilancino; 2, Paglicci str.23a; 3, Dolni Vestonice I; 4, Pavlov VI; 5, Kostienki 16. Figure 5: a) Typha latifolia. b) a starch grain from the Bilancino grindstone.c) starch grains in the Typha rizome. Figure 6: Botrychium lunaria: a) the plantb) starch grains from the starch-rich root. Figure 7: Avena barbata spikelet: a) florets (each surrounded by lemma and palea) and the empty glumes; note the long awn arising from the lemma. b) a floret. c) caryopsis, ventral view. Figure 8: Starch grains: a) a starch grain from the Paglicci pestle-grinder. b) a “gelatinized”, swollen starch grain from the Paglicci pestle-grinder. c) starch grains of Avena barbata caryopses (fresh plant). d) Avena starch grains after popping. Note t Figure 9: The experimental production of Typha flour: a) Cattail plants (Thypha);b) The collection of the rhizomes; c) Dried rhizomes of cattail; d) The grinding of the rhizomes into flour; e) The cooking of the Typha cakes. Figure 10: The processing of oats: experimenting the heat treatment on stone heated up on embers. 2. The Groundstone Assemblages of Shubayqa 1 and 6, Eastern Jordan - Technological choices, Gestures and Processing Strategies of Late Hunter-Gatherers in the Qa’ Shubayqa Figure 1: Shubayqa 1 and 6 location. Figure 2: Shubayqa 1. Figure 3: Shubayqa 6. Figure 4: Selected examples from the Shubayqa assemblages, early and late Natufian from Shubayqa 1 and EPPN from Shubayqa 6 (photos by Alexis Pantos). Figure 5: Food processing strategies. Figure 6: Archaeological examples of the different tool pairs and strategies from the Shubayqa assemblages with the transversal and longitudinal morphology of the used surfaces: M along with the related gestures: G. Figure 7: Strategies with all tools. Figure 8: Strategies with only complete tools. Figure 9: Lower tool active surface size. Figure 10: Handstone size. 3. Starch Grain Analysis Of Early Neolithic (Linearbandkeramik And Blicquy/Villeneuve-Saint-Germain) Contexts: Experimental Grinding Tests Of Cereals And Legumes Figure 1: Native (unmodified) starch grains viewed under plane polarized and cross-polarized light (x 600). A-B: einkorn; C-D: emmer; E-F: barley; G-H: lentils, and I-J: peas (photos C. Cagnato). Figure 2: Grinding and dehusking activities. A: einkorn; B: barley; C: peas; D: lentils; E: dehusking einkorn and F: emmer (photos C. Hamon). Figure 3: Location of where the samples were taken from after the experimental grinding: A: einkorn; B: barley; C: peas; D: lentils; and dehusking of E: einkorn, and F: emmer (photos C. Hamon and C. Cagnato). Figure 4: Taking samples from the tools after processing cereals and legumes through the use of a micropipette tip and distilled water (photos C. Hamon). Figure 5: Grinding stones in the pit prior to being buried at Cuiry-les-Chaudardes, France (photo C. Hamon). Figure 6: Modifications observed in einkorn starch grains, seen in plane polarized and cross-polarized light (photos C. Cagnato). Arrows point to specific damages observed: protrusion seen from different angles (B and D), broken edges (F), and presence of Figure 7: Modifications observed in barley starch grains, seen in plane polarized and cross-polarized light (photos C. Cagnato). Arrows point to specific damages observed: broken, fissured, uneven edges (C, E, G), modification to the shape of the grain (I Figure 8: Modifications observed in pea starch grains, seen in plane polarized and cross-polarized light (photos C. Cagnato). Arrows point to specific damages observed: fissured grains (C), ‘melted’ edges (G), small fissures along the edge (I), and damage Figure 9: Modifications observed in lentil starch grains, seen in plane polarized and cross-polarized light (photos C. Cagnato). Arrows point to specific damages observed: fissured grains (A), damage to the edges (C, E), and central depression (G). Figure 10: Damaged starch grain, seen in plane-polarized (left) and cross-polarized light (right). The arrow indicates the central part of the grain, which seems to have been digested (photos C. Cagnato). 