Radiology of HIV/AIDS: A Practical Approach

Description

This book provides a comprehensive overview of modern methodology, diagnostic methods and techniques of HIV/AIDS imaging. It starts with a general review of HIV/AIDS imaging and evidence based medicine (EBM). In the following chapters, authors introduce 13 of most common types of AIDS/HIV-associated diseases separately. High-quality examples combined with computed tomography (CT), Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), gross anatomy and pathology images are clearly illustrated. Moreover, the use of functional imaging in HIV/AIDS diagnosis and differential diagnosis is an essential part that diagnostic doctors will find to be useful. Foreword 1 Foreword 2 Foreword 3 Preface Editors Acknowledgement Contents General Introduction Definition of AIDS Origination and Development of HIV/AIDS Origination of HIV/AIDS Retrospective Review of AIDS Nomination and Concept of AIDS Pathogen Negative Impacts of AIDS on Human Society Its Impact on the Life Style Great Loss in Social Economy New Problems in Implementing Current Laws Effects on Personal Daily Life and International Communications Necessities of Studying HIV/AIDS Imaging Development and Clinical Application of HIV/AIDS Imaging Part I: Basics of HIV/AIDS 1: Molecular Biology of HIV/AIDS and Its Clinical Management 1.1 Application of Modern Molecular Biology in HIV Research 1.1.1 Recombination DNA Techniques 1.1.1.1 Development of HIV Vaccine 1.1.2 Application of Nucleic Acid Hybridization in HIV Research 1.1.2.1 Application of Gene Chip in Clinical Identification of HIV 1.1.2.2 The Application of Gene Chip in HIV Genotyping 1.1.2.3 The Application of Molecular Hybridization in Detecting Drug Resistance The Linear Probe Assay (LIPA) [ 5 ] Sequencing with Hybridization and Gene Chip 1.1.3 Recent Development of Molecular Biology Techniques in HIV Research 1.1.3.1 Diverse Applications of HIV Pseudovirus Drug Screening Viral Tropism Analysis Tests on Phenotypic Drug Resistance 1.2 Mechanism of Genetic Diagnosis for HIV 1.2.1 HIV Sequence Detection 1.2.1.1 Amplification of Proviral HIV Sequences 1.2.1.2 Amplification of HIV Genome 1.2.2 HIV Sequence Detection for Immune Antibody Negative Individuals 1.2.3 HIV Sequence Detection for Newborns 1.2.4 Detection of HIV Infected Blood Products and Vaccines References 2: An Overview of Clinical Immunology of HIV/AIDS 2.1 Defense Mechanism of Organisms 2.1.1 Non-specific Immunity 2.1.2 Specific Immunity 2.1.2.1 Humoral Immune Response 2.1.2.2 Cellular Immune Response 2.1.3 Cytokines 2.1.4 Chemotactic Factors (CF) 2.2 Mechanism of Immune Response 2.2.1 Antiviral Immune Response 2.2.2 Antibacterial Immune Response 2.2.3 Antiparasitic Immune Response 2.2.4 Anti-tumor Immune Response 2.3 Allergic Response 2.3.1 Inflammatory Reaction Process (Pathological Response) 2.3.1.1 Lymphoid Organs 2.3.1.2 Central Nervous System 2.3.1.3 Genitourinary Tract 2.3.2 Pathophysiological Changes in Stress 2.3.3 Tissues Damage Related to Immune Response 2.4 Immunity Reconstruction 2.5 Pharmacological Basis of Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy (HARRT) References 3: An Overview of Clinical Microbiology of HIV/AIDS 3.1 AIDS Related Pathogenic Microorganisms 3.1.1 Structure and Classification of Pathogenic Microorganisms 3.1.1.1 Virus Infection 3.1.1.2 Bacterial Infection 3.1.1.3 Fungal Infection Candida Albicans Pneumocystis Carinii 3.1.1.4 Parasitic Infections 3.1.2 Characteristics of Pathogenic Microorganisms 3.1.2.1 Protozoon Toxoplasma Cryptosporidium 3.1.2.2 Virus Cytomegalovirus Herpes Simplex Virus Elzatein-Barn Virus 3.1.2.3 Fungus Pneumocystis Carinii Candida Albicans Cryptococcus 3.1.3 Pathogenicity of Pathogenic Microorganisms 3.1.3.1 Protozoa Toxoplasma Infection Cryptosporidiosis 3.1.3.2 Viruses Cytomegalovirus Infections Herpes Simplex Virus Infections 3.1.3.3 Fungi Pneumocystis (Carinii) Pneumonia Candidal Infection Cryptococcosis 3.1.3.4 Bacteria Mycobacterium Tuberculosis Atypical Mycobacterium Infection Other Common Pathogenic Bacteria Infections 3.2 Methods of Clinical Specimen Collection 3.2.1 Specimens for Virus Isolation, Nucleic Acid and Antigen Detection Should Be 3.2.1.1 Fresh 3.2.1.2 Storage 3.2.1.3 Uncontaminated 3.2.1.4 Biologically Safe 3.2.2 Specified Procedures for Specimen Collection 3.2.2.1 Blood for Virus or Immunoassay 3.2.2.2 Body Fluid: Sterile Except for Urine and Cerebrospinal Fluid 3.2.2.3 Cerebrospinal Fluid 3.3 Detection of Pathogenic Microorganisms in Opportunistic Infections 3.3.1 Pathogenic Tests in Opportunistic Infections 3.3.1.1 Virus Infections Varicella-Zoster Virus (VZV) Infection Cytomegaoviyns (CMV) Infection Epstein-Barr Virus Infection HSV-1 and HSV-2 Infections HHV-6, HHV-7 and HHV-8 3.3.1.2 Bacterial Infections Staphylococcus Aureus Infection Streptococcus Pneumoniae Infection Haemophilus Influenzae Infection Mycobacterium Tuberculosis Infection Mycobacterium Avium Infection 3.3.1.3 Fungal Infection Pneumocystis Carinii Infection Cryptococcus Neoformans Infection Histoplasma Capsulatum Infection Candida Infection Aspergillus Infections 3.3.1.4 Protozoal Infection Toxoplasma Gondii Infection Cryptosporidium Infection 3.4 Quality Control in Microbiology Laboratory 3.4.1 Maintenance of Equipments in Clinical Microbiologic Laboratory 3.4.2 Quality Control of Bacterial Isolation and Identification 3.4.2.1 Quality Control of Culture Media 3.4.2.2 Quality Control of Bacteria Staining 3.4.2.3 Quality Control of Reagents 3.4.3 Quality Control of Fungi Isolation and Identification 3.4.3.1 Fungi Smear 3.4.3.2 Fungi Identification 3.4.4 Quality Control of Drug Sensitivity Test 3.4.4.1 Establishing Reasonable Categories of Routine Drug Sensitivities 3.4.4.2 Quality Control of the Drug Sensitivities to Special Bacteria Extended Reading Part II: General Review on HIV/AIDS in Clinical Medicine 4: Epidemiological Investigation of AIDS 4.1 Pathogens 4.2 Sources of Infections 4.3 Routes of Transmission and Population Distribution 4.4 Characteristics of HIV Epidemic 4.5 Epidemiology of HIV/AIDS in China 4.6 Seroepidemiology of HIV/AIDS 4.7 Molecular Epidemiology of HIV/AIDS 4.8 Prevention and Control of HIV/AIDS References 5: Pathogenetic and Pathological Mechanism 5.1 Pathogenetic Mechanism 5.1.1 Process of Virus Infection 5.1.1.1 Primary Infection 5.1.1.2 Process of HIV Infection in Human Cells Attachment and Penetration Cyclization and Integration Transcription and Translation Assemblage, Maturation and Pullulation 5.1.1.3 Three Types of Clinical Outcomes After HIV Infection 5.1.2 Anti-HIV Immune Responses 5.1.2.1 Specific Humoral Immunity 5.1.2.2 Specific Cellular Immunity 5.2 Pathophysiology 5.2.1 A Drop of CD4 T Lymphocyte Count 5.2.2 Dysfunction of CD4 T Lymphocytes 5.2.3 Abnormal Immunity Activation 5.2.4 Immunity Reconstruction 5.3 Pathology of HIV/AIDS 5.3.1 Common Opportunistic Infections and Malignant Tumors 5.3.1.1 Pulmonary Coccidioidomycosis 5.3.1.2 Toxoplasmosis 5.3.1.3 Candida Albicans Disease 5.3.1.4 Mycobacteriosis 5.3.1.5 Cytomegalovirus Infection 5.3.1.6 Kaposi’s Sarcoma 5.3.2 Pathological Changes of the Immune System 5.3.2.1 HIV-Related Lymph Nodes Diseases 5.3.2.2 Pathologic Change of Spleen 5.3.2.3 Pathologic Changes of Thymus 5.3.2.4 Pathologic Change of Bone Marrow 6: Clinical Manifestations of HIV/AIDS Infection 6.1 Incubation Period 6.2 Clinical Characteristics 6.3 Clinical Symptoms and Signs 6.3.1 Acute Stage 6.3.2 Asymptomatic Stage 6.3.3 AIDS Stage 6.4 Clinical Classification 6.4.1 Pulmonary Type 6.4.2 Central Nervous Type 6.4.3 Gastrointestinal Type 6.4.4 Fever of Unknown Causes 6.4.5 Neoplasm Type 6.5 Characteristics of Children with 6.6 Characteristics of Women with HIV/AIDS 6.7 Diagnostic Criteria and Treatment Guideline for HIV/AIDS in China 7: Laboratory Test and Special Examinations 7.1 Routine Examination 7.2 Autopsy 7.3 Pathological Examinations and Immunohistochemistry 7.3.1 Pathological Examinations 7.3.1.1 Biopsy 7.3.1.2 Cytology 7.3.2 Immunohistochemistry 7.3.2.1 Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) 7.3.2.2 Western Blotting 7.3.2.3 Immunofluorescence Assay (IFA) 7.3.2.4 Gelatin Particle Agglutination Test (PA) 7.3.2.5 Dot Blotting (Immunochromatography or Infiltration) 7.4 Molecular Biological Test 7.4.1 Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) 7.4.1.1 Template DNA Degeneration 7.4.1.2 Annealing of the Template DNA and Prime 7.4.1.3 Primer Extension 7.4.2 Real-Time Fluorescence Quantitative PCR 7.4.3 branch DNA Assay (bDNA) 7.4.4 Nucleic Acid Sequence Based Amplification (NASBA) 7.4.5 Transcription Mediated Amplification (TMA) 7.4.6 Ligase Chain Reaction (LCR) 7.5 Bronchoscopy 7.6 Gastrointestinal Endoscopy 7.7 CT-Guided Puncture for Biopsy 8: Diagnostic Imaging 8.1 Imaging 8.1.1 Diagnostic Imaging Provides Valuable Information for Diagnosis of AIDS Related Diseases 8.1.2 Diagnostic Imaging Provides Information for Differential Diagnosis of AIDS Related Diseases 8.1.3 Application of Diagnostic Imaging in the Observation of Therapeutic Effects During Follow-Ups 8.1.3.1 Therapeutic Effects Against HIV/AIDS Related Diseases 8.1.3.2 Follow-Ups of Anti-HIV Therapies 8.2 X-ray 8.2.1 Chest Examinations 8.2.2 Gastrointestinal Examinations 8.3 Computerized Tomography (CT) and Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) 8.3.1 Chest Imaging Demonstrations 8.3.1.1 Pneumocystis Pneumonia 8.3.1.2 Kaposi’s Sarcoma 8.3.1.3 AIDS-Related Tuberculosis 8.3.1.4 Other Infections 8.3.2 Imaging Demonstrations of the Digestive System 8.3.2.1 Non-specific Inflammatory Lesions 8.3.2.2 Kaposi’s Sarcoma 8.3.2.3 Lymphoma 8.3.3 Imaging Demonstration of the Nervous System 8.3.3.1 HIV Encephalitis 8.3.3.2 Conditional Pathogenic Virus Infection Progressive Multiple Leukoencephalopathy Cytomegalovirus Encephalitis 8.3.3.3 Non-viral Infection Cryptococcus Neoformans Infection Toxoplasmosis 8.4 Positron Emission Tomography- 8.4.1 Neoplasms 8.4.2 Neurological and Psychiatric Diseases 8.4.3 Cardiovascular Diseases 8.5 Ultrasonography 8.5.1 Ultrasonographic Organs Demonstrations in Patients with AIDS 8.5.1.1 Ultrasonographic Heart Demonstrations Pericardial Effusion Endocarditis Cardiomyopathy 8.5.1.2 Ultrasonographic Liver Demonstrations 8.5.1.3 Ultrasonographic Biliary Demonstrations 8.5.1.4 Ultrasonographic Pancreas Demonstrations 8.5.1.5 Ultrasonographic Spleen Demonstrations 8.5.1.6 Ultrasonographic Kidney Demonstrations 8.5.1.7 Ultrasonographic Eyes Demonstrations 8.5.1.8 Ultrasonographic Lymph Nodes Demonstrations 8.5.2 The Value of Ultrasonography in Diagnostic Imaging of AIDS 8.6 Implications of HIV/AIDS Infection for Health Care Staffs 8.6.1 Occupational Exposure to AIDS in Medical Care 8.6.1.1 The Concept of Occupational Exposure 8.6.1.2 The Status of Occupational Exposure 8.6.1.3 Reasons of Medical Occupational Exposure Weak Awareness