Scientific American: Psychology

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Front Cover......Page 1 Title Page......Page 7 Copyright......Page 8 Dedication......Page 9 about the authors......Page 10 brief contents......Page 11 contents......Page 12 preface......Page 21 Acknowledgments......Page 42 AND IT ALL CAME FALLING DOWN......Page 47 What Is Psychology?......Page 50 The Goals of Psychology......Page 53 Philosophy and Physiology......Page 54 Psychology Is Born......Page 55 Psychology’s Perspectives......Page 57 THE FIRST 17 DAYS......Page 61 FRUSTRATED MINERS......Page 62 THINK again: What’s in a Number?......Page 63 Critical Thinking......Page 64 The Scientific Method......Page 65 Steps of the Scientific Method......Page 66 THE BIG WAIT......Page 70 Research Basics......Page 72 The Miners Get Their Way......Page 73 Naturalistic Observation......Page 74 Case Study......Page 75 Survey Method......Page 76 Correlational Method......Page 77 across the WORLD: The Many Faces of Facebook......Page 78 Experimental Research......Page 80 Experimental Method......Page 81 didn’t SEE that coming: Sponge Bob on the Brain......Page 86 Research Ethics......Page 87 THINK again: Psychology in the Media......Page 88 Positive Psychology......Page 89 IN THE LINE OF FIRE......Page 95 Biology and Behavior: Studying the Last Frontier......Page 96 Neurons and Neural Communication......Page 98 Just the Basics......Page 99 Communication Within and Between......Page 100 Major League Players: Neurotransmitters......Page 104 The Spinal Cord and Simple Reflexes......Page 107 What Lies Beyond: The Peripheral Nervous System......Page 109 THINK again: Male Brain, Female Brain......Page 111 The Endocrine System and Its Slowpoke Messengers......Page 112 Right Brain, Left Brain: The Two Hemispheres......Page 114 Split Brain......Page 115 Language and the Left......Page 117 The Role of the Right......Page 118 Neuroplasticity......Page 119 across the WORLD: The Plastic Brains of Our Children......Page 120 From Bumps to Brain Scans: We’ve Come a Long Way......Page 121 SOCIAL MEDIA and psychology: Facebook in the Brain......Page 122 from the pages of SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN: Electric Surprise......Page 123 The Cortex: A Peek Beneath the Skull......Page 125 The Lobes: Up Close and Personal......Page 126 Drama Central: The Limbic System......Page 130 Deeper Yet: The Brainstem and Cerebellum......Page 131 Wrapping It Up......Page 132 WHERE ARE THEY NOW?......Page 133 GOOD MORNING, TRIPLETS......Page 139 Sensation and Perception 101......Page 140 Studying Sensation......Page 142 THE EYES OF THE TRIPLETS......Page 146 Light Is Sight......Page 147 The Colors We See......Page 148 You Won’t Believe Your Eyes......Page 149 The Retina......Page 150 In Living Color......Page 153 across the WORLD: Colors and Culture......Page 155 Listen, Hear......Page 156 All Ears......Page 158 Pitch and the Cochlea......Page 161 I Can’t Hear You......Page 162 Smell: Nosing Around......Page 163 Taste: Just Eat It......Page 165 Touch: Feel the Magic......Page 167 from the pages of SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN: Brain Freeze Explained......Page 168 Kinesthesia......Page 172 The Mind’s Imperfect Eye......Page 173 Perceptual Organization......Page 174 Depth Perception......Page 176 Perceptual Constancy......Page 178 THINK again: Extrasensory Perception......Page 179 MOVING FORWARD......Page 180 MIND-ALTERING MEDICINE......Page 185 Wrap Your Mind Around This......Page 189 An Introduction to Sleep......Page 193 The Stages of Sleep......Page 197 nature AND nurture: What Kind of Sleeper Are You?......Page 200 PROBLEM IDENTIFIED......Page 201 Sleep Disturbances......Page 202 Who Needs Sleep?......Page 205 THINK again: 7 Sleep Myths......Page 208 SLEEP, SLEEP, GO AWAY......Page 209 In Your Dreams......Page 210 Dream a Little Dream......Page 211 DRUGS, DRUGS, EVERYWHERE......Page 212 Depressants......Page 213 Alcohol......Page 216 Stimulants and Hallucinogens......Page 217 SOCIAL MEDIA and psychology: Can’t Get Enough......Page 222 Hypnosis......Page 224 CONTROVERSIES: False Claims About Hypnosis......Page 225 Fade to Black?......Page 226 ATHLETES IN THE MAKING......Page 231 What Is Learning?......Page 233 AN OMINOUS SMELL......Page 