Christian Socialism, 1848-1854

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Cover Christian Socialism 1848-1854 Preface Copyright Contents Chapter I. Introductory : Laissez-faire and Its Champions Christianity and Socialism—the Tragedy and Causes of Their Estrangement The French Revolution The Starting-point—the Rapidity of The Change in Social Life—consequences of This Rapidity Upon Religion - - The Church and Its Parties in Their Attitude to Social Problems —paley Typical—the Evangelical Revival—individualism and Other-worldliness—wilberforce—intellectual Weakness —effects of Sunday Schools The Oxford Movement—its Value—its Reactionary Character— Its Absorption in Detail—its Neglect of Social Matters—its Evil Influence in ' Side-tracking ' English Christianity - - The Hostility of The Church to Social Reform—the Evils Mani- Fest—the Blindness of Churchmen—the Cult of Liberty- - Laissez-faire and Its Supporters—bentham and Utilitarianism —malthus and The Struggle for Existence—ricardo and The Law of Wages—progress in Despite of These - - - Robert Owen A Lonely Rebel—his Experiments—their Failure— His War Against The Religious and Moral Conventions—good and Evil Influence of His Work - The Forerunners of Christian Socialism—sou They—his Support of Owen and Hatred of Laissez-faire—coleridge—his Influence Against The Benthamites—and Upon Maurice— Carlyle and The Dawn of A Better Day Chapter II. The Founders of Christian Socialism J. M. Ludlow The True Founder—his Early Years, Character, and Ability—political and Religious Views—his Later Life His Friendship With Maurice—its Origin—and Quality F. D. Maurice—his Humility, Obscurity and Diffidence—his Theology in Its Bearing On Social and Industrial Problems— His Political Position C. Kingsley and His Place in The Movement—his Character and Powers—his Defects C. B. Mansfield—his Character and Value to The Group - - Chapter III. The Beginning of The Movement Politics for The People Started—its Contributors—objects and Character—moderate Tone—protests Against It—maurice's Influence The Failure of Politics—and Its Results—the Extension of The Group—the New Members The Night-school—the Coming of T. Hughes—his Character— and Place in The Group The Weekly Bible-reading Chapter IV. The Discovery of A Policy The Necessity for Practical Measures—the Meetings With Working-men—new Recruits, Lloyd Jones, Cooper and Others Ludlow and The Associations Ouvrures—the Morning Chron- Icle and Its Disclosures—the Cholera, Walsh and Mansfield in Bermondsey - - Proposals for Action—a Sanitary League—the Tailors and Association—maurice Hesitates The Decision—foundation of Castle Street Association— Massey Its Secretary—tracts On Christian Socialism - - Chapter V. Literary Activities The Need for Publicity—the Tracts and Their Title—the First Series - Issue of The Christian Socialist—its Character—its History— and Cessation Second Series of Tracts—their Abeyance - - - Alton Locke—composition and Publication—reception By The Critics—value to The Cause—quality and Influence - - Yeast—character and Modernity—debt to Maurice—blemishes —reception - - Kingsley and Associative Agriculture—his Lecture - - Chapter VI. Page The Early Associations for Co-operative Production These Essentially Experimental—discussion of Methods—fear of Machinery - Constitution of The Society for Promoting Working Men's Associations—and of Associations Under It—legal Position - History of The Associations—tailors—shoemakers—builders —printers—bakers—needlewomen—pianoforte Makers— City Tailors—the Ladies' Guild and Miss Octavia Hill - Association in The Provinces—missionary Efforts—tailors At Southampton—hatters At Manchester—kindred Movements Throughout The Country Chapter VII. Co-operative Production and The Trades Unions E. V. Neale Joins The Movement—his Character and Services— Attitude Towards Maurice—expansion of The Work - - The Trades Societies and Their Attitude—letter to Them—the Amalgamation in The Iron Trades A.s.e. and Christian Socialists—windsor Ironworks Scheme— Address to Trades Societies of Kingdom - - - - The Great Lock-out of 1852—position and Work of Christian Socialists—their Ideal That Trades Unions Should Undertake Production—practical Measures—mile End and Atlas Iron- Works—support of A.s.e. Chapter VIII. Co-operative Distribution and The Co-operative Movement Neale's Desire to Unify The Movement—foundation of London Stores—scheme for General Union—its Discussion and Failure The Central Co-operative Agency—relation to Society of Promoters—its Success and Permanent Value - Three Minor Efforts—the Co-operative League—the Proposed Investment Society—the Conferences With Working-men Resumed The First Annual Conference of The Co-operative Movement- Its Programme—paramount Influence of Christian Socialists —the Effect of Their Work Chapter IX. The Industrial and Provident Societies' Act, Attitude of Government A Two-fold Obstacle - - - - The Contract System—protests of Christian Socialists—lud- Low's Articles - - - The Legal Position of Co-operators—act of 1834—anc* —difficulty of The Position - Slaney's Committee—evidence of Christian Socialists, Ludlow, Neale, Etc.—of Bellenden Ker and J. S. Mill—importance of Mill's Attitude—the Report—government's Delay - - The Bill in Parliament—in The Commons—and The Lords— Its Value to The Movement Chapter X. The ' Failure ' of Christian Socialism The Effects of Slaney's Act—the Reconstitution of The Society of Promoters—neale and Ludlow—maurice's Decision - The Failure of The Associations—the Engineering Works—the Small Associations—the Central Agency—the Second Con- Ference—the Winding Up of The Society - - - Mrs. Sidney Webb and The Failure—her Fundamental Antagon- Ism to The Movement—her Objections (a) Scheme Either Competitive Or Monopolist; (6) Involves Profit-sharing; (c) Inapplicable to Great Industries; (d) Unethical—her Ignorance of The Movement - - - - - - Subsidiary Causes of Failure—apathy of The Church—outbreak of Crimean War—maurice and King's College—london and Its Difficulties Principal Causes—neale's Fatal Generosity—moral Inability of The Men to Respond Compensating Advantages Chapter XI. The Foundation of The Working Men's College Lesson of Failure—they Return to Education—lectures and Classes—the Starting of The College Its Double Object—the Benefit to The Working-classes—to The Teachers—its Success The Place of Christian Socialism in The Movement for Social and Industrial Reform—the Three Stages of Progress—(a) Experiments ; (b) Rise of Opposing Schools; (c) Synthesis— The Claim of The Christian Socialists to Serious Study - Appendices Index