Philosophical Issues in Psychiatry IV: Psychiatric Nosology

Description

The revisions of both DSM-IV and ICD-10 have again focused the interest of the field of psychiatry and clinical psychology on the issue of nosology. This interest has been further heightened by a series of controversies associated with the development of DSM-5 including the fate of proposed revisions of the personality disorders, bereavement, and the autism spectrum. Major debate arose within the DSM process about the criteria for changing criteria, leading to the creation of first the Scientific Review Committee and then a series of other oversight committees which weighed in on the final debates on the most controversial proposed additions to DSM-5, providing important influences on the final decisions. Contained within these debates were a range of conceptual and philosophical issues. Some of these - such as the definition of mental disorder or the problems of psychiatric This book reviews issues within psychiatric nosology from clinical, historical and particularly philosophical perspectives. The book brings together a range of distinguished authors - including major psychiatric researchers, clinicians, historians and especially nosologists - including several leaders of the DSM-5 effort and the DSM Steering Committee. It also includes contributions from psychologists with a special interest in psychiatric nosology and philosophers with a wide range of orientations. The book is organized into four major sections: The first explores the nature of psychiatric illness and the way in which it is defined, including clinical and psychometric perspectives. The second section examines problems in the reification of psychiatric diagnostic criteria, the problem of psychiatric epidemics, and the nature and definition of individual symptoms. The third section explores the concept of epistemic iteration as a possible governing conceptual framework for the revision efforts for official psychiatric nosologies such as DSM and ICD and the problems of validation of psychiatric diagnoses. The book ends by exploring how we might move from the descriptive to the etiologic in psychiatric diagnoses, the nature of progress in psychiatric research, and the possible benefits of moving to a living document (or continuous improvement) model for psychiatric nosologic systems. The result is a book that captures the dynamic cross-disciplinary interactions that characterize the best work in the philosophy of psychiatry. Cover......Page 1 Philosophical Issues in Psychiatry IV......Page 4 Copyright......Page 5 Preface......Page 6 Contents......Page 8 List of contributors......Page 14 Introduction......Page 16 Part I Nature of psychiatric illness......Page 22 Section 1 Clinical significance and disability in psychiatric illness......Page 24 1 Introduction to “Clinical significance, disability, and biomarkers: Shifts in thinking between DSM-​IV and DSM-​5”......Page 26 2 Clinical significance, disability, and biomarkers: Shifts in thinking between DSM-IV and DSM-​5......Page 29 3 Distinguishing but not dissociating psychiatric disorder and impairment in functioning: Bolton, Hume, and sentiment......Page 38 Section 2 Psychometric models in psychiatric nosology......Page 44 4 Introduction to “The hard question in psychiatric nosology”......Page 46 5 The hard question in psychiatric nosology......Page 48 6 Representation and explanation in psychometric modeling......Page 66 Section 3 Obsessive-​compulsive disorders in DSM-​5......Page 72 7 Introduction to “Obsessive-​compulsive and related disorders in DSM-​5, ICD-​11, and RDoC: Conceptual questions and practical solutions”......Page 74 8 Obsessive-​compulsive and related disorders in DSM-​5, ICD-​11, and RDoC: Conceptual questions and practical solutions......Page 76 9 “A messy business”: Balancing considerations in revising the psychiatric nosology......Page 91 Section 4 Network models of psychiatric disorders......Page 96 10 Introduction to “Mental disorders, network models, and dynamical systems”......Page 98 11 Mental disorders, network models, and dynamical systems......Page 101 12 I bet on Borsboom......Page 119 Part II Reification, epidemics, and individual symptoms......Page 122 Section 5 Reification of mental illness......Page 124 13 Introduction to “On reification of mental illness: Historical and conceptual issues from Emil Kraepelin and Eugen Bleuler to DSM-​5”......Page 126 14 On Reification of mental illness: Historical and conceptual issues from Emil Kraepelin and Eugen Bleuler to DSM-​5......Page 128 15 Reification of mental illness: Some considerations......Page 142 Section 6 Psychiatric epidemics......Page 146 16 Introduction to “Factors in the development of psychiatric epidemics”......Page 148 17 Factors in the development of psychiatric epidemics......Page 151 18 Diagnostic epidemics and diagnostic disarray: The issue of differential diagnosis......Page 164 Section 7 Culture-​bound psychiatric syndromes......Page 168 19 Introduction to “Description and explanation of the culture-​bound syndromes”......Page 170 20 Description and explanation of the culture-​bound syndromes......Page 173 21 Reflections on culture-​bound syndromes......Page 187 Section 8 The coming and going of Asperger’s syndrome......Page 192 22 Introduction to “On the appearance and disappearance of Asperger’s syndrome”......Page 194 23 On the appearance and disappearance of Asperger’s syndrome......Page 197 24 Impact of “severity decategorization” in DSM-​5......Page 208 Section 9 Auditory verbal hallucinations......Page 216 25 Introduction to “The ontology and epistemology of symptoms: The case of auditory verbal hallucinations in schizophrenia”......Page 218 26 The ontology and epistemology of symptoms: The case of auditory verbal hallucinations in schizophrenia......Page 222 27 Comment on “The ontology and epistemology of symptoms: The case of auditory verbal hallucinations in schizophrenia”......Page 238 Part III Epistemic iteration......Page 244 Section 10 Epistemic iteration in scientific taxonomies......Page 246 28 Introduction to “Epistemic iteration and natural kinds: Realism and pluralism in taxonomy”......Page 248 29 Epistemic iteration and natural kinds: Realism and pluralism in taxonomy......Page 250 30 Psychiatric nosology, epistemic iteration, and pluralism......Page 267 Section 11 Problems in the validation of psychiatric diagnoses......Page 272 31 Introduction to “Validity and the causal structure of a disorder”......Page 274 32 Validity and the causal structure of a disorder......Page 278 33 Saving the explananda......Page 295 Section 12 Personality disorders in DSM-​5......Page 304 34 Introduction to “Epistemic iteration or paradigm shift: The case of personality disorder”......Page 306 35 Epistemic iteration or paradigm shift: The case of personality disorder......Page 308 36 Why we should be realists about psychiatric disorders—​reply to Peter Zachar......Page 324 Section 13 The progressive validation of medical and psychiatric disorders......Page 332 37 Introduction to “Progressive validation of psychiatric syndromes: The example of panic disorder”......Page 334 38 Progressive validation of psychiatric syndromes:  The example of panic disorder......Page 335 39 Comments on “Progressive validation of psychiatric syndromes: The example of panic disorder”......Page 353 Part IV Descriptive to etiologic and living document......Page 358 Section 14 Descriptive to etiologic in psychiatric nosology......Page 360 40 Introduction to “Causal pathways, random walks, and tortuous paths: Moving from the descriptive to the etiological in psychiatry”......Page 362 41 Causal pathways, random walks, and tortuous paths:  Moving from the descriptive to the etiological in psychiatry......Page 363 42 Comments on “Causal pathways, random walks, and tortuous paths: Moving from the descriptive to the etiological in psychiatry”......Page 382 Section 15 Progress in psychiatric research......Page 388 43 Introduction to “What is progress in psychiatric research?”......Page 390 44 What is progress in psychiatric research?......Page 392 45 Comments on “What is progress in psychiatric research?”......Page 404 Section 16 After DSM-​5......Page 408 46 Introduction to “DSM-​5.1: Perspectives on continuous improvement in diagnostic frameworks”......Page 410 47 DSM-​5.1: Perspectives on continuous improvement in diagnostic frameworks......Page 413 48 How do we improve the DSM?......Page 424 Index......Page 428