of Self-Protection in Medical Staffs Management Factors 8.6.1.4 High Risk Populations of Occupational Exposure 8.6.1.5 The Routes and Ways of Occupational Exposure 8.6.1.6 Occupational Exposure Risks 8.6.2 Occupational Protection Against HIV/AIDS in Medical Care 8.6.2.1 Management and Supervision 8.6.2.2 Education and Training 8.6.2.3 Equipments Disinfection 8.6.2.4 Standardized Preventive Measures 8.6.2.5 General Protective Measures 8.6.2.6 Treatment After Exposure Emergency Treatment Preventive Medication After Exposure Reports and Follow-Ups After Exposure 8.7 Relationship Between AIDS and Clinical Medicine 8.7.1 AIDS and Internal Medicine 8.7.1.1 Antiretroviral Therapy Drugs Classification The Opportunity for Receiving Therapies Therapeutic Planning 8.7.1.2 Immunotherapy Immunopotentiators Vaccines 8.7.1.3 Gene Therapy 8.7.1.4 Traditional Chinese Medicine 8.7.2 AIDS and Surgery 8.7.2.1 Common Surgical Treatments for Patients with AIDS Early Diagnosis and Treatment 8.7.2.2 The Risks of HIV Infection in Surgical Operations References 9: AIDS Imaging and Evidence Based Medicine 9.1 Tasks of Evidence Based AIDS Imaging 9.2 Relationship Between AIDS Imaging and Evidence Based Medicine 9.3 Necessity of Evidence in AIDS Imaging 9.4 Methods and Thinking Way for Evidence in HIV/AIDS Imaging 10: Clinical Medication Against HIV/AIDS 10.1 Development of Therapeutic Medication Against HIV/AIDS 10.2 Therapeutic Efficacy and Adverse Effects of Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy (HAART) 10.2.1 Virological Indicators 10.2.2 Immunological Indicators 10.2.3 Clinical Symptoms 10.2.3.1 Nucleosides and NRTIs 10.2.3.2 NNRTIs 10.2.3.3 PIs 10.3 Clinical Practice of Anti-opportunistic Infections Therapies 10.3.1 Bacterial Infections 10.3.2 Fungal Infections 10.3.3 Mycobacterial Infections 10.3.3.1 Mycobacterial Tuberculosis 10.3.3.2 Mycobacterium Avium Complex (MAC) 10.3.4 Viral Infections 10.3.5 Pneumocystis Pneumonia (PCP) 10.3.6 Toxoplasmosis 10.4 Treatment of HIV/AIDS Related Tumor 11: Introduction to Assessment and Monitoring of Critical AIDS 11.1 Overview 11.2 HIV/AIDS Related Critical and Severe Opportunistic Infections 11.3 HIV/AIDS Related Advanced Cancer 11.4 HIV/AIDS Related Multiple Organ Failure (MOF) 11.5 HIV/AIDS Related Severe Malnutrition 11.6 HIV/AIDS Related Intensive Care 11.7 HIV/AIDS Related Respiratory Function Monitoring 11.8 HIV/AIDS Related Renal Function Monitoring 11.9 HIV/AIDS Related Cardiovascular Function Monitoring 11.10 HIV/AIDS Related Central Nervous System Function Monitoring 11.11 HIV/AIDS Related Digestive System Function Monitoring Reference 12: HIV Related Effect Factors 12.1 Blood and HIV Infection 12.2 Drug Abuse and HIV Infection 12.3 Sexual Behaviors and HIV Infection 12.4 Mental Health and HIV Infection 12.5 Social Customs & Ethics and HIV Infection Part III: Systematic Review of HIV/AIDS in Clinical Medicine 13: HIV/AIDS Related Nervous System Diseases 13.1 An Overview of HIV/AIDS Related Nervous System Diseases 13.1.1 HIV-Related Brain Lesions 13.1.1.1 HIV Encephalitis 13.1.1.2 HIV/AIDS Related Aseptic Meningitis 13.1.2 HIV/AIDS Related Opportunistic Infections 13.1.2.1 HIV/AIDS Related Toxoplasmic Encephalitis 13.1.2.2 HIV/AIDS Related Cytomegalovirus (CMV) Encephalomyelitis 13.1.2.3 HIV/AIDS Related Herpes Viral Encephalitis 13.1.2.4 HIV/AIDS Related Multifocal Leukoencephalopathy 13.1.2.5 HIV/AIDS Related Nervous System Tuberculosis 13.1.2.6 HIV/AIDS Related Non-Hodgkin’s Lymphoma 13.1.2.7 HIV/AIDS Related Cerebral Atrophy and Infarction Pathogenesis Pathological Changes Imaging Demonstrations 13.1.3 HIV/AIDS Related Nervous System Diseases in Infants 13.1.4 Clinical Manifestations of HIV/AIDS Related Brain Lesions 13.1.4.1 Headache 13.1.4.2 Epileptic Seizure 13.1.4.3 Dementia 13.1.4.4 Mental Changes 13.1.4.5 Dyskinesia 13.1.4.6 Neuropsychologic Disorders 13.1.4.7 Vision Changes 13.1.5 Clinical Application of HIV/AIDS Related Nerve Imaging 13.1.6 Application and the Future Development of Newly Emerging Imaging Technologies 13.1.7 Prevention and Treatment of the 13.2 HIV/AIDS Related Encephalopathy 13.2.1 HIV Related Encephalitis and Dementia 13.2.1.1 Pathogens and Pathogenesis 13.2.1.2 Pathophysiological Basis 13.2.1.3 Clinical Symptoms and Signs 13.2.1.4 Examinations and Their Selection CT and MRI PET-CT 13.2.1.5 Imaging Demonstrations CT Demonstrations MRI Demonstrations 13.2.1.6 Criteria for the Diagnosis 13.2.1.7 Differential Diagnosis Differentiation from Acquired Immunodeficiency of Other Causes Differentiation from Subacute Spongiform Encephalopathy Differentiation from Cytomegalovirus Encephalitis Differentiation from Subacute Sclerotic Panencephalitis 13.2.1.8 Discussion 13.2.2 Aseptic Meningitis 13.2.2.1 Pathogens and Pathogenesis 13.2.2.2 Pathophysiological Basis 13.2.2.3 Clinical Symptoms and Signs 13.2.2.4 Examinations and Their Selection Laboratory Tests EEG Diagnostic Imaging 13.2.2.5 Imaging Demonstrations CT Demonstrations MRI Demonstrations 13.2.2.6 Criteria for the Diagnosis 13.2.2.7 Differential Diagnosis 13.3 HIV/AIDS Related Intracranial Opportunistic Infections 13.3.1 HIV/AIDS Related Intracranial Fungal Infections 13.3.1.1 Cryptococcus Neoformans Meningitis Pathogens and Pathogenesis Pathophysiological Basis Clinical Symptoms and Signs Examinations and Their Selection Pathogenic Examinations Antigen Examination Antibody Examination Diagnostic Imaging Imaging Demonstrations Type I of Meningoencephalitis Type II of Cerebral Infarction (Colloid Capsule) Type III of Cerebral Infarction Type IV of Granuloma Criteria for the Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Discussion 13.3.1.2 HIV/AIDS Related Cerebral Aspergillosis Infection Pathogens and Pathogenesis Pathophysiologic Basis Examinations and Their Selection Clinical Symptoms and Signs Case History and Clinical Manifestations Criteria for the Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Discussion 13.3.2 HIV/AIDS Related Intracerebral Parasitic Infections 13.3.2.1 HIV/AIDS Related Toxoplasmic Encephalitis Pathogens and Pathogenesis Pathophysiologic Basis Clinical Symptoms and Signs Examinations and Their Selection Pathogenic Examinations Immunological Assays CSF Test Diagnostic Imaging Imaging Demonstrations CT Scanning MR Imaging Criteria for the Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Primary Brain Lymphoma Brain Mycotic Infection Metastatic Tumors Brain Cysticercosis Brain Tuberculoma Discussion 13.3.2.2 HIV/AIDS Related Cerebral Cysticercosis Pathogens and Pathogenesis Pathophysiological Basis In the Early Stage In the Advanced Stage Clinical Symptoms and Signs Examinations and Their Selection Cerebrospinal Fluid Test Immunological Assay Diagnostic Imaging Imaging Demonstrations CT Scanning MR Imaging Criteria for the Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Discussion 13.3.2.3 HIV/AIDS Related Trichinosis Pathogens and Pathogenesis Pathophysiological Basis Clinical Manifestations and Signs Examinations and Their Selection Imaging Demonstrations Criteria for the Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Discussion 13.3.3 HIV/AIDS Related Intracerebral Viral Infections 13.3.3.1 Cytomegalovirus Encephalitis Pathogens and Pathogenesis Pathophysiological Basis Clinical Symptoms and Signs Examinations and Their Selection Imaging Demonstrations CT Scanning MR Imaging Criteria for the Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Herpes Zoster Virus Encephalitis Enterovirus Encephalitis Acute Disseminated Encephalomyelitis (ADEM) Purulent Meningitis Tuberous Sclerosis Brain Tumor Discussion 13.3.3.2 HIV/AIDS Related Progressive Multifocal Leukoencephalopathy Pathogens and Pathogenesis Pathophysiological Basis Clinical Symptoms and Signs Examinations and Their Selection Imaging Demonstrations CT Scanning Demonstrations MR Imaging Demonstrations Criteria for the Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Discussion 13.3.3.3 HIV/AIDS Related Herpes Simplex Virus Encephalitis Pathogens and Pathogenesis Physiopathologic Basis Clinical Symptoms and Signs Examinations and Their Selection Imaging Demonstrations Criteria for the Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Intestinal Virus Encephalitis Cytomegalovirus Encephalitis Purulent Meningitis Brain Neoplasms Acute Demyelinating Encephalopathy Primary Low-Grade Glioma or Cerebral Infarction Discussion 13.3.4 HIV/AIDS Related Intracerebral Tuberculosis Infections 13.3.4.1 Pathogens and Pathogenesis 13.3.4.2 Pathophysiological Basis 13.3.4.3 Clinical Symptoms and Signs 13.3.4.4 Examinations and Their Selection Epidemiological Examination Acid-Fast Bacilli Staining CSF Examination Fundus Examination PPD Test Diagnostic Imaging 13.3.4.5 Imaging Demonstrations CT Scanning TB Meningitis Demonstrations TB Encephalitis Demonstrations MR Imaging TB Meningitis TB Encephalitis 13.3.4.6 Criteria for the Diagnosis 13.3.4.7 Differential Diagnosis Lymphoma Cryptococcal Neoformans Meningoencephalitis Toxoplasma Encephalitis Abscess, Astrocytoma or Metastatic Tumors 13.3.4.8 Discussion 13.3.5 HIV/AIDS Related Intracerebral Rhodococcus Equi Infections 13.3.5.1 Pathogens and Pathogenesis 13.3.5.2 Pathophysiological Basis 13.3.5.3 Clinical Symptoms and Signs 13.3.5.4 Examinations and Their Selection Bacteria Strain Identification Pathological Examination Diagnostic Imaging Cerebral Puncture for Biopsy 13.3.5.5 Criteria for the Diagnosis 13.3.5.6 Differential Diagnosis 13.3.5.7 Discussion 13.3.6 HIV/AIDS Related Intracerebral Penicillium Marneffei Infections 13.3.6.1 Pathogens and Pathogenesis 13.3.6.2 Pathophysiological Basis 13.3.6.3 Clinical Symptoms and Signs 13.3.6.4 Examinations and Their Selection Pathogen Examination Pathological Examination Laboratory Tests Diagnostic Imaging 13.3.6.5 Imaging Demonstrations CT Scanning MR Imaging 13.3.6.6 Criteria for the Diagnosis 13.3.6.7 Differential Diagnosis Toxoplasma Encephalitis Cryptococcal Encephalitis TB Encephalitis Other Diseases 13.3.6.8 Discussion 13.4 HIV/AIDS Related Cerebral Syphilis 13.4.1 Pathogens and Pathogenesis 13.4.2 Pathophysiological Basis 13.4.3 Clinical Symptoms and Signs 13.4.4 Examinations and Their Selection 13.4.5 Imaging Demonstrations 13.4.5.1 CT Scanning 13.4.5.2 MR Imaging 13.4.6 Criteria for the Diagnosis 13.4.6.1 Case History 13.4.6.2 Signs 13.4.6.3 Pathogenic Examination 13.4.6.4 CT Scanning Demonstrations 13.4.6.5 MR Imaging Demonstrations 13.4.7 Differential Diagnosis 13.4.8 Discussion 13.5 HIV/AIDS Related Intracranial Tumors 13.5.1 HIV/AIDS Related Intracerebral Non-Hodgkin’s Lymphoma 13.5.1.1 Pathogens and Pathogenesis 13.5.1.2 Pathophysiological Basis 13.5.1.3 Clinical Symptoms and Signs 13.5.1.4 Examinations and Their Selection 13.5.1.5 Imaging Demonstrations CT Scanning MR Imaging PET-CT Scanning 13.5.1.6 Criteria for the Diagnosis CSF Examination Immunohistochemical