Diffractive Lens Design. Theory, design, methodologies and applications

Description

Title Copyright Contents Preface Editor biographies Symbols 1 Introduction 1.1 Historical background 1.2 Surface-relief diffractive optical elements 1.3 Hybrid refractive–diffractive optics 1.4 The optical design process 1.5 A simple hybrid lens design example 1.6 Lens design data files References 2 Hybrid surface fundamentals 2.1 Hybrid refractive–diffractive surface definition 2.1.1 Surface geometry 2.1.2 Optical path length function 2.2 Wavefront transformation through a hybrid surface: order decomposition 2.2.1 Diffraction efficiency 2.3 Wavefront transformation through a hybrid surface: zone decomposition 2.4 An example diffractive structure: the basic blaze 2.5 Multiorder diffractive lenses References 3 Hybrid surface ray tracing 3.1 Ray tracing based on the optical path length transformation 3.2 Ray tracing based on the grating model 3.2.1 Solving the vector grating equation 3.3 The ray tracing of holographic optical elements References 4 Paraxial properties and primary aberrations 4.1 Hybrid surfaces 4.2 Hybrid surface paraxial properties 4.3 Aberrations of a symmetrical optical system 4.4 Hybrid surface Seidel aberrations 4.4.1 Refractive surface contributions 4.4.2 Diffractive surface contributions 4.5 Thin hybrid lens Seidel aberrations 4.5.1 Thin hybrid lens paraxial properties 4.5.2 Bending and conjugate variables 4.5.3 Thin lens Seidel aberrations 4.5.4 Aspheric contributions 4.5.5 Aberrations of the thin hybrid lens at the stop References 5 Chromatic aberration and thermal defocus 5.1 Hybrid surface chromatic aberrations 5.1.1 Refractive surface contributions 5.1.2 Diffractive surface contributions 5.2 Thin hybrid lens chromatic aberrations 5.2.1 The single-lens achromat 5.3 Chromatic aberration stop-shift effects 5.4 Conrady formula for a hybrid system 5.5 Thermal defocus 5.5.1 Thin lens athermalisation References 6 The Sweatt model 6.1 Representation of a plano diffractive optical element (DOE) 6.1.1 Plano DOE examples 6.2 Representation of a spherical DOE 6.2.1 Curved DOE example References 7 Blaze design 7.1 The thin phase plate approximation 7.2 Properties of the basic single-layer blaze 7.2.1 Non-monotonic path length functions 7.2.2 Single-layer blaze diffraction efficiency 7.2.3 Blaze wavelength 7.3 Efficiency achromatised blaze 7.3.1 Achromatised single-layer blaze 7.3.2 Dual-layer blaze structures 7.4 Finite-thickness blaze design 7.4.1 A plano diffractive surface generating a spherical wavefront 7.5 Alternative blaze technologies References 8 Modelling diffractive lens systems I 8.1 Image formation fundamentals 8.2 The ‘standard’ model applied to hybrid lenses 8.2.1 Ge DOE—OPL model 8.2.2 Ge DOE—Fresnel model 8.3 Order decomposition models 8.3.1 A useful approximation 8.3.2 Calculating diffraction efficiency 8.4 Intensity along the optical axis 8.4.1 Refractive versus diffractive properties: how many zones are required? 8.5 Diffractive optics modelling review References 9 Modelling diffractive lens systems II: multiaperture surfaces 9.1 Zone decomposition method with multiaperture optics 9.2 The optics of multiapertures 9.2.1 Zonal depth of focus 9.2.2 Zonal chromatic wavefront aberrations 9.2.3 Zonal phasor diagrams 9.3 Example one: a mid-wave infrared hybrid singlet 9.4 Example two: a long-wave infrared Petzval lens References 10 Tolerancing diffractive lenses 10.1 An overview of manufacturing tolerances 10.2 Diffractive surface tolerances 10.2.1 Step height variations 10.2.2 Zone width variations 10.2.3 Zone-to-zone wall tilt and blurring 10.2.4 Zonal surface form errors 10.2.5 Surface roughness 10.3 Example: tolerancing an MWIR singlet lens 10.3.1 Simple tolerancing 10.3.2 Step height tolerancing 10.3.3 Zone width and wall tolerancing 10.3.4 Zonal roll-off error 10.3.5 Zonal surface roughness 10.3.6 Diffractive lens drawing and ISO 10110-16 10.3.7 Limits of validity and tolerancing References 11 Diffractive lens design 11.1 Achromatic hybrid singlets at the stop 11.1.1 Monochromatic aberrations 11.1.2 Spherochromatism 11.1.3 Number of zones 11.1.4 Achromatic hybrid singlet design examples 11.2 Two-element anastigmats 11.3 Athermal achromatic hybrid singlets 11.4 Athermal achromatic hybrid doublets 11.5 Three-element athermal anastigmats 11.6 Hybrid and conventional lens performance comparison 11.7 Dual waveband infrared lens 11.8 Magnifiers 11.9 Diffractive lens design review References