234 What Salivating Dogs Can Teach Us......Page 235 Time for Some Terms......Page 236 Nuts and Bolts of Classical Conditioning......Page 238 From Dogs to People: Extending Pavlov’s Understanding......Page 240 Yuck: Conditioned Taste Aversion......Page 241 didn’t SEE that coming: Rescuing Animals with Classical Conditioning......Page 242 Little Albert and Conditioned Emotional Response......Page 243 Real-Life Examples of Classical Conditioning......Page 244 THE JEREMY LIN SHOW......Page 246 Operant Conditioning and the Law of Effect......Page 247 Behaviorism and the Shaping of Behavior......Page 249 Acquisition to Extinction, and Everything in Between......Page 251 The Power of Partial Reinforcement......Page 255 Timing Is Everything: Reinforcement Schedules......Page 257 The Trouble with Punishment......Page 259 CONTROVERSIES: Spotlight on Spanking......Page 261 THINK again: Think Positive Reinforcement......Page 263 Classical and Operant Conditioning: What’s the Difference?......Page 264 The Power of Observational Learning......Page 265 didn’t SEE that coming: Monkey See, Monkey Do: Can Apes Learn by Observation, Too?......Page 268 Learning and Cognition: A Map That Cannot Be Seen......Page 269 IT KEEPS GETTING BETTER......Page 271 MEMORY BREAKDOWN: THE CASE OF CLIVE WEARING......Page 277 Memory: Encoding, Storage, and Retrieval......Page 280 MEET THE MEMORY ATHLETES......Page 281 The Information-Processing Model of Memory......Page 282 Levels of Processing......Page 283 from the pages of SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN: Why Testing Boosts Learning......Page 284 Sensory Memory: The Here and Now......Page 286 THINK again: Multitasking and Memory......Page 289 Working Memory: Where the Action Is......Page 290 Long-Term Memory: Save It for Later......Page 292 Memory Aids: Put Your Memory to the Test......Page 294 Processing, Effort, and Improving Long-Term Memory......Page 295 across the WORLD: Memory and Culture......Page 298 Retrieval and Forgetting......Page 300 What Can You Retrieve?......Page 301 How Easily We Remember: Memory Savings......Page 304 How Easily We Forget: Memory Slips Explained......Page 305 didn’t SEE that coming: Google Brain......Page 308 Misinformation......Page 309 False Memories......Page 310 CONTROVERSIES: The Debate over Repressed Childhood Memories......Page 311 Amnesia......Page 313 Where Memories Live in the Brain—A Macro Perspective......Page 315 from the pages of SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN: What Marijuana Reveals About Memory......Page 318 Where Memories Live in the Brain—A Micro Perspective......Page 319 FINAL THOUGHTS......Page 322 BLEEDING BRAIN......Page 327 HOSPITAL HUBUB......Page 330 Concepts......Page 331 Mental Imagery......Page 333 Biology of Cognition......Page 336 What’s the Problem?......Page 338 Approaches to Problem Solving......Page 339 from the pages of SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN: Laughter Leads to Insight......Page 341 across the WORLD: Problem Solving in Different Cultures......Page 343 Decisions, Decisions......Page 345 Decisions, Heuristics, and the Confirmation Bias......Page 346 THINK again: Fearing the Friendly Skies......Page 347 You’ve Been Framed!......Page 348 THINK again: Let Them Eat Cake......Page 349 ELVES, PIRATES, AND READING TROUBLES......Page 350 The Basic Elements of Language......Page 351 didn’t SEE that coming: The Perks of Being Bilingual......Page 352 THINK again: Language Without Sound......Page 355 Thinking What We Say or Saying What We Think?......Page 356 CONTROVERSIES: Do Animals Use Language Too?......Page 357 What Is Intelligence?......Page 358 Theories of Intelligence......Page 359 Measuring Brainpower......Page 361 Let’s Test the Intelligence Tests......Page 362 But Are They Fair?......Page 364 The Diversity of Human Intelligence......Page 366 Life Smarts......Page 367 nature AND nurture: Why Dyslexia?......Page 368 Origins of Intelligence......Page 369 Creativity......Page 370 Closing Thoughts......Page 371 A DAY IN THE LIFE......Page 377 Three Debates......Page 380 Three Methods......Page 382 16 AND PREGNANT......Page 384 Chromosomes and Genes......Page 385 From Zygote to Embryo to Fetus......Page 387 Newborn Growth and Development......Page 390 The Language