International Corporate Personhood: Business and the Bodyless in International Law

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Cover Half Title Title Page Copyright Page Dedication Page Contents Introduction: the status quo 1 The emergence of international corporate personhood I. Definitions and distinctions a. Definitions b. Distinctions II. The corporate trinity: state, Church, company III. A brief history of corporate personhood in three phases a. The Magistrate Charter Phase: pre-1850 b. The public charter phase: 1850–1945 c. The personhood phase: post-1945 IV. Three conceptions of the ICP a. Para-individualist b. Para-statist c. Para-institutionalist V. Three incarnations of the ICP a. The organic or ‘real entity’ theory b. The positivist or concession theory c. The proxy or institutional theory VI. The separation of ownership and control VII. Discussion: a person composed of persons 2 The international corporate person in international law: judge-made law I. Preface to the next two chapters II. The ICP in international tribunals i. Subjectivity of the corporation ii. Substantive rights iii. Criminal liability of corporations iv. Alien Tort Statute v. Human rights vi. Environment vii. Intellectual property viii. Clean hands and corruption ix. Importing rights through the New York Convention III. Conceptualizing judge-made ICP obligations: erga omnes v. jus cogens a. Erga omnes b. Jus cogens 3 The international corporate person in international law: texts and practices I. Exclusivity and the text II. The ICP in international legal texts and practices a. Business and Human Rights i. The European Convention on Human Rights and the European Court of Human Rights ii. The protect, respect, and remedy framework iii. The OEIGWG draft binding instrument iv. The Hague Rules on Business and Human Rights arbitration b. International criminal law i. The joint criminal enterprise and aiding and abetting ii. Environmental harm as a crime against humanity c. International anti-corruption texts and practices i. Explicit international anti-corruption instruments ii. Transfer pricing iii. Tax havens iv. Deferred prosecution agreements d. Environmental law i. Stockholm ii. Rio and aftermath e. International economic law i. Legacies of the new international legal order ii. ‘Development’ and the ICP f. OECD guidelines for multinational enterprises III. The modern ICP’s role in ‘authoring’ international law a. ‘Consultant’ or ‘observer’ status b. The WTO’s TRIPS agreement c. CEO preferences and political spending IV. No analogies: the ICP’s unique status under international law 4 Theorizing international corporate personhood I. Conceptualizing the international corporate person a. Corporate exceptionalism b. Beyond state, individual, and institution c. Human problems and corporate conceptions II. Constituency and sovereignty as human problems a. Constituency: IEL as a case study b. Sovereignty as a strategy III. The public–private delusion a. Background b. Insurance and SOEs: examples from international economic law c. Sovereignty and the veil IV. The ICP and a bundle of sticks a. Duties: civil and criminal b. The amorphous liability of corporate groups and networks c. Hume and Hohfeld V. Toward a theory of the ICP VI. Changing gears: a summary thus far 5 Political bodies and the bodyless I. Political bodies and the bodyless II. Persons as disjointed things a. The ICP and GVCs b. The ICP and CSR III. Things as disenfranchised persons a. Nature b. Animals and AI IV. ‘The actual’: liability a. Legal form and liability b. Territory and liability c. Liability in private normative orders V. ‘The possible’: reform a. Establishing new regimes: human rights and environment b. Global economic law: taxation and wealth registration c. Structural reform: governance and forbearance Codetermination Collective decision making Keiretsu d. Feminist political theory and the ICP e. Anthropocentrism, sovereignty, and the ICP Conclusion: beyond sovereignty, beyond the veil Index