Lithium-Ion Battery Chemistries: A Primer

Description

Lithium-Ion Battery Chemistries: A Primer offers a simple description on how different lithium-ion battery chemistries work, along with their differences. It includes a refresher on the basics of electrochemistry and thermodynamics, and an understanding of the fundamental processes that occur in the lithium-ion battery. Furthermore, it reviews each of the major chemistries that are in use today, including Lithium-Iron Phosphate (LFP), Lithium-Cobalt Oxide (LCO), Lithium Manganese Oxide (LMO), Lithium-Nickel Manganese Cobalt (NMC), Lithium-Nickel Cobalt Aluminium (NCA), and Lithium-Titanate Oxide (LTO) and outlines the different types of anodes, including carbon (graphite, hard carbon, soft carbon, graphene), silicon, and tin. In addition, the book offers performance comparisons of different chemistries to help users select the right battery for the right application and provides explanations on why different chemistries have different performances and capabilities. Finally, it offers a brief look at emerging and beyond-lithium chemistries, including lithium-air, zinc-air, aluminum air, solid-state, lithium-sulfur, lithium-glass, and lithium-metal. Front Matter Copyright List of figures Preface Introduction Batteries and chemistry Chapter outline Electrochemistry basics Electricity Chemistry Electrochemistry Electromotive force (voltage) Electric current Discharging the battery Charging the battery Efficiency and voltage Lithium-ion battery operation Where is the lithium in lithium-ion? How do the anode and cathode work together? Reduction/oxidation (redox) process Intercalation Cations and anions Solid electrolyte interphase What does ``nano´´ mean? Thermodynamics Failures modes Internal short circuit External short circuit Thermal runaway Cascading failure Impact and effects of temperature on cell aging Impedance What happens during overcharge What happens during overdischarge Influence of impact, crush, and penetration Aging mechanisms Overview and comparison of different lithium-ion chemistries Performance Voltage range Cyclability Energy density Power density Temperature Cost The Cathodes Lithium iron phosphate Lithium cobalt oxide Lithium manganese oxide Lithium nickel manganese cobalt/nickel cobalt manganese Lithium nickel cobalt aluminum oxide Other cathodes The Anodes Carbons Graphite Soft/amorphous carbon Hard carbon Graphene Lithium titanium oxide Alloys and composite materials Silicon Tin Aluminum Germanium Inactive materials Binders Electrolytes Characteristics of electrolytes and salts Electrolyte additives Nonaqueous electrolytes Aqueous electrolytes Alkaline electrolytes Neutral electrolytes Acidic electrolytes Other types of electrolytes Polymer electrolytes Solid electrolytes Ionic liquids Water-in-salt electrolyte Separators Properties of separators Ceramic separators Nonwoven separators Other separator materials Current collectors and metal foils Tabs/terminals Cases The materials Recovering materials through recycling Where do the different materials come from? Materials used in lithium-ion batteries Cobalt Graphite Lithium Manganese Silicon Conductive metals Aluminum Copper Nickel Tin Titanium Material coatings/surface treatment Lithium-ion cell manufacturing Global capacity Mixing Coating Slitting Pressing/calendaring Cutting Cell assembly Formation Next generation and beyond lithium chemistries Nickel-zinc and nickel-iron Lithium-based batteries Lithium-manganese-rich NMC Lithium metal Lithium-air Lithium-sulfur Lithium-glass Other ion batteries Aluminum-ion Magnesium-ion Potassium-ion Sodium-ion Solid-state batteries 3D Printed batteries Printed batteries Painted batteries Paper batteries The future and energy storage Megatrends Aging population Urbanization and the megacities Future mobility and e-transportation Technology trends The turning point Conclusion USABC goals for advanced electrolytes USABC goals for advanced separators Separator requirements References Index A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W