4. Mapping Life-Cycles: Exploring Grinding Technologies And The Use Of Space At Late/Final Neolithic Kleitos, Northern Greece Figure 1: Map of Greece and prehistoric sites mentioned in the text. Figure 2: Plan of Kleitos I (left) and Kleitos II (right) with building remains and peripheral ditches highlighted. Figure 3: Three main grinding tool types (drawing by the author). Type 1 querns and handstone (A-C.), a type 2 handstone (D.) and a type 3 highly fragmented and a type 3 highly fragmented quern (E.). Figure 4: Three examples of grinding tools: a rare case of a quern with complete formation of its passive surfaces with pecking and two handstones with peripheral flaking, one coarser and one finer. Figure 5: Distribution of grinding tools per type, main spatial unit and various recovery contexts. Synthesis of the grinding tool assemblage per main spatial unit. Relative percentages of querns and handstones between selected Kleitos I contexts. Figure 6: Grinding implement found in the interior of Building 3 next to a vessel with stored grains. On its dorsal side a small quantity of building debris is preserved along with the imprints of a few grains spilled from the vessel. Figure 7: Area immediately outside Building E and the findspot of a fragmented grinding tool on a partially preserved plastered floor (drawing and photograph from the excavation archive of Kleitos). Figure 8: Quantitative spatial distribution of grinding stones with signs of erosion in Kleitos I settlement. The sums of the implements are shown per excavation squarein order for items that have no certain contextual origin to be also included. Figure 9: Plan of the first building phase of Building 3 (Kleitos II) and the grinding tools found in its interior. The dots mark the findspots of the implements. 5. Macro-Lithic Tools And The Late Neolithic Economy In The Middle Morava Valley, Serbia Figure 1: Geo-economic regions and position of Late Neolithic settlements from which macro-lithic tools have been studied: 1. Slatina - Turska česma; 2. Motel Slatina. R 1: 310 000. Figure 2: Analytical steps of geo-archaeology analysis. Figure 3: Geological map and position of settlements of Motel Slatina, Slatina - Turska česma and Livade;adopted after: geology map L 34 – 7 Paraćin 1: 100 000. Figure 4: Motel Slatina: Raw materials and source distance. Figure 5: Slatina - Turska česma: Raw materials and source distance. Figure 6: a) Slatina - Turska česma: sedimentary rocks and unknown rock type; b) igneous rocks; c) metamorphic rocks; N=416. Figure 7: Slatina - Turska česma: Raw materials and source distance. Figure 8: Motel, Slatina and Slatina - Turska česma: proportion of dependency on raw material from the western part of the Central region; N=222. 6. The Ecological Significance of Ground-stone axes in the Later Stone Age (LSA) of West-Central Africa Figure 1: Map of West-Central Africa and the sites mentioned in the text (Google Earth). Figure 2: Ground-stone axes recovered from surface collection and archaeological contexts in West-Central Africa. 