Explosion......Page 394 THINK again: Genie the “Feral Child”......Page 396 Piaget and Cognitive Development: Blossoming of a Young Mind......Page 397 SOME THINGS NEVER CHANGE......Page 401 Temperament and Attachment......Page 402 nature AND nurture: Destiny of the Difficult Baby......Page 403 Erikson’s Psychosocial Stages......Page 405 Physical and Cognitive Development in Adolescence......Page 407 Socioemotional Development in Adolescence......Page 409 Kohlberg’s Stages of Moral Development......Page 411 Emerging Adulthood......Page 413 A WORK IN PROGRESS......Page 415 Physical Development......Page 416 Cognitive Development......Page 417 Socioemotional Development: Early, Middle, and Late Adulthood......Page 419 from the pages of SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN: Changing Social Roles Can Reverse Aging......Page 421 Death and Dying......Page 422 LATEST DEVELOPMENTS......Page 423 FIRST DAY OF SCHOOL......Page 429 What Is Motivation?......Page 431 Instinct Theory......Page 434 Drive-Reduction Theory......Page 435 Needs and More Needs: Maslow’s Hierarchy......Page 436 SOCIAL MEDIA and psychology: Network Needs......Page 440 Hungry Brain, Hungry Body......Page 441 Let’s Have a Meal: Cultural and Social Context......Page 442 from the pages of SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN: Lunchtime Leniency......Page 444 Obesity......Page 445 Eating Disorders......Page 446 across the WORLD: A Cross-Cultural Look at Eating Disorders......Page 448 What Is Emotion?......Page 449 Emotion and Physiology......Page 451 Cognition and Emotion......Page 453 CONTROVERSIES: Problems with Polygraphs......Page 456 FACE VALUE......Page 457 across the WORLD: Can You Feel the Culture?......Page 458 The Biology of Fear......Page 460 Happiness......Page 463 Gender and Emotions......Page 464 Closing Thoughts......Page 465 GUESS THE PROFESSION......Page 471 Sex: It’s In Your Biology......Page 472 The Biology of Sexual Determination......Page 474 Vive la Différence......Page 475 Differences of Sexual Development......Page 477 Gender: Beyond Biology......Page 480 nature AND nurture: The Case of Bruce Reimer......Page 483 THE MAKING OF A SEXPERT......Page 485 Everything You Always Wanted to Know About Sex......Page 486 from the pages of SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN: Crying Women Turn Men Off......Page 487 Sexual Orientation......Page 488 How Sexual Orientation Develops......Page 489 across the WORLD: Homosexuality and Culture......Page 491 The Sex We Have......Page 492 across the WORLD: What They Are Doing in Bed . . . or Elsewhere......Page 495 THINK again: Sext You Later......Page 496 Sexual Difficulties......Page 498 Sexually Transmitted Infections......Page 500 “Normal” Is Relative......Page 502 CONTROVERSIES: Are You My Natural Selection?......Page 505 BACK TO THE FUTURE......Page 506 MEET TANK......Page 511 What Is Personality?......Page 513 nature AND nurture: The Funny Thing About Personality......Page 515 Freud and the Mind......Page 516 Id, Ego, and Superego: The Structural Model of the Mind......Page 517 Defense Mechanisms......Page 519 Freud’s Stages of Development......Page 521 TANK'S ONGOING TROUBLES......Page 524 The Neo-Freudians......Page 525 CONTROVERSIES: How Birth Order May—or May Not—Affect Your Personality......Page 526 Questioning Freud......Page 527 The Brighter Side: Maslow and Rogers......Page 528 ROBOTS CAN LEARN, TOO......Page 530 The Role of Learning, Thought, and Environment......Page 531 Taking Stock: An Appraisal of Learning and Social-Cognitive Theories......Page 534 Who’s Who in Trait Theory......Page 535 Taking Stock: An Appraisal of the Trait Theories......Page 538 from the pages of SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN: Open Mind, Longer Life......Page 539 Is It Legit? Reliability and Validity......Page 540 What Do You See? Projective Personality Tests......Page 541 Taking Stock: An Appraisal of Projective Personality Tests......Page 543 Objective Personality Tests......Page 544 Taking Stock: An Appraisal of Objective Personality Tests......Page 545 FINAL THOUGHTS......Page 546 DRIVE......Page 551 Stress and Stressors......Page 552 EVERYTHING HAPPENS FOR A REASON......Page 554 Major Life Events......Page 555 Posttraumatic Stress Disorder......Page 