Nuclear Medicine and PET/CT: Technology and Techniques

Description

A comprehensive guide to procedures and technologies, Nuclear Medicine and PET/CT: Technology and Techniques provides a single source for state-of-the-art information on all aspects of nuclear medicine. Coverage includes relevant anatomy and physiology and discusses each procedure in relation to the specific use of radiopharmaceuticals and the instruments required. Edited by experts in nuclear imaging and PET/CT, Paul E. Christian and Kristen M. Waterstram-Rich, this edition has a new chapter on MRI as it relates to nuclear medicine and includes practical, step-by-step instructions for procedures. PET/CT focus with hybrid PET/CT studies in several chapters provides cutting-edge information that is especially beneficial to working technologists.CT Physics and Instrumentation chapter introduces CT as it is applied to PET imaging for combined PET/CT studies.Authoritative, comprehensive resource conveys state-of-the-art information, eliminating the need to search for information in other sources.Foundation chapters cover basic math, statistics, physics, instrumentation, computers, lab science, radiochemistry, and pharmacology, allowing you to understand how and why procedures are performed.Accessible writing style and approach to basic science subjects simplifies topics, progressing from fundamentals to more complex concepts.More than 50 practice problems in the math and statistics chapter let you brush up on basic math skills, with answers provided in the back of the book.Key terms, chapter outlines, learning objectives, and suggested readings help you organize your study.A table of radionuclides used in nuclear medicine and PET is provided in the appendix for quick reference.A glossary provides definitions of key terms and important concepts.High-profile editors and contributors come from a variety of educational and clinical settings, providing a broad philosophic and geographic perspective.New MRI Physics, Instrumentation and Clinical Introduction chapter provides important background on MRI and its relationship with nuclear medicine.Procedures boxes in body systems chapters provide step-by-step descriptions of clinical procedures.Updates and revisions keep you current with the latest advances.Expanded 16-page color insert includes more diagnostic images demonstrating realistic scans found in practice. Front cover Nuclear Medicine and PET/CT Copyright page Contributors Foreword Preface Content New to this Edition Learning Enhancements Instructor Ancillaries Acknowledgments Table of contents Chapter 1: Mathematics and Statistics Objectives Key Terms Fundamentals Practical Applications Statistics Summary References Chapter 2: Physics of Nuclear Medicine Objectives Key Terms Electromagnetic Radiation Atoms and Molecules Atomic Structure Mass-Energy Relationship Nuclear Notation and Nuclear Families Decay Processes Schematics of Radioactive Decay Radioactivity Units Interactions Photons Extranuclear Energy Release Attenuation and Transmission of Photons Summary Chapter 3: Instrumentation Objectives Key Terms Radiation Detectors Gas-Filled Detectors Semiconductor Detectors Scintillation Detectors Scintillation Counting Systems Gamma Cameras Scintillation Camera Corrections Image Acquisition Collimation Gamma Camera Quality Control Image Quality Summary Chapter 4: Computer Science Objectives Key Terms Basic Computer Components Image Acquisition Image Display and Processing Region of Interest Clinical Applications Summary Suggested Reading Chapter 5: Laboratory Science Objectives Key Terms Glassware and Instrumentation Elements and Compounds Laws of Constant Composition and Multiple Proportion Gram Atomic Weights, Gram Molecular Weights, and the Mole Concept Empirical and Molecular Formulas Solutions and Colloids Chemical Reactions and Equations Acids and Bases Equilibriums and Equilibrium Constant The pH Concept Buffer Solutions Organic Compounds Summary Suggested Readings Chapter 6: Radiochemistry and Radiopharmacology Objectives Key Terms Production of Radionuclides Technetium Radiopharmaceuticals Gallium and Indium Radiopharmaceuticals Thallium Chloride Iodinated Radiopharmaceuticals Pet Radiopharmaceuticals Therapeutic Radiopharmaceuticals Regulatory Issues: Radiopharmaceutical Quality Assurance Radiopharmaceutical Quality Control Summary References Suggested Reading Chapter 7: Radiation Safety in Nuclear Medicine Objectives Key Terms Radiation Safety Program Sources of Radiation Exposure Radiation Regulations Radiation Dose Biological Effects of Ionizing Radiation Summary References Suggested Reading Chapter 8: Patient Care and Quality Improvement Objectives Key Terms Patient Care Patient Preparation Patient Encounter Age-Specific Care Body Mechanics Medications and Their Administration Contrast Media Infection Control Vital Signs and Patient Assessment Emergency Care Ancillary Equipment Quality Improvement Defining Quality Quality Acronyms Pioneers of Quality Management Role of Quality Management in Medical Imaging Understanding Quality Designs Key Focus Points Key Components to