1. Itaakpa; 2. Batalimo; 3-6. Tse Dura, 3. Adze; 4-6 ground-stone axes; 3-5, surface collections; 6, unfinished; 7-8. Ajaye, Iresi; 9. Dutsen Figure 3: Oba Ewuakpe (1701-1712) left; Oba Akenzua I (1713-1740) right, both depicted holding thunder-axes (ground stone axes) in their left hands (Courtesy Berlin Museum). Reproduced from Benin Kings and Rituals exhibition catalogue, ed. Barbara Planken 7. The New Oasis: Potential of Use-Wear for Studying Plant Exploitation in the Gobi Desert Neolithic Figure 1: Presentation of the studied area and location of the sites discussed in this paper. Gobi-Altai region is roughly delineated in orange, Alashan Gobi in red, and East Gobi in green. Figure 2: Post-depositional damage observed on #73/2748a. Grain rounding and reflectivity on the fracture plan at low magnifications (here shown ×20 and ×30); desert polish at high magnification (here ×50 and ×100). Figure 3: Example of complete grinding slab found at Baron Shabaka Well. Note the deeper concavity in the middle and raised platforms at both ends. Photo L. Janz. Figure 4: Example of lower implement (Cat. #73/2710a), working surface with a flat longitudinal profile. Opposite surface manufactured by pecking and smoothing. Use-wear on the centre of the working surface at low and high magnifications (type LI-1 descri Figure 5: Pestle-like handstone with knob (Cat. #73/2088a) and associated use-wear observed on the end (a) and on the body (b) at low and high magnifications.  Figure 6: Example of handstone/pounder (Cat, #70/2082b) with use-wear at high and low magnifications. Figure 7: Example of semi-lunar handstone (Cat. #73/2081) and associated use-wear observed on the slightly concave active surface at low and high magnifications. 8. Above And Below: The Late Chalcolithic Ground Stone Tool Assemblage Of Tsomet Shoket Figure 1: Map of Late Chalcolithic sites with artificial underground complexes. Figure 2: Site of Tsomet Shoket: 1. General overview: 2. Some of the underground complexes at Site 3. Courtesy of Dr. Ron Be’eri. Figure 3: Lower grinding stones made of flint: 1-2. Large vessels 3-5. Figure 4: Perforated items: Maceheads: 1-2. Spindle whorls: 3-5. Round weights: 6. Irregular weights: 7. Figure 5: Grooved stone tools. Figure 6 – Cross-sections of multiple bowl-types and a decorated basalt rim: 1-2) Upright bowls; 3-4) Globular bowls; 5-6) V-shaped bowls; 7) Large mortar; 8) Decorated V-shaped bowl rim fragment. Figure 7 – Upper grinding stones, bowlets, varia and hammerstones: 1) Cup on a pestle (recycled upper grinding stone); 2) Double-sided bowlet; 3) “Axe-shaped” stone (varia); 4) Shallow bowlet; 5) Large hammerstone. 9. Grinding technologies in the Bronze Age of northern Greece: New data from the sites of Archontiko and Angelochori Figure 1: Map of Northern Greece with the Bronze Age sites mentioned in the text. Figure 2: a-d Grinding tools from Bronze Age Archontiko (Photos: Tasos Bekiaris). Figure 3: a-c Grinding tools from Bronze Age Angelochori (Photos: Tasos Bekiaris). Figure 4: Curated grinding implements from Bronze Age Archontiko. (a) Part of a grinding slab recycled as a handstone, (b) small-sized handstone recycled as a pounder, (c) grinding slab redesigned through peripheral flaking to be used as a handstone, (d) Figure 5: Fragmentary grinding tool from Bronze Age Archontiko with weathered surfaces, recycled as an active percussive implement (Photos: Tasos Bekiaris). 