Assay Stereotactic Biopsy CT Scanning Demonstrations MR Imaging Demonstrations PET-CT Scanning Demonstrations 13.5.1.7 Differential Diagnosis 13.5.1.8 Discussion 13.5.2 HIV/AIDS Related Intracranial Hodgkin’s Lymphoma 13.5.2.1 Pathogens and Pathogenesis 13.5.2.2 Pathophysiological Basis 13.5.2.3 Clinical Symptoms and Signs 13.5.2.4 Examinations and Their Selection 13.5.2.5 Imaging Demonstrations 13.5.2.6 Criteria for the Diagnosis 13.5.2.7 Differential Diagnosis 13.5.3 HIV/AIDS Related Kaposi’s Sarcoma (KS) 13.5.4 HIV/AIDS Related Non-Definitive Tumor 13.5.4.1 Brain Metastatic Tumor Pathogens and Pathogenesis Pathophysiological Basis Clinical Symptoms and Signs Examinations and Their Selection Imaging Demonstrations CT Scanning MR Imaging PET-CT Scanning Criteria for the Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Primary Tumor Meningioma Multiple Brain Tumors Brain Abscesses Cerebral Cysticercosis Discussion 13.5.4.2 HIV/AIDS Related Leukemia Key Points for the Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Brain Atrophy Induced by Other Infections Brain Atrophy Induced by Other Related Factors Discussion 13.5.4.3 HIV/AIDS Related Meningioma Pathogens and Pathogenesis Pathophysiological Basis Clinical Symptoms and Signs Examinations and Their Selection CT Scanning MR Imaging and MRA Imaging Demonstrations CT Scanning Demonstrations MR Imaging Demonstrations Key Points for the Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Discussion 13.6 HIV/AIDS Related Cerebrovascular Diseases 13.6.1 HIV/AIDS Related Cerebral Infarction 13.6.1.1 Pathogens and Pathogenesis 13.6.1.2 Pathophysiological Basis HIV/AIDS Related Cerebral Infarction HIV/AIDS Related Cerebral Lacunar Infarction 13.6.1.3 Clinical Symptoms and Signs 13.6.1.4 Examinations and Their Selection 13.6.1.5 Imaging Demonstrations 13.6.1.6 Key Points for the Diagnosis 13.6.1.7 Differential Diagnosis 13.6.2 HIV/AIDS Related Cerebral Hemorrhage 13.6.2.1 Pathogens and Pathogenesis 13.6.2.2 Pathophysiological Basis 13.6.2.3 Clinical Symptoms and Signs 13.6.2.4 Examinations and Their Selection 13.6.2.5 Imaging Demonstrations 13.6.2.6 Key Points for the Diagnosis 13.6.2.7 Differential Diagnosis Cerebral Infarction Intracranial Tumor Hemorrhage 13.6.2.8 Discussion 13.6.3 HIV/AIDS Related Encephalatrophy 13.6.3.1 Pathogens and Pathogenesis 13.6.3.2 Pathophysiological Basis 13.6.3.3 Clinical Symptoms and Signs 13.6.3.4 Examinations and Their Selection 13.6.3.5 Imaging Demonstrations 13.6.3.6 Key Points for the Diagnosis 13.6.3.7 Differential Diagnosis Extended Reading 14: HIV/AIDS Related Myeleterosis and Peripheral Neuropathy 14.1 Introduction of HIV/AIDS Related Myelopathy and Peripheral Neuropathy 14.1.1 HIV/AIDS Related Spinal Toxoplasma Infection 14.1.2 HIV/AIDS Related Viral Myelitis 14.1.3 HIV/AIDS Related Spinal Bacterial Infection 14.1.4 HIV/AIDS Related Myeloma 14.1.5 Other HIV/AIDS Related Diseases 14.2 HIV/AIDS Related Spinal Toxoplasma Infection 14.2.1 Pathogen and Pathogenesis 14.2.2 Pathophysiological Basis 14.2.3 Clinical Symptoms and Signs 14.2.4 Examinations and the Selection of Examinations 14.2.4.1 Examinations for Pathogens 14.2.4.2 Immunological Assays 14.2.4.3 CSF Test 14.2.4.4 Diagnostic Imaging 14.2.5 Imaging Demonstrations 14.2.5.1 CT Scanning 14.2.5.2 MR Imaging 14.2.6 Criteria for the Diagnosis 14.2.7 Differential Diagnosis 14.2.7.1 Viral Myelitis 14.2.7.2 Spinal Bacterial Infection 14.3 HIV/AIDS Related Viral Myelitis 14.3.1 HIV/AIDS Related Herpes Simplex Virus Myelitis 14.3.1.1 Pathogen and Pathogenesis 14.3.1.2 Pathophysiological Basis 14.3.1.3 Clinical Symptoms and Signs 14.3.1.4 Examinations and Their Selection Laboratory Test Diagnostic Imaging 14.3.1.5 Imaging Demonstrations CT Demonstrations MRI Demonstrations 14.3.1.6 Criteria for Diagnosis 14.3.1.7 Differential Diagnosis 14.3.2 HIV/AIDS Related Cytomegalovirus Myelitis 14.3.2.1 Pathogen and Pathogenesis 14.3.2.2 Pathophysiological Basis 14.3.2.3 Clinical Symptoms and Signs 14.3.2.4 Examinations and Their Selection Laboratory Tests Diagnostic Imaging 14.3.2.5 Imaging Demonstrations CT Scanning Demonstrations MR Imaging Demonstrations 14.3.2.6 Criteria for Diagnosis 14.3.2.7 Differential Diagnosis 14.4 HIV/AIDS Related Spinal Bacterial Infection 14.4.1 Staphylococcus Aureus Infection 14.4.1.1 Pathogen and Pathogenesis 14.4.1.2 Pathophysiological Basis 14.4.1.3 Clinical Symptoms and Signs 14.4.1.4 Examinations and Their Selection Laboratory Tests Diagnostic Imaging 14.4.1.5 Imaging Demonstrations 14.4.1.6 Criteria for the Diagnostic 14.4.1.7 Differential Diagnosis Acute Epidural Abscess Tuberculosis Myelitis and Tuberculosis Paravertebral Abscesses 14.5 HIV/AIDS Related Vacuolar Myelopathy 14.5.1 Pathogen and Pathogenesis 14.5.2 Pathophysiological Basis 14.5.3 Clinical Symptoms and Signs 14.5.4 Examinations and Their Selection 14.5.4.1 Electrophysiological Examination 14.5.4.2 MR Imaging 14.5.5 Imaging Demonstrations 14.5.6 Criteria for the Diagnosis 14.5.7 Differential Diagnosis 14.5.7.1 Differential Diagnosis from Toxoplasmosis 14.5.7.2 Differential Diagnosis from Subacute Combined Myelopathy 14.5.7.3 Differential Diagnosis from Syringomyelia 14.6 HIV/AIDS Related Myelatrophy 14.6.1 Pathogen and Pathogenesis 14.6.2 Pathophysiological Basis 14.6.3 Clinical Symptoms and Signs 14.6.4 Examinations and Their Selection 14.6.5 Imaging Demonstrations 14.6.6 Criteria for the Diagnosis 14.6.7 Differential Diagnosis 14.7 HIV/AIDS Related Peripheral Neuropathy 14.7.1 HIV/AIDS Related Sensory Neuropathy 14.7.2 HIV/AIDS Related Autonomic Neuropathy 14.7.3 Human Cytomegalovirus Myelopathy (HCMV) 14.7.3.1 Pathogen and Pathogenesis 14.7.3.2 Pathophysiological Basis 14.7.3.3 Clinical Signs and Symptoms 14.7.3.4 Examinations and Their Selection Laboratory Tests Imaging Examinations 14.7.3.5 Imaging Demonstrations 14.7.3.6 Criteria for the Diagnosis 14.7.3.7 Differential Diagnosis 14.7.3.8 Compound Mononeuritis 14.7.4 Distal Symmetrical Polyneuropathy (DSPN) 14.7.5 Multiple Mononeuropathy 14.7.6 Chronic Infectious Demyelinating Polyneuropathy (CIDP) Extended Reading 15: HIV/AIDS Related Eye Diseases 15.1 Introduction to HIV/AIDS Related Oculopathy 15.1.1 HIV/AIDS Related Retinitis 15.1.2 Cytomegalovirus (CMV) Infection 15.1.3 Herpes Virus Induced Lesions 15.1.4 Toxoplasma Retinitis 15.1.5 Other Infections 15.1.6 Eye Neoplasms 15.2 HIV/AIDS Related Orbitopathy 15.2.1 HIV/AIDS Related Intraorbital Mucormycosis 15.2.1.1 Pathogen and Pathogenesis 15.2.1.2 Pathophysiological Basis 15.2.1.3 Clinical Symptoms and Signs 15.2.1.4 Examinations and Their Selection 15.2.1.5 Imaging Demonstrations 15.2.1.6 Criteria for the Diagnosis 15.2.1.7 Differential Diagnosis 15.2.2 HIV/AIDS Related Intraorbital Lymphoma 15.2.2.1 Pathogen and Pathogenesis 15.2.2.2 Pathophysiological Basis 15.2.2.3 Clinical Symptoms and Signs 15.2.2.4 Examinations and Their Selection 15.2.2.5 Imaging Demonstrations B Ultrasound CT Scanning MR Imaging 15.2.2.6 Criteria for the Diagnosis 15.2.2.7 Differential Diagnosis Diffuse Inflammatory Pseudotumor Orbital Cellulitis Diffuse Lymphangioma 15.2.3 HIV/AIDS Related Fungal Suppurative Panophthalmitis 15.2.3.1 Pathogen and Pathogenesis 15.2.3.2 Pathophysiological Basis 15.2.3.3 Clinical Symptoms and Signs 15.2.3.4 Examinations and Their Selection 15.2.3.5 Imaging Demonstrations B Ultrasound CT Scanning MR Imaging 15.2.3.6 Criteria for the Diagnosis B Ultrasound CT Scanning MR Imaging 15.2.3.7 Differential Diagnosis 15.2.4 HIV/AIDS Related Choroidal Tuberculosis 15.2.4.1 Pathogen and Pathogenesis 15.2.4.2 Pathophysiological Basis 15.2.4.3 Clinical Symptoms and Signs 15.2.4.4 Examinations and Their Selection Ultrasonography CT Scanning and MR Imaging Fundus Fluorescein Angiography (FFA) Tuberculin Test 15.2.4.5 Imaging Demonstrations CT Scanning MR Imaging 15.2.4.6 Criteria for the Diagnosis 15.2.4.7 Differential Diagnosis 15.3 HIV/AIDS Related Fundus Diseases 15.3.1 HIV/AIDS Related Microangiopathy 15.3.1.1 Pathogen and Pathogenesis 15.3.1.2 Pathophysiological Basis 15.3.1.3 Clinical Symptoms and Signs 15.3.1.4 Examinations and Their Selection 15.3.1.5 Imaging Demonstrations 15.3.1.6 Criteria for the Diagnosis 15.3.1.7 Differential Diagnosis 15.3.2 HIV/AIDS Related Cytomegalovirus Retinitis (CMVR) 15.3.2.1 Pathogen and Pathogenesis 15.3.2.2 Pathophysiological Basis 15.3.2.3 Clinical Symptoms and Signs 15.3.2.4 Examinations and Their Selection 15.3.2.5 Imaging Demonstrations Ophthalmoscopy FFA 15.3.2.6 Criteria for the Diagnosis 15.3.2.7 Differential Diagnosis 15.3.3 HIV/AIDS Related Varicella-Zoster Virus Retinitis 15.3.3.1 Pathogen and Pathogenesis 15.3.3.2 Pathophysiological Basis 15.3.3.3 Clinical Symptoms and Signs 15.3.3.4 Examinations and Their Selection Ophthalmoscopy FFA PCR Pathological Examinations 15.3.3.5 Imaging Demonstrations 15.3.3.6 Criteria for the Diagnosis 15.3.3.7 Differential Diagnosis 15.3.4 HIV/AIDS Related Toxoplasma Retinitis with Accompanying Retinal Detachment 15.3.4.1 Pathogen and Pathogenesis 15.3.4.2 Pathophysiological Basis 15.3.4.3 Clinical Symptoms and Signs 15.3.4.4 Examinations and Their Selection 15.3.4.5 Imaging Demonstrations 15.3.4.6 Criteria for the Diagnosis 15.3.4.7 Differential Diagnosis 15.3.5 HIV/AIDS Related Pneumocystis Carinii Retinitis 15.3.5.1 Pathogen and Pathogenesis 15.3.5.2 Pathophysiological Basis 15.3.5.3 Clinical Symptoms and Signs 15.3.5.4 Examinations and Their Selections 15.3.5.5 Imaging Demonstrations 15.3.5.6 Differential Diagnosis 15.3.6 HIV/AIDS Related Tuberculous Retinitis 15.3.6.1 Pathogen and Pathogenesis 15.3.6.2 Pathophysiological Basis 15.3.6.3 Clinical Symptoms and Signs 15.3.6.4 Examinations and Their Selections 15.3.6.5 Imaging Demonstrations 15.3.6.6 Criteria for the Diagnosis 15.3.6.7 Differential Diagnosis 15.3.7 HIV/AIDS Related Cryptococcal Retinitis 15.3.8 HIV/AIDS Related Optic Neuropathy 15.3.9 HIV/AIDS Related Retinal Detachment 15.3.10 HIV/AIDS Related Posterior Vitreous Detachment Extended Reading 16: HIV/AIDS Related Neck Diseases 16.1 An Overview of HIV/AIDS Related Neck Diseases 16.2 HIV/AIDS Related Thyromegaly 16.2.1 Pathogens and Pathogenesis 16.2.1.1 Iodine Deficiency and Thyromegaly Caused by Excessive Iodine 16.2.1.2 Substances Causing Thyromegaly 16.2.1.3 Congenital Defects in Thyroid Hormone Synthesis 16.2.1.4 Thyroid Immune Damage due to the Compromised Immunity 16.2.2 Pathophysiological Basis 16.2.3 Clinical Symptoms and Signs 16.2.4 Examinations and Their Selection 16.2.5 Imaging Demonstrations 16.2.5.1 Nuclear Imaging Demonstrations 16.2.5.2 Ultrasound Demonstrations 16.2.5.3 CT Scanning Demonstrations 16.2.5.4 MR Imaging Demonstrations 16.2.6 Discussions 16.2.7 Criteria for the Diagnosis 16.2.8 Differential Diagnosis 16.2.8.1 Diffuse Thyromegaly 16.2.8.2 Hashimoto Thyroiditis 16.2.8.3 Thyroid Carcinoma 16.3 HIV/AIDS Related Cervical Lymphoid Tuberculosis 