Triumphs in the Age of Civil War: The Late Republic and the Adaptability of Triumphal Tradition

Description

Many of the wars of the Late Republic were largely civil conflicts. There was, therefore, a tension between the traditional expectation that triumphs should be celebrated for victories over foreign enemies and the need of the great commanders to give full expression to their prestige and charisma, and to legitimize their power. Triumphs in the Age of Civil War rethinks the nature and the character of the phenomenon of civil war during the Late Republic. At the same time it focuses on a key feature of the Roman socio-political order, the triumph, and argues that a commander could in practice expect to triumph after a civil war victory if it could also be represented as being over a foreign enemy, even if the principal opponent was clearly Roman. Significantly, the civil aspect of the war did not have to be denied. Carsten Hjort Lange provides the first study to consider the Roman triumph during the age of civil war, and argues that the idea of civil war as “normal” reflects the way civil war permeated the politics and society of the Late Roman Republic. Cover Half-title Title Copyright Dedication Contents Acknowledgements List of Figures Introduction 1. A Voice from No-Man’s-Land: Approaches to Civil War and Triumph Modern approaches to civil war Approaching triumph: beyond the spectacle 2. Triumph, Ovation, Alban Mount Triumph and Naval Triumph The ovation – or, not quite a triumph Triumphus in Monte Albano Naval triumph 3. The Fasti Triumphales and Triumphal Housekeeping The evidence: inventing triumphs (?) Nachtrag, Fasti Capitolini The Alban Mount triumph 4. The Late Republican Triumph: Continuity and Change Marius and a transformation of the triumph Triumph in absentia Competition and conventions: triumph-hunting Civil war 44–43 BCE Conclusions 5. Triumph and Civil War in the Late Republic: Constructing the Enemy The conventional prohibition on civil war triumphs Sulla and the war against Mithridates Hostes declarations Pompeius’ African and Spanish triumphs Caesar and the enemies of Rome Mutina: fighting for the res publica Brundisium: peace restored Sicily: a war against slaves and pirates Actium: the end of the Late Republican civil war Conclusions 6. Augustus, Triumph, Civil War, and the Victory Monument at Actium: A Reconsideration Actium as a civil war Fasti municipales The Victory Monument at Nicopolis/Actium 7. Triumphal Topography: Augustus’ Triumphal and Triumph-like Returns The triumviral assignment, Perusia 40 A peaceful ceremonial entry, Brundisium 40 Entering on horseback, Mylae/Naulochus 36 The triple triumph of 29 A practical problem: victorious generals returning from the East The Augustan programme of pacification and the princeps’ return The Porta Capena: returning from the East in 19 Peace is named after Augustus: returning to Rome in 13 Advances into central Europe 12–8 The last departure: the triumphal funeral of 14 CE Conclusions Epilogue: Civil War and Triumph. The Casa di Pilatos Relief Appendix: Triumphal Arches Vespasian and Titus Septimius Severus Constantine Notes Bibliography Index