10. Pounding Amid The Cliffs: Stationary Facilities And Cliff Caves In The Judean Desert, Israel Figure 1: Location of the Judean Desert in its Eastern Mediterranean context (upper left), and distribution of caves containing stationary facilities together with late prehistoric occupations (prepared in ArcGIS Pro by Ido Wachtel). Figure 2: A. Plan of Caves 32-33 in the Large Cave Complex of Ze’elim Valley. Black box indicates location of enlarged plan C (mapping by Roi Porat and Uri Davidovich, 2007); B. Photograph of two cupmarks hewn in bedrock in Cave 33, looking southwest (pho Figure 3: Left: A view of a basin and two slits hewn in a boulder in the Naqeb Mazen Complex, looking east towards the Dead Sea; Right: A detail of the basin and the slits (photos by Micka Ullman). Figure 4: Left: Plan and sections of Masada South Cave 2 (mapping by Roi Porat and Uri Davidovich, 2007);Right: Photograph of the two constructed cupmarks, looking north (photo by Roi Porat). Figure 5: The Large Cave Complex in Ze’elim Valley, looking northwest (drone photo by Guy Fitoussi).The left arrow points to the location of Cave 33 (see Figure 2), while the right arrow denotes the location of an isolated cupmark (see Figure 7 and text f Figure 6: A. Rahaf Valley Cave Complex as seen from a boulder with hewn cupmarks; B. A closer look at the four cupmarks full of rainwater (Winter 2013); C. The boulder as seen from the lower caves, looking south (photos by Micka Ullman and Boaz Langford). Figure 7: The view from the isolated cupmark in Ze’elim Valley (marked by arrow), looking southeast towards the canyon outlet into the Dead Sea Valley (Photo by the author). 11. Quernstones in social context: the early medieval baker’s house from Wrocław Figure 1: Wrocław-Ostrów Tumski: reconstruction of the ramparts and localisation of archaeological trenches 1949-2015 (after: Pankiewicz 2015: Figure 8. Modified by the Author). Figure 2: Wrocław-Ostrów Tumski: Trench IIIF – the nothern profile. Section specifies archeological layers (left A1-H) and occupation levels (after: Limisiewicz et al. 2015a: 57). The box shows layers and levels discussed in the paper. Figure 3: Wrocław-Ostrów Tumski: wooden through for kneading bread – 11th century(after: Limisiewicz et al. 2015b: 73; photo: K. Bykowski, M. Opalińska-Kwaśnica). Figure 4: Wrocław-Ostrów Tumski: a – fragment of the sketch of the trench IIIF, layer E1; b – fragment of the sketch of the trench IIIF, layer E2 (after: Limisiewicz et al. 2015b: 75, 79; drawing: M. Opalińska-Kwaśnica. Modified by the Author). Figure 5: Quernstones found in the trench IIIF in Wrocław-Ostrów Tumski:a-b – quernstones made of mica schists; c-j – quernstones made of granite (Photo and digital proccesing by Author). Figure 6: Wrocław-Ostrów Tumski: set of the quernstones used to seal the abandoned house(photo: K. Bykowski, M. Opalińska-Kwaśnica). 12. Stone Mortars: A Poorly Known Component Of Material Culture, Used In France Since The Iron Age. Including Recent Data For Late Medieval Trading Reaching The Baltic Figure 1: Distribution map of reported Iron Age/early Roman and tripod stone mortars, including data from the studies of the Mediterranean area, Roman Aquitania and the territory of the Arverni (respectively: Py 2016; Bertrand, Tendron 2012; Mennessier-Jo Figure 2: Selection of archaeological data and written sources relating to stone mortars between the 5th century BC and the 6th century AD. Figure 3: Sample of stone mortars and pestles from the oppidum of Bibracte and the museum of Autun. Figure 4: Roman stone mortars from the Remi territory and from Autun (France). Figure 5: Selection of written sources and archaeological data relating to medieval and modern stone mortars. Figure 6: Distribution map of mentioned stone mortar productions concerned by North Sea and Meuse/Rhine trading. Figure 7: Limestone mortars with zigzag decorative finishing on the bowl from Caen, Dieppe (France); Dordrecht, Middelburg Museum (Netherlands); Winchester, King’s Lynn (UK) and Faxe (Denmark). Figure 8: Archaeological context of the 13th century discovery of stone mortars from the castle of Caen showing two complete examples. Figure 9: Examples of limestone mortars with zigzag decorative finish on the sides of base from Caen, Paris, Lagny-sur-Marne (France); Bruges (Belgium); King’s Lynn (UK) and Ribe (Denmark). Figure 10: Sandstone mortars combining roped edging and human faces from the belgian fortress of Poilvache, the city of Dinant; the dutch sites of Ooltgensplaat, Dordrecht, Amersfoort; the ports of Ribe (Denmark) and Tallinn (Estonia). 