16.3.1 Pathogen and Pathogenesis 16.3.1.1 Primary Lymphoid Tuberculosis 16.3.1.2 Secondary Lymphoid Tuberculosis 16.3.2 Pathophysiological Basis 16.3.3 Clinical Symptoms and Signs 16.3.4 Examinations and Their Selection 16.3.5 Imaging Demonstrations 16.3.5.1 Ultrasound 16.3.5.2 CT Scanning 16.3.5.3 MR Imaging 16.3.6 Discussions 16.3.7 Criteria for the Diagnosis 16.3.8 Differential Diagnosis 16.3.8.1 Cervical Lymphoid Metastatic Neoplasms 16.3.8.2 Cervical Lymphoma 16.3.8.3 Cervical Schwannoma 16.4 HIV/AIDS Related Neoplasms 16.4.1 Pathogen and Pathogenesis 16.4.2 Clinical Symptoms and Signs 16.4.3 Examinations and Their Selection 16.4.3.1 Hemogram 16.4.3.2 Bone Marrow Examination 16.4.3.3 Diagnostic Imaging 16.4.3.4 Puncture of Lymph Nodes for Needle Suction and Smear 16.4.3.5 Pathological Examination of Lymph Nodes 16.4.4 Imaging Demonstrations 16.4.4.1 Ultrasonography 16.4.4.2 CT Scanning 16.4.4.3 MR Imaging 16.4.5 Criteria for the Diagnosis 16.4.6 Differential Diagnosis 16.4.6.1 Reactive Follicular Hyperplasia 16.4.6.2 Vascular Immunoblast Lymphadenopathy 16.5 HIV/AIDS Related Paranasal Sinusitis 16.5.1 Pathogen and Pathogenesis 16.5.2 Pathophysiological Basis 16.5.3 Clinical Symptoms and Signs 16.5.4 Examinations and Their Selection 16.5.5 Imaging Demonstrations 16.5.5.1 Acute Paranasal Sinusitis 16.5.5.2 Chronic Paranasal Sinusitis 16.5.5.3 Fungal Paranasal Sinusitis 16.5.6 Diagnostic Criteria 16.5.7 Differential Diagnosis 16.5.7.1 Chronic Rhinitis 16.5.7.2 Nervous Headache 16.5.7.3 Paranasal Sinus Cyst 16.5.7.4 Paranasal Sinus Neoplasms Extended Reading 17: HIV/AIDS Related Respiratory Diseases 17.1 General Overview of HIV/AIDS Related Respiratory Diseases 17.1.1 AIDS Related Pulmonary Infections 17.1.1.1 Pneumocystis Carnii Pneumonia 17.1.1.2 Fungal Infections Cryptococcal Pneumonia Aspergillus Pneumonia Penicillium Marneffei Pneumonia Candida Pneumonia Histoplasma Capsulatum Pneumonia Mucor Pneumonia 17.1.1.3 Pulmonary Tuberculosis 17.1.1.4 Bacterial Pneumonia 17.1.1.5 Viral Pneumonia 17.1.1.6 Lymphoid Interstitial Pneumonia 17.1.1.7 Toxoplasma Pneumonia 17.1.2 HIV/AIDS Related Pulmonary Tumors 17.1.2.1 Kaposi’s Sarcoma 17.1.2.2 Other HIV/AIDS Related Malignancies 17.2 HIV/AIDS Related Pneumocystis Carnii Pneumonia (PCP) 17.2.1 Pathogens and Pathogenesis 17.2.2 Pathophysiological Basis 17.2.3 Clinical Symptoms and Signs 17.2.4 Examination Methods and Selections 17.2.4.1 Diagnostic Imaging 17.2.4.2 Etiological Examination 17.2.4.3 Other Examinations 17.2.5 Imaging Demonstrations 17.2.5.1 Chest X-ray 17.2.5.2 CT Scanning 17.2.5.3 In the Early Stage (Exudation Period) 17.2.5.4 In the Middle Stage (Infiltration and Fusion Period) 17.2.5.5 In the Middle-Advanced Stage (Parenchymal Changes Period) 17.2.5.6 In the Absorption Period 17.2.5.7 In the Advanced Stage (Pulmonary Fibrosis Period) 17.2.6 Diagnostic Basis 17.2.6.1 Case History 17.2.6.2 Clinical Symptoms 17.2.6.3 Bronchoalveolar Lavage (BAL) 17.2.6.4 Biopsy or Autopsy for Pathological Examination 17.2.6.5 Imaging Demonstrations Chest X-ray CT Scanning with High Resolution Nuclear Medicine Examinations 17.2.7 Differential Diagnosis 17.2.7.1 Bacterial Pneumonia 17.2.7.2 Pulmonary Mycobacterium Tuberculosis Infection 17.2.7.3 Cytomegalovirus Pneumonia 17.2.7.4 Cryptococcus Neoformans Pneumonia 17.2.7.5 Lymphoid Interstitial Pneumonia 17.2.8 Discussion 17.3 HIV/AIDS Related Pulmonary Bacterial Infections 17.3.1 HIV/AIDS Related Tuberculosis 17.3.1.1 Pathogen and Pathogenesis 17.3.1.2 Pathophysiological Basis Exudation Based Lesions Proliferation Based Lesions Degeneration Based Lesions (Caseous Necrosis) Results of Tuberculosis Spread and Deterioration of Tuberculosis Lesions 17.3.1.3 Clinical Symptoms and Signs Primary Tuberculosis (Type I) Hematogenous Disseminated Pulmonary Tuberculosis (Type II) Infiltrative Pulmonary Tuberculosis (Type III) Chronic Fibrous Cavity Pulmonary Tuberculosis (Type IV) Tuberculous Pleuritis 17.3.1.4 Examinations and Their Selection Sputum Tuberculin Test Immunological Diagnosis of Pulmonary TB Thoracoscopy and Mediastinoscopy Diagnostic Imaging 17.3.1.5 Imaging Demonstrations Primary Tuberculosis Hematogenous Disseminated Pulmonary Tuberculosis Secondary Pulmonary Tuberculosis Chronic Fibrous Cavity Pulmonary Tuberculosis Tuberculous Pleuritis HIV/AIDS Related Lymph Node Tuberculosis Miliary Tuberculosis Fusion Period of Miliary Pulmonary TB Infiltrative Pulmonary Tuberculosis Chronic Fibrous Cavity Pulmonary Tuberculosis (with Rare Occurrence) Tuberculous Pleuritis 17.3.1.6 Diagnostic Basis Clinical Symptoms and Signs Tuberculin Test Bacterial Culture Molecular Biology Examination Diagnostic Imaging 17.3.1.7 Differential Diagnosis Pneumocystis Carinii Pneumonia Fungal Infections Non-tuberculosis Mycobacteria Pneumonia Other Pneumonia Pulmonary Abscesses Lung Cancer 17.3.1.8 Discussions 17.3.2 HIV/AIDS Related Pulmonary Nontuberculous Mycobacterial Infections 17.3.2.1 Pathogens and Pathogenesis 17.3.2.2 Pathophysiological Basis 17.3.2.3 Clinical Symptoms and Signs 17.3.2.4 Examinations and Their Selection Bacteriologic Examinations Pathological Examinations Molecular Biological Examinations Mantoux Skin Test Chest X-ray and CT Scanning 17.3.2.5 Imaging Demonstrations 17.3.2.6 Diagnostic Basis 17.3.2.7 Differential Diagnosis 17.3.2.8 Discussion 17.3.3 HIV/AIDS Related Staphylococcus Aureus Pneumonia 17.3.3.1 Pathogens and Pathogenesis 17.3.3.2 Pathophysiological Basis 17.3.3.3 Clinical Symptoms and Signs 17.3.3.4 Examinations and Their Selection Bacteriological Examinations Blood Tests Immunological Examinations Bronchofiberoscopy Percutaneous Puncture Biopsy Chest X-ray and CT Scanning 17.3.3.5 Imaging Demonstrations 17.3.3.6 Diagnostic Basis Clinical Symptoms Clinical Signs Blood Tests Bacteriological Examinations Chest X-ray and CT Scanning 17.3.3.7 Differential Diagnosis 17.3.3.8 Discussion 17.3.4 HIV/AIDS Related Rhodococcus Equi Pneumonia 17.3.4.1 Pathogens and Pathogenesis 17.3.4.2 Pathophysiological Basis 17.3.4.3 Clinical Symptoms and Signs 17.3.4.4 Examinations and Their Selection Identification of the Bacteria Pathological Examinations Chest X-ray and CT Scanning Percutaneous Lung Puncture for Biopsy 17.3.4.5 Imaging Demonstrations 17.3.4.6 Diagnostic Basis Strain Identification Pulmonary Puncture for Biopsy and Pathological Examinations Imaging Demonstrations Differential Diagnosis 17.3.4.7 Discussion 17.4 HIV/AIDS Related Pulmonary Fungal Infections 17.4.1 HIV/AIDS Related Pulmonary Aspergillus Infection 17.4.1.1 Pathogens and Pathogenesis 17.4.1.2 Pathophysiological Basis 17.4.1.3 Clinical Symptoms and Signs HIV/AIDS Related Aspergillus Bronchopneumonia HIV/AIDS Related Spherical Pulmonary Aspergillosis Invasive Pulmonary Aspergillosis 17.4.1.4 Examinations and Their Selection Microscopic Examination of Sputum Immunologic Assays Fiberobronchoscopy Lavage and Biopsy Chest X-rays and CT Scanning 17.4.1.5 Imaging Demonstrations 17.4.1.6 Diagnostic Basis Fiberobronchoscopy Lavage and Biopsy Sputum Culture Immunologic Assays Diagnostic Imaging Vascular Invasion Type of Pulmonary Aspergillosis Airway Invasion Type of Pulmonary Aspergillosis Allergic Bronchopulmonary Aspergillosis 17.4.1.7 Differential Diagnosis Congenital Bronchial Atresia Allergic Bronchial-Pulmonary Aspergillosis Central Lung Cancer Pulmonary Cavities and Abscesses Induced by Tuberculoma Dissolved, Secondary Pulmonary TB, Chronic Lung Abscess and Peripheral Lung Cancer as Well as Cystic Bronchiectasis 17.4.1.8 Discussion 17.4.2 HIV/AIDS Related Pulmonary Cryptococcus Infection 17.4.2.1 Pathogens and Pathogenesis 17.4.2.2 Pathophysiological Basis 17.4.2.3 Clinical Symptoms and Signs 17.4.2.4 Examinations and Their Selection 17.4.2.5 Imaging Demonstrations 17.4.2.6 Diagnosis Basis 17.4.2.7 Differential Diagnosis 17.4.2.8 Discussion 17.4.3 HIV/AIDS Related Pulmonary Candida Infection 17.4.3.1 Pathogens and Pathogenesis 17.4.3.2 Pathophysiological Basis 17.4.3.3 Clinical symptoms and signs Bronchitis Type Pneumonia Type Allergy Type 17.4.3.4 Examinations and Their Selection 17.4.3.5 Imaging Demonstrations Chest X-ray CT Scanning 17.4.3.6 Diagnostic Basis Clinical Symptoms Signs Cultures Chest X-ray and CT Scanning 17.4.3.7 Differential Diagnosis Bacterial Pneumonia Virus Pneumonia Pulmonary Tuberculosis 17.4.3.8 Discussion 17.4.4 HIV/AIDS Related Penicillium Marneffei Infection 17.4.4.1 Pathogens and Pathogenesis 17.4.4.2 Pathophysiological Basis 17.4.4.3 Clinical Symptoms and Signs 17.4.4.4 Examinations and Their Selection Pathogen Examinations Pathological Examinations Laboratory Tests Imaging Demonstrations 17.4.4.5 Imaging Demonstrations CT Scanning Routine Chest X-ray 17.4.4.6 Diagnostic Basis Chest X-ray and CT Scanning Pathogenic Examinations Histopathological Examinations Immunological Assays Metabolites Test and PCR 17.4.4.7 Differential Diagnosis Bronchiectasis Blood Borne Staphylococcus Aureus Pulmonary Abscess 17.4.4.8 Discussion 17.4.5 HIV/AIDS Related Mucor Infection 17.4.5.1 Pathogens and Pathogenesis 17.4.5.2 Pathophysiological Basis 17.4.5.3 Clinical Symptoms and Signs 17.4.5.4 Examinations and Their Selection 17.4.5.5 Imaging Demonstrations 17.4.5.6 Diagnostic Basis 17.4.5.7 Differential Diagnosis 17.4.5.8 Discussion 17.5 HIV/AIDS Related Pulmonary Virus Infection 17.5.1 HIV/AIDS Related Cytomegalovirus Pneumonia 17.5.1.1 Pathogen and Pathogenesis 17.5.1.2 Pathophysiological Basis 17.5.1.3 Clinical Symptoms and Signs 17.5.1.4 Examinations and Their Selection Immunological Assays PCR Diagnostic Imaging 17.5.1.5 Imaging Demonstrations 17.5.1.6 Diagnostic Basis 17.5.1.7 Differential Diagnosis 17.5.1.8 Discussion 17.5.2 HIV/AIDS Related Herpes Simplex Viral Pneumonia 17.5.2.1 Pathogen and Pathogenesis 17.5.2.2 Pathophysiological Basis 17.5.2.3 Clinical Symptoms and Signs 17.5.2.4 Examinations and Their Selection Etiological Examinations Cell Culture Virus Detection ELISA Diagnostic Imaging 17.5.2.5 Imaging Demonstrations 17.5.2.6 Diagnostic Basis 17.5.2.7 Differential Diagnosis 17.5.2.8 Discussion 17.5.3 HIV/AIDS Related Lymphoid Interstitial Pneumonia 17.5.3.1 Pathogen and Pathogenesis 17.5.3.2 Pathophysiological Basis 17.5.3.3 Clinical Symptoms and Signs 17.5.3.4 Examinations and Their Selection 17.5.3.5 Imaging Demonstrations 17.5.3.6 Diagnostic Basis 17.5.3.7 Differential Diagnosis 17.5.3.8 Discussion 17.6 HIV/AIDS Related Pulmonary Parasitic Diseases 17.6.1 HIV/AIDS Related Pulmonary Toxoplasmosis 17.6.1.1 Pathogen and Pathogenesis 17.6.1.2 Pathophysiological Basis 17.6.1.3 Clinical Symptoms and Signs 17.6.1.4 Examinations and Their Selection Pathogen Examinations Immunological Assays Pathological Examinations Diagnostic Imaging 17.6.1.5 Imaging Demonstrations 17.6.1.6 Diagnostic Basis Pathogen Examinations Immunological Assays Pathological Examinations Diagnostic Imaging 17.6.1.7 Differential