Developing a Comprehensive Quality-Improvement Plan Hospital-Based Quality Management Tools Quality Drivers Resources for Standards, Guidelines, and Regulations Breaking Down the Process Practical Application of Problem-Solving Techniques Basics of Coding Systems Coding Systems Medical Coverage Payment Billing Compliance Summary References Suggested Reading Chapter 9: Principles of SPECT and SPECT/CT Objectives Key Terms Single Photon Emission Computed Tomography Instrumentation Tomographic Acquisitions Spect Reconstruction Filtering of Spect Images Spect Image Display Spect Physics and Image Artifacts Attenuation Correction, Scatter Correction, and Resolution Recovery Cardiac Spect Quantification Cardiac Display Cardiac Gating Quality Control Summary References Chapter 10: PET Instrumentation Objectives Key Terms Physics of Positrons Production of Pet Radiotracers Pet Radiation Detectors Pet Scanner Design Coincidence Detection: True, Scatter, and Random Events Data Acquisition 2D and 3D Scanner Configuration Pet/CT Scanners Reconstruction Algorithms Attenuation Correction by Transmission Imaging Time of Flight PET Scanner Calibration and Quality Control Partial Volume Effect Quantitative Image Information Displaying PET Data Image Fusion and PET/MRI Radiation Safety in PET Requirements for Gating and Radiation Therapy Treatment Planning Summary Suggested Reading Chapter 11: CT Physics and Instrumentation Objectives Key Terms Physics of X-Rays X-Ray Tube and the Production of X-Rays Principles of Computed Tomography CT Scanner Design Multislice Helical CT Systems Image Data Acquisition CT Image Reconstruction CT Display Display of Volumetric Image Data Image Quality CT Protocols CT Artifacts CT Radiation Safety CT Quality Control Summary Suggested Reading Chapter 12: Principles of Magnetic Resonance Imaging Objectives Key Terms Introduction to Atomic Structure and Basic Principles The Hydrogen Nucleus Alignment Precession Resonance Mr Signal and Free Induction Decay T1 and T2 Pulse Sequences Artifacts MRI Safety Summary sUGGESTED READING Chapter 13: Clinical PET/CT in Oncology Objectives Key Terms Intracellular 18F-FDG Metabolism Patient Preparation and Injection Pet Scan Acquisition Normal Whole-Body FDG Distribution Normal Variations in FDG Localization Pet Oncology Applications Solitary Pulmonary Nodule Non–Small-Cell Lung Carcinoma Other Chest Malignancies Melanoma Lymphoma Myeloma Colorectal Cancer Head and Neck Cancer Esophageal Cancer Breast Cancer Brain Cancer Prostate Cancer Cervical Cancer Ovarian Cancer Testicular Cancer Thyroid Cancer Pancreatic Cancer Future Trends Summary References Suggested Reading Chapter 14: Central Nervous System Objectives Key Terms Chemistry of the Brain Anatomy and Physiology Radiopharmaceuticals Planar and SPECT Imaging Tracers Imaging Techniques and Protocols Clinical PET and SPECT Studies Summary References Chapter 15: Endocrine System Objectives Key Terms Thyroid Gland Hyperthyroidism Hypothyroidism Thyroid Nodules Thyroid Cancer Neuroendocrine System Parathyroid Glands Adrenal Glands Adrenal Medulla Summary References Chapter 16: Respiratory System Objectives Key Terms Normal Anatomy and Physiology Pathophysiology Perfusion Imaging Ventilation Imaging Ventilation-Perfusion Studies Summary References Chapter 17: Cardiovascular System Objectives Key Terms Clinical Problem Anatomy Physiology Radionuclide Imaging Considerations Myocardial Perfusion Imaging Positron Emission Tomography of The Heart Radionuclide Evaluation of Ventricular Function Imaging Cardiac Neurotransmission Summary Reference Suggested Reading Chapter 18: Gastrointestinal System Objectives Key Terms Salivary Glands Oropharynx Esophagus Stomach Small Bowel and Colon Intestinal Tract Liver and Spleen Gallbladder Breath Testing with 14C-labeled Compounds Summary References Suggested Reading Chapter 19: Genitourinary System Objectives Key Terms Anatomy Physiology Radiopharmaceuticals Radionuclide Procedures Testicular Imaging Measurement of Effective Renal Plasma Flow and the Glomerular Filtration Rate Summary References Chapter 20: Skeletal System Objectives Key Terms Composition of Bone Gross Structure of Bone Skeleton Joints Radionuclide Imaging Instrumentation Spot Views Whole-Body Imaging SPECT Imaging Clinical Aspects Other Uses for Bone Imaging Summary References Suggested Reading Chapter 21: Hematopoietic System Objectives Key Terms Blood Blood Components Isotopic Labeling of Cellular Elements Platelet Kinetics Erythrokinetics Measurement of Absorption and Serum Levels of Essential Nutrients Summary References Chapter 22: Inflammatory/Tumor/Oncology Imaging and Therapy Objectives Key Terms Inflammatory Imaging Tumor Imaging Lymphoscintigraphy Therapy Summary References Chapter 23: Pediatric Imaging Objectives Key Terms Technical Considerations Clinical Applications Endocrine Potential Pitfalls in Pediatric Pet Summary References Radionuclides and Radiopharmaceutical Form Used in Clinical Nuclear Medicine Percentage Points and Chi-Square Distribution Glossary Answers to Mathematics and Statistics Review Chapter 1 Illustration Credits Index