13. Telling Textures: Surface Textures May Reveal Which Grains Were Ground in Northern Ethiopia Figure 1: Maṭhan Quern Built into Udo Table with Madit Handstone Resting on Top. Figure 2: Madqos Quern with Wedimadqos Handstone Resting on Top. Figure 3: Waizoro (Mrs) Letay Alemayo Resharpening (“Rejuvenating”) a Broken Madit Handstone with a Mokarai (Hammerstone). Figure 4: Bifacial Madit Handstone Smooth Surface - SN 1832, Mezber Square E1, Locus 8, Pail 8. Figure 5: Bifacial Madit Handstone Coarse Surface – SN 1832. 14. The Bored Stone, Nougouil: Weighted Digging Sticks In Ethiopia Figure 1: Weighted digging stick (Inji) with a bored stone (Nougouil), photograph taken by the author in Harar. Figure 2: Mr Ibrahim Abdulla Waari (left) and Mr Sadic Mummai Ourso (right) making Nougouil. Figure 3: Graph of boxplots and table presenting the dimensions of 37 Nougouil from Harar Figure 4: Mr Houman Harmed working in his field, using a Maxra with Nougouil. Figure 5: Mrs Sahada Madar’s husband waiting for customers at the doorway of her shop in Harar, surrounded by Nougouil, Marasha, Inji and Maxra. 1. Making Flour In Palaeolithic Europe. New Perspectives On Nutritional Challenges From Plant Food Processing Anna Revedin1, Biancamaria Aranguren2, Silvia Florindi3, Emanuele Marconi4, Marta Mariotti Lippi5, Annamaria Ronchitelli6 2. The Groundstone Assemblages of Shubayqa 1 and 6, Eastern Jordan - Technological choices, Gestures and Processing Strategies of Late Hunter-Gatherers in the Qa’ Shubayqa Patrick Nørskov Pedersen 3. Starch Grain Analysis Of Early Neolithic (Linearbandkeramik And Blicquy/Villeneuve-Saint-Germain) Contexts: Experimental Grinding Tests Of Cereals And Legumes Clarissa Cagnato¹, Caroline Hamon¹, and Aurélie Salavert² 4. Mapping Life-Cycles: Exploring Grinding Technologies And The Use Of Space At Late/Final Neolithic Kleitos, Northern Greece D. Chondrou1,2 and S.M. Valamoti1,2 5. Macro-Lithic Tools And The Late Neolithic Economy In The Middle Morava Valley, Serbia Vesna Vučković 6. The Ecological Significance of Ground-stone axes in the Later Stone Age (LSA) of West-Central Africa Orijemie Emuobosa Akpo 7. The New Oasis: Potential of Use-Wear for Studying Plant Exploitation in the Gobi Desert Neolithic Laure Dubreuil1 , Angela Evoy1,2, and Lisa Janz1,3,4 8. Above And Below: The Late Chalcolithic Ground Stone Tool Assemblage Of Tsomet Shoket Daniela Alexandrovsky1, Ron Be’eri2 and Danny Rosenberg3 9. Grinding technologies in the Bronze Age of northern Greece: New data from the sites of Archontiko and Angelochori Tasos Bekiaris1, Lambrini Papadopoulou2, Christos L. Stergiou2 and Soultana-Maria Valamoti1 10. Pounding Amid The Cliffs: Stationary Facilities And Cliff Caves In The Judean Desert, Israel Uri Davidovich 11. Quernstones in social context: the early medieval baker’s house from Wrocław Ewa Lisowska 12. Stone Mortars: A Poorly Known Component Of Material Culture, Used In France Since The Iron Age. Including Recent Data For Late Medieval Trading Reaching The Baltic Geert Verbrugghe 13. Telling Textures: Surface Textures May Reveal Which Grains Were Ground in Northern Ethiopia Laurie Nixon-Darcus 14. The Bored Stone, Nougouil: Weighted Digging Sticks In Ethiopia Jérôme Robitaille _GoBack _Hlk41200568 _Hlk51225488 _GoBack _Hlk533148497 _GoBack _Hlk44499897 _GoBack _GoBack _GoBack _GoBack