Diagnosis 17.6.2 HIV/AIDS Related Pulmonary Strongyloidiasis 17.6.2.1 Pathogen and Pathogenesis 17.6.2.2 Clinical Symptoms and Signs 17.6.2.3 Examinations and Their Selection 17.6.2.4 Diagnostic Imaging 17.6.2.5 Diagnostic Basis 17.6.2.6 Differential Diagnosis 17.7 HIV/AIDS Related Pulmonary Neoplasms 17.7.1 HIV/AIDS Related Lymphoma 17.7.1.1 Pathogen and Pathogenesis 17.7.1.2 Pathophysiological Basis 17.7.1.3 Clinical Symptoms and Signs 17.7.1.4 Examinations and Their Selection 17.7.1.5 Diagnostic Imaging 17.7.1.6 Diagnostic Basis 17.7.1.7 Differential Diagnosis 17.7.1.8 Discussion 17.7.2 HIV/AIDS Related Kaposi’s Sarcoma 17.7.2.1 Pathogen and Pathogenesis 17.7.2.2 Pathophysiological Basis 17.7.2.3 Clinical Symptoms and Signs 17.7.2.4 Examinations and Their Selection 17.7.2.5 Imaging Demonstrations 17.7.2.6 Diagnostic Basis 17.7.2.7 Differential Diagnosis Other Sarcoma and Vascular Tumor Pneumocystis Carinii Pneumonia 17.7.3 HIV/AIDS Related Lung Cancer 17.7.3.1 Pathogen and Pathogenesis Smoking Atmosphere Pollution Occupational Factors Chronic Pulmonary Diseases Internal Factors of the Human Body 17.7.3.2 Pathophysiological Basis 17.7.3.3 Clinical Signs and Symptoms Early Symptoms and Signs Symptoms in the Advanced Stage Symptoms of Metastatic Lung Cancer Signs 17.7.3.4 Examinations and Their Selection Imaging Examinations Bronchoscopy Cytological Examinations Exploratory Thoracotomy 17.7.3.5 Imaging Demonstrations Chest X-ray CT Scanning MR Imaging PET/CT Scanning 17.7.3.6 Diagnostic Basis 17.7.3.7 Differential Diagnosis Tuberculosis Pulmonary Inflammations Other Pulmonary Neoplasms Extended Readings 18: HIV/AIDS Related Cardiac Diseases 18.1 An Overview of HIV/AIDS Related Cardiac Diseases 18.1.1 Pericardial Disease 18.1.2 Pulmonary Hypertension 18.1.3 Myocarditis 18.1.4 Dilated Cardiomyopathy 18.1.5 Cardiac Neoplasm 18.1.5.1 Kaposi’s Sarcoma 18.1.5.2 Malignant Lymphomas 18.1.6 Valvular Heart Disease and Pulmonary Vascular Disease 18.2 HIV/AIDS Related Pericarditis and Pericardial Effusion 18.2.1 Pathogens and Pathogenesis 18.2.2 Pathophysiological Basis 18.2.3 Clinical Symptoms and Signs 18.2.4 Examinations and Their Selection 18.2.4.1 Echocardiography 18.2.4.2 Electrocardiography 18.2.4.3 Pericardiocentesis 18.2.4.4 Diagnostic Imaging 18.2.5 Imaging Demonstrations 18.2.6 Criteria for the Diagnosis 18.2.7 Differential Diagnosis 18.3 HIV/AIDS Related Myocarditis and Cardiomyopathy 18.3.1 HIV/AIDS Related Myocarditis 18.3.1.1 Pathogens and Pathogenesis Viral Myocarditis Bacterial Myocarditis Parasitic Myocarditis 18.3.1.2 Pathophysiological Basis 18.3.1.3 Clinical Symptoms and Signs 18.3.1.4 Examinations and Their Selection Electrocardiography Echocardiography Laboratory Blood Tests Diagnostic Imaging 18.3.1.5 Imaging Demonstrations 18.3.2 HIV/AIDS Related Cardiomyopathy 18.3.3 Discussion 18.4 HIV/AIDS Related Endocardial Diseases 18.5 HIV/AIDS Related Cardiac Tumors 18.6 HIV/AIDS Related Vascular Diseases 18.6.1 Venous Thrombosis and Pulmonary Embolism 18.6.2 Pulmonary Hypertension 18.6.3 Vasculitis Extended Reading 19: HIV/AIDS Related Gastrointestinal Diseases 19.1 An Overview of HIV/AIDS Related Gastrointestinal Diseases 19.2 HIV/AIDS Related Viral Esophagitis 19.2.1 HIV/AIDS Related CMV Esophagitis 19.2.1.1 Pathogens and Pathogenesis 19.2.1.2 Pathophysiological Basis 19.2.1.3 Clinical Symptoms and Signs 19.2.1.4 Examinations and Their Selection 19.2.1.5 Imaging Demonstrations Gastrointestinal Radiography Direct Signs by Esophagoscopy 19.2.1.6 Criteria for the Diagnosis Clinical Symptoms Endoscopy Biopsy Esophageal Barium Meal Radiology Cytomegalorirus 19.2.1.7 Differential Diagnosis 19.2.2 HIV/AIDS Related HSV Esophagitis 19.2.2.1 Pathogens and Pathogenesis 19.2.2.2 Pathophysiological Basis 19.2.2.3 Clinical Symptoms and Signs 19.2.2.4 Examinations and Their Selection 19.2.2.5 Imaging Demonstrations Gastrointestinal Radiography Esophagoscopy 19.2.2.6 Criteria for the Diagnosis 19.2.2.7 Differential Diagnosis Cytomegalovirus Esophagitis HZV Infection HIV/AIDS Related Virus Esophagitis Papilloma Virus Infection 19.2.3 HIV/AIDS Related Esophagitis 19.3 HIV/AIDS Related Candida Esophagitis 19.3.1 Pathogens and Pathogenesis 19.3.2 Pathophysiological Basis 19.3.3 Clinical Symptoms and Signs 19.3.4 Examinations and Their Selection 19.3.5 Imaging Demonstrations 19.3.5.1 Digestive Radiography 19.3.5.2 Digestive Endoscopy 19.3.6 Criteria for the Diagnosis 19.3.7 Differential Diagnosis 19.3.7.1 Cytomegalovirus Esophagitis 19.3.7.2 Herpes Simplex Virus Esophagitis 19.4 HIV/AIDS Related Gastritis 19.4.1 Pathogens and Pathogenesis 19.4.2 Pathophysiological Basis 19.4.3 Clinical Symptoms and Signs 19.4.4 Examinations and Their Selection 19.4.5 Imaging Demonstrations 19.4.5.1 Digestive Radiography 19.4.5.2 Gastroscopic Demonstrations 19.4.6 Criteria for the Diagnosis 19.4.7 Differential Diagnosis 19.4.7.1 Peptic Ulcer 19.4.7.2 Chronic Biliary Diseases 19.5 HIV/AIDS Related Gastroduodenal Ulcer 19.5.1 Pathogens and Pathogenesis 19.5.2 Pathophysiological Basis 19.5.2.1 Erosion 19.5.2.2 Acute Ulcer 19.5.2.3 Chronic Ulcer 19.5.3 Clinical Symptoms and Signs 19.5.4 Examinations and Their Selection 19.5.4.1 Gastrointestinal Endoscopy and Biopsy 19.5.4.2 Diagnostic Imaging 19.5.5 Imaging Demonstrations 19.5.5.1 Digestive Radiography 19.5.5.2 Gastroscopy 19.5.6 Criteria for the Diagnosis 19.5.7 Differential Diagnosis 19.6 HIV/AIDS Related Ileocecal Tuberculosis 19.6.1 Pathogens and Pathogenesis 19.6.2 Pathophysiological Basis 19.6.2.1 Ulcerative Intestinal Tuberculosis 19.6.2.2 Hyperplastic Intestinal Tuberculosis 19.6.3 Clinical Symptoms and Signs 19.6.4 Examinations and Their Selection 19.6.4.1 Tuberculin Test 19.6.4.2 Hemogram Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate 19.6.4.3 Stool Examination 19.6.4.4 Colon Endoscopy 19.6.4.5 Diagnostic Imaging 19.6.5 Imaging Demonstrations 19.6.5.1 Digestive Radiology 19.6.5.2 CT Scanning 19.6.5.3 Gastroscopy 19.6.6 Criteria for the Diagnosis 19.6.7 Differential Diagnosis 19.6.7.1 Differential Diagnosis from Crohn’s Disease 19.6.7.2 Differential Diagnosis from Ileocecal Tumor 19.6.7.3 Differential Diagnosis from Ulcerative Colitis 19.7 HIV/AIDS Related Vesicorectal Fistula 19.7.1 Pathogens and Pathogenesis 19.7.2 Pathophysiological Basis 19.7.3 Clinical Symptoms and Signs 19.7.4 Examinations and Their Selection 19.7.4.1 Cystoscopy 19.7.4.2 Colonoscopy 19.7.4.3 Cystography 19.7.5 Imaging Demonstrations 19.7.6 Criteria for the Diagnosis 19.7.6.1 Irritative Symptoms of the Bladder 19.7.6.2 Clinical Symptoms and Signs 19.7.6.3 Cystography 19.7.6.4 Cystoscopy 19.7.6.5 Colonoscopy 19.7.7 Differential Diagnosis 19.8 HIV/AIDS Related Gastrointestinal Viral Infections 19.8.1 HIV/AIDS Related Gastrointestinal Cytomegalovirus Infection 19.8.1.1 Pathogens and Pathogenesis 19.8.1.2 Pathophysiological Basis 19.8.1.3 Clinical Symptoms and Signs 19.8.1.4 Examinations and Their Selection 19.8.1.5 Imaging Demonstrations Digestive Radiology Digestive Endoscopy 19.8.1.6 Criteria for the Diagnosis Cytology of Shedding Cells Application of Enzyme Labeled Human Cytomegalovirus (HCMV) Molecular Hybridization Test Serological Tests Gastrointestinal Radiology 19.8.1.7 Differential Diagnosis 19.8.2 HIV/AIDS Related Gastrointestinal Herpes Simplex Virus Infection 19.8.2.1 Pathogens and Pathogenesis 19.8.2.2 Pathophysiological Basis 19.8.2.3 Clinical Symptoms and Signs 19.8.2.4 Examinations and Their Selection HSV Antibody Determination Virus Isolation In Situ Hybridization Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) Pathological Examination 19.8.2.5 Imaging Demonstrations Gastrointestinal Radiology Gastrointestinal Endoscopy 19.8.2.6 Criteria for the Diagnosis 19.8.2.7 Differential Diagnosis 19.8.3 HIV/AIDS Related Gastrointestinal Adenovirus Infection 19.8.3.1 Pathogens and Pathogenesis 19.8.3.2 Pathophysiological Basis 19.8.3.3 Clinical Symptoms and Signs 19.8.3.4 Examinations and Their Selection Virus Particles Detection Tests and Assays Molecular Biology Test Diagnostic Imaging Digestive Endoscopy 19.8.3.5 Imaging Demonstrations 19.8.3.6 Criteria for the Diagnosis 19.8.3.7 Differential Diagnosis 19.9 HIV/AIDS Related Gastrointestinal Bacterial Infections 19.9.1 HIV/AIDS Related Gastrointestinal Mycobacterial Infection 19.9.1.1 Pathogens and Pathogenesis 19.9.1.2 Pathophysiological Basis 19.9.1.3 Clinical Symptoms and Signs 19.9.1.4 Examinations and Their Selection 19.9.1.5 Imaging Demonstrations Gastrointestinal Radiography Digestive Endoscopy 19.9.1.6 Criteria for the Diagnosis 19.9.1.7 Differential Diagnosis 19.9.2 HIV/AIDS Related Gastrointestinal Salmonella Infection 19.9.2.1 Pathogens and Pathogenesis 19.9.2.2 Pathophysiological Basis 19.9.2.3 Clinical Symptoms and Signs 19.9.2.4 Examinations and Their Selection 19.9.2.5 Imaging Demonstrations Gastrointestinal Radiology Digestive Endoscopy 19.9.2.6 Criteria for the Diagnosis Rapid Diagnostic Test Widal’s Test Gastrointestinal Radiology Digestive Endoscopy 19.9.2.7 Differential Diagnosis 19.9.3 HIV/AIDS Related Gastrointestinal Shigella Infection 19.9.3.1 Pathogens and Pathogenesis 19.9.3.2 Pathophysiological Basis 19.9.3.3 Clinical Symptoms and Signs 19.9.3.4 Examinations and Their Selection 19.9.3.5 Imaging Demonstrations Gastrointestinal Radiography Digestive Endoscopy 19.9.3.6 Criteria for the Diagnosis 19.9.3.7 Differential Diagnosis 19.9.4 HIV/AIDS Related Campylobacter Jejuni Infection 19.9.4.1 Pathogens and Pathogenesis 19.9.4.2 Pathophysiological Basis 19.9.4.3 Clinical Symptoms and Signs 19.9.4.4 Examinations and Their Selection Routine Stool Test Bacteria Culture Diagnostic Imaging Gastrointestinal Endoscopy 19.9.4.5 Imaging Demonstrations 19.9.4.6 Criteria for the Diagnosis 19.9.4.7 Differential Diagnosis 19.9.5 HIV/AIDS Related Gastrointestinal Histoplasmosis 19.9.5.1 Pathogens and Athogenesis 19.9.5.2 Pathophysiological Basis 19.9.5.3 Clinical Symptoms and Signs 19.9.5.4 Imaging Demonstrations Gastrointestinal Radiology Gastrointestinal Endoscopy 19.9.5.5 Criteria for the Diagnosis Pathologic Examination Immunological Assays Histological Examination Fungi Culture Gastrointestinal Radiology Gastrointestinal Endoscopy 19.9.5.6 Differential Diagnosis 19.10 HIV/AIDS Related Gastrointestinal Parasitosis 19.10.1 HIV/AIDS Related Gastrointestinal Cryptosporidiosis 19.10.1.1 Pathogens and Pathogenesis 19.10.1.2 Pathophysiological Basis 19.10.1.3 Clinical Symptoms and Signs 19.10.1.4 Examinations and Their Selection Stool Examination Pathogen Examination Immunological Assays Diagnostic Imaging Gastrointestinal Endoscopy 19.10.1.5 Imaging Demonstrations Gastrointestinal Radiology Gastrointestinal Endoscopy 19.10.1.6 Criteria for the Diagnosis 19.10.1.7 Differential Diagnosis 19.10.2 HIV/AIDS Related Gastrointestinal Isosporiasis 19.10.2.1 Pathogens and Pathogenesis 19.10.2.2 Pathophysiological