556 It’s Nonstop: Chronic Stressors......Page 557 across the WORLD: The Stress of Starting Anew......Page 558 What a Hassle, What a Joy......Page 559 Fight or Flight......Page 561 Is Stress Making You Sick?......Page 564 Stress, Insidious Stress......Page 566 ADRENALINE JUNKIES......Page 567 Too Much Cortisol......Page 568 Conflicts......Page 570 I Can Deal: Coping with Stress......Page 571 IT'S A PERSONAL THING......Page 572 I Am in Control......Page 575 Tools for Healthy Living......Page 576 CONTROVERSIES: Meditate on This......Page 577 from the pages of SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN: Meditate That Cold Away......Page 578 TO PROTECT, SERVE, AND NOT GET TOO STRESSED......Page 581 WINTER NIGHT......Page 587 What’s Normal, What’s Not......Page 588 DISPELLING STIGMA: ROSS FINDS HIS VOICE......Page 591 The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM–5)......Page 593 didn’t SEE that coming: “On Being Sane in Insane Places”......Page 595 What Causes Psychological Disorders?......Page 596 UNWELCOME THOUGHTS: MELISSA’S STORY......Page 598 Panic Disorder......Page 599 Specific Phobias and Agoraphobia......Page 601 across the WORLD: The Many Faces of Social Anxiety......Page 602 Generalized Anxiety Disorder......Page 603 DSM–5 and Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder......Page 604 DSM–5 and Major Depressive Disorder......Page 606 The Biology of Depression......Page 609 Psychological Roots of Depression......Page 610 DSM–5 and Bipolar Disorders......Page 612 Schizophrenia, Take 5......Page 614 Untangling the Roots of Schizophrenia......Page 615 nature AND nurture: Four Sisters......Page 616 Personality Disorders......Page 619 Borderline Personality Disorder......Page 620 Dissociative Amnesia......Page 621 What Causes Dissociative Disorders?......Page 622 DEFYING STIGMA: ROSS LEARNS TO THRIVE......Page 623 OUTSMARTING OCD: MELISSA FINDS A THERAPY THAT WORKS......Page 624 VOICES......Page 629 Who Gets Treatment?......Page 631 A Primitive Past: The History of Treatment......Page 632 Treatment Today: An Overview of Major Approaches......Page 634 from the pages of SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN: A Brighter Tune......Page 636 Taking It to the Couch, Freudian Style: Psychoanalysis......Page 637 THE CLIENT KNOWS......Page 639 Get to Work! Behavior Therapy......Page 642 didn’t SEE that coming: Virtual Reality Exposure Therapy......Page 643 You Are What You Think: Cognitive Therapy......Page 647 Let’s Get Through This Together: Group Therapy......Page 650 We Are Family: Family Therapy......Page 651 Medicines That Help: Psychopharmacology......Page 653 When Drugs Aren’t Enough: The Other Biomedical Therapies......Page 658 across the WORLD: Know Thy Client......Page 660 Does Psychotherapy Work?......Page 661 Nonstandard Treatment: Self-Help and e-Therapy......Page 662 SOCIAL MEDIA and psychology: Therapist or Friend?......Page 663 PASSIONATE PROVIDERS......Page 664 LOVE STORY......Page 669 What Is Social Psychology?......Page 670 Attributions......Page 673 Attitudes......Page 676 nature AND nurture: Why the Attitude?......Page 678 didn’t SEE that coming: Something Doesn’t Feel Right......Page 679 11 ORPHANS......Page 681 Power of Others......Page 682 Persuasion and Compliance......Page 683 Conformity......Page 686 Obedience......Page 689 When Two Heads Are Not Better Than One......Page 693 across the WORLD: Slackers of the West......Page 694 THE BYSTANDER WHO REFUSED TO STAND BY......Page 696 Stereotypes and Discrimination......Page 698 from the pages of SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN: Following the Crowd......Page 699 CONTROVERSIES: The Stanford “Prison”......Page 702 from the pages of SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN: Rudeness on the Internet......Page 703 Prosocial Behavior......Page 704 On the Up Side......Page 705 SOCIAL MEDIA and psychology: Relationships Online......Page 706 What Is Love?......Page 709 Making This Chapter Work for You......Page 710 appendix a: introduction to statistics......Page 714 appendix b: careers in psychology......Page 728 appendix c: check your answers......Page 736 Glossary......Page 758 References......Page 772 Name Index......Page 824 Subject Index......Page 840 Back Cover......Page 861