Basis 19.10.2.3 Clinical Symptoms and Signs 19.10.2.4 Examinations and Their Selection Pathogen Examination Diagnostic Imaging 19.10.2.5 Imaging Demonstrations 19.10.2.6 Criteria for the Diagnosis 19.10.2.7 Differential Diagnosis 19.10.3 HIV/AIDS Related Gastrointestinal Entamoebiasis Histolytica 19.10.3.1 Pathogens and Pathogenesis 19.10.3.2 Pathophysiological Basis 19.10.3.3 Clinical Symptoms and Signs 19.10.3.4 Examinations and Their Selection Stool Examination Immunological Assay Culture Gastrointestinal Endoscopy Diagnostic Imaging 19.10.3.5 Imaging Demonstrations Gastrointestinal Radiology Gastrointestinal Endoscopy 19.10.3.6 Criteria for the Diagnosis 19.10.3.7 Differential Diagnosis 19.10.4 HIV/AIDS Related Gastrointestinal Giardiasis 19.10.4.1 Pathogens and Pathogenesis 19.10.4.2 Pathophysiological Basis 19.10.4.3 Clinical Symptoms and Signs 19.10.4.4 Examinations and Their Selection Pathogenic Examination Immunological Assay Gastrointestinal Endoscopy Gastrointestinal Radiography 19.10.4.5 Imaging Demonstrations Gastrointestinal Radiography Gastrointestinal Endoscopy 19.10.4.6 Criteria for the Diagnosis 19.10.4.7 Differential Diagnosis 19.10.5 HIV/AIDS Related Gastrointestinal Microsporidiosis 19.10.5.1 Pathogens and Pathogenesis 19.10.5.2 Pathophysiological Basis 19.10.5.3 Clinical Symptoms and Signs 19.10.5.4 Examinations and Their Selection 19.10.5.5 Imaging Demonstrations Gastrointestinal Radiology Gastrointestinal Endoscopy 19.10.5.6 Criteria for the Diagnosis 19.10.5.7 Differential Diagnosis 19.10.6 HIV/AIDS Related Gastrointestinal Toxoplasmosis 19.10.6.1 Pathogens and Pathogenesis 19.10.6.2 Pathophysiological Basis 19.10.6.3 Clinical Symptoms and Signs 19.10.6.4 Examinations and Their Selection 19.10.6.5 Imaging Demonstrations Gastrointestinal Radiology Gastrointestinal Endoscopy 19.10.6.6 Criteria for the Diagnosis 19.10.6.7 Differential Diagnosis 19.10.7 HIV/AIDS Related Strongyloidiasis 19.10.7.1 Pathogens and Pathogenesis 19.10.7.2 Pathophysiological Basis 19.10.7.3 Clinical Symptoms and Signs 19.10.7.4 Examinations and Their Selection Pathogen Examination Immunological Assay Gastrointestinal Radiography Gastrointestinal Endoscopy 19.10.7.5 Imaging Demonstrations Gastrointestinal Radiology Gastrointestinal Endoscopy 19.10.7.6 Criteria for the Diagnosis 19.10.7.7 Differential Diagnosis 19.11 HIV/AIDS Related Intestinal Tumors 19.11.1 HIV/AIDS Related Intestinal Lymphoma 19.11.1.1 Pathogens and Pathogenesis 19.11.1.2 Pathophysiological Basis 19.11.1.3 Clinical Symptoms and Signs 19.11.1.4 Examinations and Their Selection 19.11.1.5 Imaging Demonstrations Gastrointestinal Radiology CT Scanning Gastrointestinal Endoscopy Pathological Analysis 19.11.1.6 Criteria for the Diagnosis Gastrointestinal Radiology CT Scanning Histopathological Analysis 19.11.1.7 Differential Diagnosis Intestinal Adenocarcinoma Interstitial Tumor 19.11.1.8 Discussion 19.11.2 HIV/AIDS Related Intestinal Kaposi’s Sarcoma (KS) 19.11.2.1 Pathogens and Pathogenesis 19.11.2.2 Pathophysiological Basis 19.11.2.3 Clinical Symptoms and Signs 19.11.2.4 Examinations and Their Selection Gastrointestinal Radiology Gastrointestinal Endoscopy Biopsy and Pathology Screening 19.11.2.5 Imaging Demonstrations Gastrointestinal Radiology Gastrointestinal Endoscopy 19.11.2.6 Criteria for the Diagnosis 19.11.2.7 Differential Diagnosis Lymphatic Sarcoma Angiosarcoma 19.11.3 HIV/AIDS Related Other Gastrointestinal Tumors 19.11.3.1 HIV/AIDS Related Antrum of Stomach Moderately-Poorly Differentiated Adenocarcinoma (Ulcerative Type) Criteria for the Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis 19.11.3.2 HIV/AIDS Related Anal/Rectal Carcinoma Extended Reading 20: HIV/AIDS Related Hepatobiliary, Pancreatic and Splenic Diseases 20.1 General Introduction to HIV/AIDS Related Hepatobiliary, Pancreatic and Splenic Diseases 20.1.1 Hepatic Diseases 20.1.2 Gallbladder and Biliary Diseases 20.1.3 Splenic Diseases 20.1.4 Pancreatic Diseases 20.1.4.1 Imaging Demonstrations Review 20.2 HIV/AIDS Related Liver Tumor 20.2.1 HIV/AIDS Related Lymphoma 20.2.1.1 Pathogens and Pathogenesis 20.2.1.2 Pathophysiological Basis 20.2.1.3 Clinical Symptoms and Signs 20.2.1.4 Examinations and Their Selection US Examination, CT Scanning and MR Imaging PET Liver Biopsy 20.2.1.5 Imaging Demonstrations Ultrasound Examination CT Scanning MR Imaging 20.2.1.6 Evidence for the Diagnosis 20.2.1.7 Differential Diagnosis Diffuse Hepatic Cancer Hepatic Metastatic Tumor and Nodular Hepatocellular Carcinoma 20.2.2 HIV/AIDS Related Kaposi Sarcoma (KS) 20.2.2.1 Pathogens and Pathogenesis 20.2.2.2 Pathophysiological Basis 20.2.2.3 Clinical Symptoms and Signs 20.2.2.4 Examinations and Their Selection 20.2.2.5 Imaging Demonstrations Ultrasound CT Scanning MR Imaging 20.2.2.6 Diagnostic Basis 20.2.2.7 Differential Diagnosis Hepatic Metastases Hepatic Lymphoma Hepatic Schistosomiasis 20.2.3 HIV/AIDS Related Hepatic Hemangioma 20.2.3.1 Pathogens and Pathogenesis 20.2.3.2 Pathophysiological Basis Cavernous Hemangioma Sclerotic Hemangioma Hemangioendothelioma Capillary Hemangioma 20.2.3.3 Clinical Symptoms and Signs 20.2.3.4 Examinations and Their Selection CT Examination MRI Examination Ultrasound 20.2.3.5 Imaging Demonstrations Ultrasound CT Scanning MR Imaging 20.2.3.6 Criteria for the Diagnosis 20.2.3.7 Differential Diagnosis Primary Hepatocellular Carcinoma Hepatic Metastases Focal Nodular Hyperplasia (FNH) 20.3 HIV/AIDS Related Viral Hepatitis 20.3.1 HIV/AIDS Related Viral Hepatitis A 20.3.1.1 Pathogens and Pathogenesis 20.3.1.2 Pathophysiological Basis 20.3.1.3 Clinical Symptoms and Signs 20.3.1.4 Examinations and Their Selection Blood Test Urine Test Serum HAV Antibody Liver Function Test CT Scanning and MR Imaging 20.3.2 HIV/AIDS Related Viral Hepatitis B 20.3.2.1 Pathogens and Pathogenesis 20.3.2.2 Pathophysiological Basis 20.3.2.3 Clinical Symptoms and Signs 20.3.2.4 Examinations and Their Selections Liver Function Test CT Scanning and MR Imaging Ultrasound Pathological Examination of Liver Tissues 20.3.2.5 Imaging Demonstrations 20.3.3 HIV/AIDS Related Viral Hepatitis C 20.3.3.1 Pathogens and Pathogenesis 20.3.3.2 Pathophysiological Basis 20.3.3.3 Clinical Symptoms and Signs 20.3.3.4 Examinations and Their Selections Liver Function Test CT Scanning and MR Imaging Ultrasound Pathological Examination of Hepatic Tissues 20.3.3.5 Imaging Demonstrations 20.3.4 HIV/AIDS Related Viral Hepatitis D 20.3.4.1 Pathogens and Pathogenesis 20.3.4.2 Pathophysiological Basis 20.3.4.3 Clinical Symptoms and Signs 20.3.4.4 Examinations and Their Selection Liver Function Test CT Scanning and MR Imaging Ultrasound Pathological Examination of Hepatic Tissues 20.3.4.5 Imaging Demonstrations 20.3.5 HIV/AIDS Related Cirrhosis 20.3.5.1 Pathogens and Pathogenesis 20.3.5.2 Pathophysiological Basis 20.3.5.3 Clinical Symptoms and Signs 20.3.5.4 Examinations and Their Selection Liver Function Test CT Scanning and MR Imaging Ultrasound Pathological Examination of Hepatic Tissues 20.3.5.5 Imaging Demonstrations Ultrasound CT Scanning MR Imaging 20.3.5.6 Diagnostic Basis 20.3.5.7 Differential Diagnosis 20.4 HIV/AIDS Related Hepatic Opportunistic Infections 20.4.1 HIV/AIDS Related Hepatic CMV Infection 20.4.1.1 Pathogens and Pathogenesis 20.4.1.2 Pathophysiological Basis 20.4.1.3 Clinical Symptoms and Signs 20.4.1.4 Examinations and Their Selection Ultrasound and CT Scanning Liver Biopsy 20.4.1.5 Imaging Demonstrations Ultrasound CT Scanning 20.4.1.6 Diagnostic Basis 20.4.1.7 Differential Diagnosis 20.4.2 HIV/AIDS Related Hepatic Tuberculosis 20.4.2.1 Pathogens and Pathogenesis 20.4.2.2 Pathophysiological Basis Miliary Tuberculosis Singular Hepatic Tuberculoma Tuberculous Liver Abscess Hepatic Envelope Tuberculosis Tuberculous Cholangitis 20.4.2.3 Clinical Symptoms and Signs 20.4.2.4 Examinations and Their Selection Routine Blood Test Liver Function Test Tuberculin Test Pathological Biopsy of the Liver Ultrasound Liver Scanning and Hepatic Angiography CT Scanning and MR Imaging 20.4.2.5 Imaging Demonstrations Miliary Tuberculosis Singular Hepatic Tuberculoma Tuberculous Liver Abscess Hepatic Envelope Tuberculosis Tuberculous Cholangitis 20.4.2.6 Diagnostic Basis 20.4.2.7 Differential Diagnosis Primary Hepatocellular Carcinoma Atypical Mycobacterium Avium Intracellular (MAI) Infection Hepatic Metastatic Tumors Intrahepatic Multiple Hemangiomas Bacterial Liver Abscess 20.4.3 HIV/AIDS Related Hepatic Non- 20.4.3.1 Pathophysiology 20.4.3.2 Clinical Symptoms and Signs 20.4.3.3 Examinations and Their Selection CT Scanning and Ultrasound Liver Puncture for Biopsy Cell Culture 20.4.3.4 Imaging Demonstrations Ultrasound CT Scanning 20.4.3.5 Diagnostic Basis 20.4.3.6 Differential Diagnosis 20.4.4 HIV/AIDS Related Hepatic Parasitic Infection 20.4.5 HIV/AIDS Related Hepatic Fungal Infection 20.4.6 HIV/AIDS Related Hepatic Pneumocystis Carinii Infection 20.4.6.1 Pathophysiological Basis 20.4.6.2 Clinical Symptoms and Signs 20.4.6.3 Examinations and Their Selection 20.4.6.4 Imaging Demonstrations Ultrasound CT Scanning 20.4.6.5 Diagnostic Basis 20.4.6.6 Differential Diagnosis 20.4.7 HIV/AIDS Related Hepatic Bacterial Infection 20.4.7.1 Imaging Demonstrations Ultrasound CT Scanning MR Imaging 20.4.7.2 Examinations and Their Selection Laboratory Tests Ultrasound and CT Scanning 20.4.7.3 Diagnostic Basis 20.4.7.4 Differential Diagnosis 20.5 HIV/AIDS Related Biliary Inflammation 20.5.1 Pathogens and Pathogenesis 20.5.2 Pathophysiological Basis 20.5.3 Clinical Symptoms and Signs 20.5.4 Examinations and Their Selection 20.5.4.1 Ultrasound 20.5.4.2 CT Scanning 20.5.4.3 MR Imaging 20.5.4.4 Endoscopic Retrograde Cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) 20.5.5 Imaging Demonstrations 20.5.5.1 Ultrasound 20.5.5.2 CT Scanning 20.5.5.3 ERCP 20.5.6 Diagnostic Basis 20.5.7 Differential Diagnosis 20.6 HIV/AIDS Related Splenic Diseases 20.6.1 HIV/AIDS Caused Splenic Diseases 20.6.2 HIV/AIDS Related Splenic Amyloid Diseases 20.6.2.1 Pathogens and Pathogenesis 20.6.2.2 Pathophysiological Basis 20.6.2.3 Clinical Symptoms and Signs 20.6.2.4 Examinations and Their Selection 20.6.2.5 Imaging Demonstrations 20.6.2.6 Diagnostic Basis 20.6.2.7 Differential Diagnosis 20.6.3 HIV/AIDS Related Splenic Malignancies 20.6.3.1 Pathophysiological Basis 20.6.3.2 Clinical Symptoms and Signs 20.6.3.3 Examinations and Their Selection 20.6.3.4 Imaging Demonstrations Ultrasound CT Scanning MR Imaging 20.6.3.5 Diagnostic Basis 20.6.3.6 Differential Diagnosis Splenic Metastases Splenic Hemangiomas 20.6.4 HIV/AIDS Related Splenic Opportunistic Infections 20.6.4.1 Imaging Demonstrations Ultrasound CT Scanning MR Imaging 20.6.4.2 Diagnostic Basis 20.6.4.3 Differential Diagnosis 20.7 HIV/AIDS Related Pancreatic Diseases 20.7.1 Pathogens and Pathogenesis 20.7.2 Pathophysiological Basis 20.7.3 Clinical Symptoms and Signs 20.7.4 Examinations and Their Selection 20.7.4.1 Laboratory Tests 20.7.4.2 Ultrasound and CT Scanning 20.7.4.3 MR Imaging and ERCP 20.7.5 Imaging Demonstrations 20.7.5.1 Ultrasound 20.7.5.2 CT Scanning 20.7.5.3 MR Imaging 20.7.6 Diagnostic Basis 20.7.7 Differential Diagnosis 20.8 HIV/AIDS Related Liver Cancer 20.8.1 Discussion Extended Reading 21: HIV/AIDS Related Peritoneal and Retroperitoneal Disease 21.1 General Introduction to HIV/AIDS Related Peritoneal and Retroperitoneal Diseases 21.2 HIV/AIDS Related Peritoneal and Retroperitoneal Lymphadenectasis 21.2.1 HIV/AIDS Related Lymphadenectasis 21.2.1.1 Pathogens and Pathogenesis 21.2.1.2 Pathophysiological Basis 21.2.1.3 Clinical Symptoms and Signs 21.2.1.4 Examinations and Their Selection 21.2.1.5 Imaging Demonstrations CT Scanning MR Imaging Ultrasound 21.2.1.6 Diagnostic Basis 21.2.1.7 Differential Diagnosis HIV/AIDS Related Lymphoma HIV/AIDS Related Lymphoid Tuberculosis Non-HIV/AIDS Related Lymphadenectasis Typhoid Fever Histiocytic Necrotic Lymphadenitis (HNL) Retroperitoneal Chronic Non-specific Lymphadenitis 21.2.2 HIV/AIDS Related Mycobacterium Infectious Lymphadenectasis 21.2.2.1 Pathogens and Pathogenesis 21.2.2.2 Pathophysiological Basis 21.2.2.3 Clinic Symptoms and Signs 21.2.2.4 Examinations and Their Selection 21.2.2.5 Imaging Demonstrations CT Scanning Demonstrations MR Imaging Demonstrations Ultrasound 21.2.2.6 Diagnostic Basis Clinically Diagnosed HIV Infection Imaging Demonstrations 21.2.2.7 Differential Diagnosis Non-HIV/AIDS Related Abdominal Tuberculosis Lymphoma Metastatic Tumor Retroperitoneal Castleman’s Disease (CD) 21.2.3 HIV/AIDS Related Penicillium Marneffei Infection 21.2.3.1 Pathogens and Pathogenesis 21.2.3.2 Pathophysiological Basis 21.2.3.3 Clinical Symptoms and Signs 21.2.3.4 Examinations and Their Selection 21.2.3.5 Imaging Demonstrations CT Scanning MR Imaging Ultrasound 21.2.3.6 Diagnostic Basis 21.2.3.7 Differential Diagnosis Blood-Borne Multiple Staphylococcus aureus Abscess Abdominal and Retroperitoneal Lymphoma Abdominal Kaposi Sarcoma Abdominal Tuberculosis 21.3 HIV/AIDS Related Retroperitoneal Lymphoma 21.3.1 Pathogens and Pathogenesis 21.3.2 Pathophysiological Basis 21.3.3 Clinical Symptoms and Signs 21.3.4 Examinations and Their Selection 21.3.5 Imaging Demonstrations 21.3.5.1 CT Scanning 21.3.5.2 MR Imaging 21.3.5.3 Ultrasound 21.3.6 Diagnostic Basis 21.3.7 Differential Diagnosis 21.3.7.1 Retroperitoneal Lymph Node Tuberculosis 21.3.7.2 Retroperitoneal Lymph Node Reactive Hyperplasia 21.4 HIV/AIDS Related Primary Coelom Lymphoma 21.4.1 Pathogens and Pathogenesis 21.4.2 Pathophysiological Basis 21.4.3 Clinical Symptom and Signs 21.4.4 Examinations and Their Selection 21.4.5 Imaging Demonstrations 21.4.5.1 X-ray Examination 21.4.5.2 Ultrasound 21.4.5.3 CT Scanning 21.4.5.4 MR Imaging 21.4.6 Diagnostic Basis 21.4.7 Differential Diagnosis Appendix Extended Reading 22: HIV/AIDS Related Urogenital Disease 22.1 An Overview of HIV/AIDS Related Urogenital Diseases 22.2 HIV/AIDS Related Nephropathy 22.2.1 Pathogen and Pathogenesis 22.2.2 Pathophysiological Basis 22.2.3 Clinical Symptoms and Signs 22.2.4 Examinations and Their Selection 22.2.4.1 Laboratory Tests 22.2.4.2 CT Scanning and Ultrasound 22.2.5 Imaging Demonstrations 22.2.5.1 CT Scanning 22.2.5.2 Ultrasound 22.2.6 Diagnostic Basis 22.2.7 Differential Diagnosis 22.2.7.1 IgA Nephropathy 22.2.7.2 Heroin Associated Nephropathy 22.3 HIV/AIDS Related Urogenital Tuberculosis 22.3.1 Pathogen and Pathogenesis 22.3.2 Pathophysiological Basis 22.3.3 Clinical Symptoms and Signs 22.3.4 Examinations and Their Selection 22.3.5 Imaging Demonstrations 22.3.5.1 Renal Tuberculosis 22.3.5.2 Ureteral Tuberculosis 22.3.5.3 Bladder Tuberculosis 22.3.6 Discussion 22.3.7 Diagnostic Basis 22.3.8 Differential Diagnosis 22.3.8.1 Intracellular Mycobacterium Avium Infection 22.3.8.2 ARL 22.4 HIV/AIDS Related Renal Failure 22.4.1 Acute Renal Failure 22.4.1.1 Pathogen and Pathogenesis 22.4.1.2 Pathophysiological Basis 22.4.1.3 Clinical Symptoms and Signs 22.4.1.4 Examinations and Their Selection Urine Test Blood Biochemical Examinations Ultrasound, CT Scanning and MR Imaging Kidney Tissues Biopsy 22.4.1.5 Imaging Demonstrations 22.4.1.6 Diagnostic Basis 22.4.1.7 Differential Diagnosis Chronic Renal Failure (CRF) HIVAN 22.4.2 Chronic Renal Failure 22.4.2.1 Pathogens and Pathogenesis 22.4.2.2 Pathophysiological Basis 22.4.2.3 Clinical Symptoms and Signs 22.4.2.4 Examinations and Their Selection Urine Test Blood Test Renal Function Examinations Diagnostic Imaging 22.4.2.5 Imaging Demonstrations 22.4.2.6 Diagnostic Basis 22.4.2.7 Differential Diagnosis 22.5 HIV/AIDS Related Cervical Carcinoma 22.5.1 Pathogens and Pathogenesis 22.5.2 Pathophysiological Basis 22.5.3 Clinical Symptoms and Signs 22.5.4 Examinations and Their Selection 22.5.4.1 Cervical Smear for Cytological Examination 22.5.4.2 Cervix and Cervical Canal Biopsy 22.5.4.3 Ultrasound 22.5.4.4 CT Scanning 22.5.4.5 MR Imaging 22.5.4.6 PET/CT Scanning 22.5.5 Imaging Demonstrations 22.5.5.1 Ultrasound 22.5.5.2 CT Scanning Tumor Being Confined Within the Cervix Paracervical Tumor Infiltration Tumor Invasion into the Rectum or Bladder Pelvic Involvement Lymph Nodes Metastasis 22.5.5.3 MR Imaging 22.5.6 Diagnostic Basis 22.5.7 Differential Diagnosis 22.6 HIV/AIDS Related Kidney Tumors 22.6.1 HIV/AIDS Related Renal Carcinoma 22.6.1.1 Discussion 22.6.2 HIV/AIDS Related Renal Hodgkin’s Lymphoma 22.6.3 HIV/AIDS Related Kaposi’s Sarcoma 22.7 HIV/AIDS Related Urete and Bladder Diseases 22.8 HIV/AIDS Related Other Renal Diseases 22.8.1 HIV/AIDS Related Renal Calculus 22.8.1.1 Discussion 22.8.2 HIV/AIDS Related Renal Cyst 22.8.2.1 Discussion 22.8.3 HIV/AIDS Related Kidney Transplantation 22.8.4 HIV/AIDS Related Renal Purulent Infection 22.8.5 HIV/AIDS Related Renal Pneumocystis Carinii Infection 22.8.6 HIV/AIDS Related Renal Candida Infection Extended Reading 23: HIV/AIDS Related Musculoskeletal Diseases 23.1 An Overview of HIV/AIDS Related Musculoskeletal Diseases 23.1.1 Muscular and Soft Tissue Infections 23.1.2 Abscesses 23.1.3 Osteomyelitis 23.1.4 Ischemic Necrosis 23.1.5 Rheumatic Diseases 23.1.6 Neoplasms 23.2 HIV/AIDS Related Osteomyelitis 23.2.1 Pathogens and Pathogenesis 23.2.2 Pathophysiological Basis 23.2.3 Clinical Symptoms and Signs 23.2.4 Examinations and Their Selection 23.2.4.1 Laboratory Tests 23.2.4.2 X-ray 23.2.4.3 CT Scanning 23.2.4.4 Biopsy 23.2.4.5 Lipiodolography 23.2.5 Imaging Demonstrations 23.2.6 Diagnostic Basis 23.2.7 Differential Diagnosis 23.3 HIV/AIDS Related Suppurative Myositis 23.3.1 Pathogen and Pathogenesis 23.3.2 Pathophysiological Basis 23.3.3 Clinical Symptoms and Signs 23.3.4 Examinations and Their Selection 23.3.5 Imaging Demonstrations 23.3.5.1 CT Scanning 23.3.5.2 MR Imaging 23.3.6 Diagnostic Basis 23.3.7 Differential Diagnosis 23.4 HIV/AIDS Related Inflammatory Myopathy 23.4.1 Pathogen and Pathogenesis 23.4.2 Pathophysiological Basis 23.4.3 Clinical Symptoms and Signs 23.4.4 Examinations and Their Selection 23.4.4.1 Laboratory Tests 23.4.4.2 Electromyography 23.4.4.3 Muscle Biopsy 23.4.4.4 MR Imaging 23.4.5 Imaging Demonstrations 23.4.6 Diagnostic Basis 23.4.7 Differential Diagnosis 23.4.7.1 Periodic Paralysis 23.4.7.2 Polymyositis 23.5 HIV/AIDS Related Pine Moth Arthritis 23.5.1 Pathogen and Pathogenesis 23.5.2 Pathophysiological Basis 23.5.3 Clinical Symptoms and Signs 23.5.3.1 Systemic Symptoms 23.5.3.2 Local Symptoms 23.5.4 Imaging Demonstrations 23.5.5 Diagnostic Basis 23.5.6 Differential Diagnosis 23.6 HIV/AIDS Related Hemophilia 23.7 HIV/AIDS Related Rheumatoid Diseases 23.7.1 Pathogen and Pathogenesis 23.7.2 Pathophysiological Basis 23.7.3 Clinical Symptoms and Signs 23.7.4 Examinations and Their Selection 23.7.4.1 Laboratory Tests 23.7.4.2 Plain X-ray 23.7.4.3 MR Imaging 23.7.5 Imaging Demonstrations 23.7.5.1 X-ray 23.7.5.2 CT Scanning 23.7.5.3 MR Imaging 23.7.6 Diagnostic Basis 23.7.6.1 Clinical Evidence 23.7.6.2 Evidence from Diagnostic Imaging 23.7.6.3 Evidence from Laboratory Tests 23.7.7 Differential Diagnosis 23.7.7.1 Ankylosing Spondylitis 23.7.7.2 Reiter’s Syndrome 23.7.7.3 Psoriatic Arthritis 23.7.7.4 Enteropathic Arthritis Peripheral Arthritis Enteritis Complicated by Ankylosing Spondylitis 23.7.7.5 Infectious Arthritis 23.7.7.6 Rheumatic Arthritis 23.7.7.7 Tuberculous Arthritis 23.7.7.8 Systemic Lupus Erythematosus 23.7.7.9 Arthrolithiasis 23.8 HIV/AIDS Related Skeletal Syphilis 23.8.1 Pathogen and Pathogenesis 23.8.2 Pathophysiological Basis 23.8.3 Clinical Symptoms and Signs 23.8.4 Examinations and Their Selection 23.8.5 Imaging Demonstrations 23.8.6 Diagnostic Basis 23.8.7 Differential Diagnosis 23.8.7.1 Cortical Bone Hyperplasia 23.8.7.2 Scurvy and Rickets 23.8.7.3 Suppurative Osteomyelitis 23.9 HIV/AIDS Related Vertebral Metastases 23.9.1 Pathogen and Pathogenesis 23.9.2 Pathophysiological Basis 23.9.3 Clinical Symptoms and Signs 23.9.4 Examinations and Their Selection 23.9.4.1 X-ray 23.9.4.2 CT Scanning 23.9.4.3 MR Imaging 23.9.4.4 Radioactive Nuclide Examination 23.9.4.5 Biopsy 23.9.5 Imaging Demonstrations 23.9.5.1 X-ray 23.9.5.2 CT Scanning 23.9.5.3 MR Imaging 23.9.6 Diagnostic Basis 23.9.6.1 Clinical Manifestations 23.9.6.2 Diagnostic Imaging 23.9.6.3 Pathological Biopsy 23.9.7 Differential Diagnosis 23.9.7.1 Bone Tuberculosis 23.9.7.2 Degenerative Spinal Cord Diseases 23.9.7.3 Spinal Suppurative Inflammation Extended Readings 24: HIV/AIDS Related Pediatric Diseases 24.1 An Overview of HIV/AIDS Related Pediatric Diseases 24.2 HIV/AIDS Related Lymphoid Interstitial Pneumonia 24.2.1 Pathogen and Pathogenesis 24.2.2 Pathophysiological Basis 24.2.3 Clinical Symptoms and Signs 24.2.4 Examinations and Their Selection 24.2.4.1 Laboratory Tests 24.2.4.2 Pulmonary Function Examinations 24.2.4.3 Alveolar Lavage 24.2.4.4 Chest X-ray and CT Scanning 24.2.4.5 Lung Biopsy 24.2.5 Imaging Demonstrations 24.2.5.1 Chest X-ray 24.2.5.2 CT Scanning 24.2.6 Diagnostic Basis 24.2.7 Differential Diagnosis 24.2.7.1 Pneumocystis Carinii Pneumonia 24.2.7.2 Miliary Pulmonary Tuberculosis 24.2.7.3 Cytomegalovirus Pneumonia 24.3 HIV/AIDS Related Pulmonary Bacterial Infection 24.3.1 Pathogen and Pathogenesis 24.3.2 Pathophysiologic Basis 24.3.3 Clinical Symptoms and Signs 24.3.4 Examinations and Their Selection 24.3.4.1 Laboratory Tests 24.3.4.2 Diagnostic Imaging 24.3.5 Imaging Demonstrations 24.3.6 Diagnostic Basis 24.3.7 Differential Diagnosis 24.4 HIV/AIDS Related Pneumocystis Carinii Pneumonia 24.4.1 Pathogen and Pathogenesis 24.4.2 Pathophysiologic Basis 24.4.3 Clinical Symptoms and Signs 24.4.4 Examinations and Their Selection 24.4.4.1 Laboratory Tests 24.4.4.2 Imaging Examinations 24.4.5 Imaging Demonstrations 24.4.5.1 Chest X-ray 24.4.5.2 CT Scanning 24.4.6 Diagnostic Basis 24.4.7 Differential Diagnosis 24.5 HIV/AIDS Related Miliary Tuberculosis 24.5.1 Pathogen and Pathogenesis 24.5.2 Pathophysiologic Basis 24.5.3 Clinical Symptoms and Signs 24.5.4 Examinations and Their Selection 24.5.4.1 Laboratory Tests 24.5.4.2 Diagnostic Imaging 24.5.5 Imaging Demonstrations 24.5.5.1 X-ray 24.5.5.2 CT Scanning 24.5.6 Diagnostic Basis 24.5.7 Differential Diagnosis 24.5.7.1 Bacterial Pneumonia 24.5.7.2 Lymphocytic Interstitial Pneumonia 24.6 HIV/AIDS Related Aspergillus Infection 24.6.1 Pathogen and Pathogenesis 24.6.2 Pathophysiological Basis 24.6.3 Clinical Symptoms and Signs 24.6.4 Examinations and Their Selections 24.6.4.1 Etiological Examinations 24.6.4.2 Diagnostic Imaging 24.6.5 Imaging Demonstrations 24.6.5.1 Chest X-ray 24.6.5.2 CT Scanning 24.6.6 Diagnostic Basis 24.6.7 Differential Diagnosis 24.6.7.1 Cavity Pulmonary Tuberculosis 24.6.7.2 Bacterial Pulmonary Abscesses 24.7 HIV/AIDS Related Cerebral Atrophy and Infarction 24.7.1 Cerebral Atrophy 24.7.1.1 Pathogen and Pathogenesis 24.7.1.2 Pathophysiologic Basis 24.7.1.3 Imaging Demonstrations 24.7.1.4 Examinations and Their Selection CT Scanning MR Imaging 24.7.1.5 Imaging Demonstrations CT Scanning MR Imaging 24.7.1.6 Diagnostic Basis 24.7.1.7 Differential Diagnosis 24.7.2 Cerebral Infarction 24.7.2.1 Pathogen and Pathogenesis 24.7.2.2 Pathophysiologic Basis 24.7.2.3 Clinical Symptoms and Signs 24.7.2.4 Examinations and Their Selection CT Scanning MR Imaging 24.7.2.5 Imaging Demonstrations CT Scanning MR Imaging 24.7.2.6 Diagnostic Basis 24.7.2.7 Differential Diagnosis 24.8 HIV/AIDS Related Hepatic Lymphoma 24.8.1 Pathogen and Pathogenesis 24.8.2 Pathophysiologic Basis 24.8.2.1 Nodule Type 24.8.2.2 Diffuse Infiltration Type 24.8.3 Clinical Symptoms and Signs 24.8.4 Examinations and Their Selection 24.8.4.1 Laboratory Tests 24.8.4.2 Diagnostic Imaging 24.8.4.3 Pathological Examinations 24.8.5 Imaging Demonstrations 24.8.5.1 CT Scanning 24.8.5.2 MR Imaging 24.8.5.3 Ultrasound 24.8.6 Diagnostic Basis 24.8.7 Differential Diagnosis 24.8.7.1 Primary Hepatocellular Carcinoma (HCC) 24.8.7.2 Hepatic Metastasis 24.8.7.3 Hepatic Abscess 24.9 HIV/AIDS Related Hepatoblastoma 24.9.1 Pathogen and Pathogenesis 24.9.2 Pathophysiologic Basis 24.9.3 Clinical Symptoms and Signs 24.9.4 Examinations and Their Selection 24.9.4.1 Laboratory Tests 24.9.4.2 Ultrasound 24.9.4.3 CT Scanning 24.9.4.4 MR Imaging 24.9.4.5 Biopsy 24.9.5 Imaging Demonstrations 24.9.5.1 CT Scanning 24.9.5.2 MR Imaging 24.9.5.3 Ultrasound 24.9.6 Diagnostic Basis 24.9.7 Differential Diagnosis 24.9.7.1 Primary Hepatocellular Carcinoma 24.9.7.2 Liver Rhabdomyosarcoma 24.9.7.3 Liver Metastases 24.10 HIV/AIDS Related Osteoporosis and Epiphyseal Sclerosis 24.10.1 Osteoporosis 24.10.1.1 Pathogen and Pathogenesis 24.10.1.2 Pathophysiological Basis 24.10.1.3 Clinical Symptoms and Signs 24.10.1.4 Examinations and Their Selection Plain X-ray MR Imaging and Ultrasound 24.10.1.5 Imaging Demonstrations X-ray CT Scanning 24.10.1.6 Diagnostic Basis 24.10.1.7 Differential Diagnosis 24.10.2 Epiphyseal Sclerosis 24.11 HIV/AIDS Related Congenital Syphilis Infection 24.11.1 Pathogen and Pathogenesis 24.11.2 Pathophysiologic Basis 24.11.3 Clinical Symptoms and Signs 24.11.4 Examinations and Their Selection 24.11.4.1 Laboratory Tests 24.11.4.2 X-ray 24.11.5 Imaging Demonstrations (X-ray) 24.11.6 Diagnostic Basis 24.11.7 Differential Diagnosis 24.11.7.1 Infants Cortical Hyperplasia 24.11.7.2 Rickets 24.11.7.3 Suppurative Osteomyelitis 24.11.7.4 Scurvy Extended Reading 25: HIV/AIDS Related Skin Diseases 25.1 An Overview of HIV/AIDS Related Skin Diseases 25.1.1 Bacillary Angioma or Bacillary Peliosis 25.1.2 Herpes Simplex Virus Caused Primary or Recurrent Oral and Genital Diseases 25.1.3 Zoster 25.1.4 Molluscum Contagiosum 25.1.5 Oral Candidiasis 25.1.6 Seborrheic Dermatitis 25.1.7 Genital Candidiasis 25.1.8 Scabies 25.1.9 Kaposi’s Sarcoma 25.2 HIV/AIDS Related Fungal Infections 25.2.1 HIV/AIDS Related Mucocutaneous Candidiasis 25.2.1.1 Pathogen and Pathogenesis 25.2.1.2 Pathological Basis 25.2.1.3 Clinical Symptoms and Signs 25.2.1.4 Examinations and Their Selection Direct Microscopy Staining Isolation and Culture 25.2.2 HIV/AIDS Related Cryptococcal Infection 25.2.2.1 Pathogen and Pathogenesis 25.2.2.2 Pathophysiological Basis 25.2.2.3 Clinical Symptoms and Signs 25.2.2.4 Examinations and Their Selection Pathogenic Examinations Serological Tests 25.2.3 HIV/AIDS Related Histoplasmosis Infection 25.2.3.1 Pathogen and Pathogenesis 25.2.3.2 Pathophysiological Basis 25.2.3.3 Clinical Symptoms and Signs 25.2.3.4 Examinations and Their Selection Pathogenic Examinations Serological Tests Fluorescent Antibody Assay 25.2.4 HIV/AIDS Related Superficial Fungal Infections 25.3 HIV/AIDS Related Parasitic Infections 25.3.1 HIV/AIDS Related Cutaneous Leishmaniasis 25.3.1.1 Pathogen and Pathogenesis 25.3.1.2 Pathophysiological Basis 25.3.1.3 Clinical Symptoms and Signs 25.3.1.4 Examinations and Their Selection Pathogenic Diagnosis Immunological Diagnosis 25.3.2 HIV/AIDS Related Toxoplasma Infection of Skin 25.3.2.1 Pathogen and Pathogenesis 25.3.2.2 Pathophysiological Basis 25.3.2.3 Clinical Symptoms and Signs 25.3.2.4 Examinations and Their Selection Pathogenic Examinations Immunological Assays 25.4 HIV/AIDS Related Viral Infections 25.4.1 HIV/AIDS Related Skin Herpes Simplex Virus Infection 25.4.1.1 Pathogen and Pathogenesis 25.4.1.2 Pathophysiological Basis 25.4.1.3 Clinical Symptoms and Signs 25.4.1.4 Examinations and Their Selection Pathological Examinations Serological Tests 25.4.2 HIV/AIDS Related Skin Varicella-Zoster Virus Infection 25.4.2.1 Pathogen and Pathogenesis 25.4.2.2 Pathophysiological Basis 25.4.2.3 Clinical Symptoms and Signs 25.4.2.4 Examinations and Their Selection Pathological Examination Virus Culture HSV Antibody Test 25.4.3 HIV/AIDS Related Skin Poxviridae Infection 25.4.3.1 Pathogen and Pathogenesis 25.4.3.2 Pathophysiological Basis 25.4.3.3 Clinical Symptoms and Signs 25.4.3.4 Examinations and Their Selection Direct Examination of the Virus Particle Smear and Staining Electron Microscopy Histopathological Examination 25.4.4 HIV/AIDS Related Skin Cytomegalovirus Infection 25.4.4.1 Pathogen and Pathogenesis 25.4.4.2 Pathophysiological Basis 25.4.4.3 Clinical Symptoms and Signs 25.4.4.4 Examinations and Their Selection 25.4.5 HIV/AIDS Related Skin Human Papillomavirus Infection 25.4.5.1 Pathogen and Pathogenesis 25.4.5.2 Pathophysiological Basis 25.4.5.3 Clinical Symptoms and Signs 25.4.5.4 Examinations and Their Selection Acetic Test Pathological Examination Histochemical Examination Genetic Diagnosis 25.4.6 HIV/AIDS Related Skin Epstein-Barr (EB) Virus Infection 25.4.6.1 Pathogen and Pathogenesis 25.4.6.2 Pathophysiological Basis 25.4.6.3 Clinical Symptoms and Signs 25.4.6.4 Examinations and Their Selection Pathologic Examination Blood Tests 25.5 HIV/AIDS Related Bacterial Infections 25.5.1 Pathogen and Pathogenesis 25.5.2 Pathophysiological Basis 25.5.3 Clinical Symptoms and Signs 25.5.4 Examinations and Their Selection 25.6 HIV/AIDS Related Malignancies of Skin 25.6.1 HIV/AIDS Related Skin Malignant Lymphoma 25.6.2 HIV/AIDS Related Cutaneous Kaposi’s Sarcoma 25.6.2.1 Pathogen and Pathogenesis 25.6.2.2 Pathophysiological Basis 25.6.2.3 Clinical Symptoms and Signs 25.6.2.4 Examinations and Their Selection Differential Leukocyte Count Histopathological Examination 25.7 HIV/AIDS Related Vascular Lesions of Skin 25.7.1 HIV/AIDS Related Skin Bacillary Epithelioid Angiomatosis (BEA) 25.7.1.1 Pathogen and Pathogenesis 25.7.1.2 Pathophysiological Basis 25.7.1.3 Clinical Symptoms and Signs 25.7.1.4 Examinations and Their Selection 25.7.1.5 Differential Diagnosis 25.8 HIV/AIDS Related Skin Dermatitis and Other Dermatologic Diseases 25.8.1 HIV/AIDS Related Eosinophilic Folliculitis 25.8.2 HIV/AIDS Related Acute Skin Rashes 25.8.2.1 Pathogen and Pathogenesis 25.8.2.2 Pathophysiological Basis 25.8.2.3 Clinical Symptoms and Signs 25.8.2.4 Examinations and Their Selection 25.8.3 HIV/AIDS Related Skin Papular Prurigo 25.8.3.1 Pathogen and Pathogenesis 25.8.3.2 Pathophysiological Basis 25.8.3.3 Clinical Symptoms and Signs 25.8.3.4 Examinations and Their Selection 25.8.4 HIV/AIDS Related Skin Seborrheic Dermatitis 25.8.4.1 Pathogen and Pathogenesis 25.8.4.2 Pathophysiological Basis 25.8.4.3 Clinical Symptoms and Signs 25.8.4.4 Examinations and Their Selection 25.8.4.5 Differential Diagnosis 25.8.5 HIV/AIDS Related Skin Contact Dermatitis 25.8.5.1 Pathogen and Pathogenesis 25.8.5.2 Pathophysiological Basis Primary Irritation Type of Contact Dermatitis Allergic Response Type of Contact Dermatitis 25.8.5.3 Clinical Symptoms and Signs 25.8.5.4 Examinations and Their Selection 25.8.6 HIV/AIDS Related Medicament Tetter Extended Reading 26: Functional Imaging of HIV/AIDS 26.1 MR Functional Imaging in Neurological Diseases 26.1.1 Diffusion Weighted Imaging (DWI) 26.1.2 Diffusion Tensor Imaging (DTI) 26.1.2.1 The Basic Principle of DTI Definition of DTI Trace Apparent Diffusion Coefficient (Trace ADC) Anisotropy Volume Ratio (VR) Three Eigenvalues of λ1, λ2 and λ3 Data Collecting Image Processing 26.1.2.2 Application of DTI in HIV/AIDS Related Dementia 26.1.3 Perfusion Weighted Imaging (PWI) 26.1.4 Blood Oxygenation Level Dependent fMR Imaging (fMRI-BOLD) 26.1.5 Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy (MRS) 26.1.5.1 The Basic Principal of MRS 26.1.5.2 Clinical Application of MRS MRS Changes of Normal Human Brain MRS of Epilepsy MRS of Brain Neoplasms MRS of Cerebral Ischemia and Infarction MRS of Alzheimer’s Disease MRS of Other Conditions 26.1.5.3 1H-MRS Resonance Peak of Human Brain Metabolites and its Clinical Significance NAA Choline Creatine/Creatine Phosphate (Cr) Lactate (Lac) Muscular Inositol (mI) Glutamine and Glutamic Acid Complex (Glx) Lipids (Lip) 26.1.6 Clinical Application of Functional MR Imaging 26.1.6.1 HIV Encephalitis 26.1.6.2 Toxoplasmosis Encephalitis 26.1.6.3 Cytomegalovirus Encephalitis 26.1.6.4 Cryptococcus Neoformans Meningoencephalitis 26.1.6.5 Herpes Simplex Encephalitis 26.1.6.6 HIV/AIDS Related Leukoencephalopathy 26.1.6.7 HIV/AIDS Related Cerebral Infarction 26.1.6.8 HIV/AIDS Related Syphilis Encephalitis 26.1.6.9 Glioma 26.2 Functional Imaging of PET-CT for HIV/ AIDS 26.2.1 Brain PET-CT for HIV/AIDS 26.2.2 Pulmonary PET-CT for HIV/AIDS 26.2.2.1 Pulmonary Tuberculosis 26.2.2.2 Hepatocellular Carcinoma (HCC) 26.2.2.3 HIV/AIDS Related Sinus Pericytoma 26.3 Spectral CT Scanning for HIV/AIDS 26.3.1 Pulmonary Spectral CT Scanning for HIV/AIDS 26.3.2 Spectral CT Scanning for HIV/AIDS Related Lymphadenopathy 26.3.3 Spectral CT Scanning for HIV/AIDS Related Neoplasms 26.3.4 Spectral CT Scanning for Angiography of HIV/AIDS 26.4 Clinic Application of Body Composition Assessment Methods in HIV/AIDS 26.4.1 Skinfold Thickness Measurement 26.4.2 Sonographic Assessment 26.4.3 Bioelectrical Impedance Analysis 26.4.4 CT and MRI 26.4.5 DXA Extended Reading Index