Crush Step 1: The Ultimate USMLE Step 1 Review

Description

If you know all of the concepts in Crush Step 1: The Ultimate USMLE Step 1 Review, you should do much better than pass USMLE Step 1: You should Crush it! Led by Theodore X. O'Connell, MD, the author of the best-selling USMLE Step 2 Secrets and Brochert's Crush Step 2, this focused, high-yield review of core content and test prep strategies is the most effective USMLE Step 1 preparation available for this high-stakes exam. Written and reviewed by students, residents, and experts, Crush Step 1 is the resource you need to score high! Focus on essential concepts and master them efficiently with up-to-date, easy-to-read, high-yield coverage of all of the material tested on the exam.Ensure your comprehension with USMLE Step 1 practice questions following key sections as well as rapid-review high-yield boxes.Learn how to study forUSMLE Step 1with a more strategic approach through a unique focus on identifying and understanding question stems instead of memorizing buzz words.Spend more time studying and less time searching thanks to a well-written, easily accessible approach, with plenty of helpful lists and tables to highlight high-yield data.Depend on the relevance and accuracy of the content thanks to oversight by authors who scored within the 99th percentile on the USMLE Step 1 exam and Review Boards comprised of students, residents, and faculty. Front Cover Inside Front Cover Crush Step1: The Ultimate USMLE Step 1 Review Copyright Faculty Review Board Student Review Board Contributors Introduction Contents Chapter 1: Biostatistics MEAN, MEDIAN, AND MODE DEFINITIONS Statistics for Diagnostic Tests Positive Predictive Value (PPV) Negative Predictive Value (NPV) Calculations of Risk Measures 2 × 2 Table Risk Difference (RD) STATISTICAL TESTS AND SIGNIFICANCE Accuracy Precision Categorical Data Continuous Data Statistical Tests for Data Analysis Two-Sample t-Test ANOVA (ANalysis Of VAriance) Chi-Square Test Correlation Coefficient (r) Causality Hypothesis Testing Null hypothesis (Ho) Alpha (Type 1) Error Beta (Type 2) Error Power P-Value Confidence Interval Clinical Study Design Clinical Trials Bias MEDICAL ETHICS Preventative Medicine and Health Care REVIEW QUESTIONS Chapter 2: Biochemistry PROTEIN STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION Amino Acid Structure Protein Structure OXYGEN-BINDING PROTEINS: HEMOGLOBIN AND MYOGLOBIN Fibrous Proteins Enzymes NITROGEN METABOLISM Disposal of Amino Acid Nitrogen Amino Acid Synthesis and Degradation Amino Acid Derivatives Heme Synthesis and Metabolism NUCLEIC ACID STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION Nucleic Acid Structure Purine Metabolism Pyrimidine Synthesis DNA Replication DNA Repair CARBOHYDRATE STRUCTURE AND METABOLISM Carbohydrate Structure Glycolysis Gluconeogenesis Glycogen Synthesis and Degradation Glycogen Storage Diseases Metabolism of Sugars Pentose Phosphate Pathway TCA Cycle Electron Transport and Oxidative Phosphorylation LIPID STRUCTURE AND METABOLISM Lipid Structure Sphingolipids and Sphingolipid Storage Diseases Eicosanoids Fatty Acid Oxidation and Synthesis INTEGRATION OF METABOLISM Vitamins Trace Elements GENETICS Patterns of Inheritance Pedigree Analysis Basic Mendelian Inheritance Autosomal Dominant Autosomal Recessive X-Linked Recessive X-Linked Dominant Mitochondrial Inheritance CHROMOSOMAL ABNORMALITIES Nondisjunction Autosomal Trisomies Sex Chromosome Aneuploidy REVIEW QUESTIONS Chapter 3: Dermatology HISTOLOGY AND PHYSIOLOGY Melanocytes Langerhans Cells Merkel Cells Adnexal Structures Eccrine Glands Apocrine Glands Pilosebaceous Unit Describing Lesions PATHOLOGY Common Dermatologic Conditions Acne Vulgaris Rosacea Lichen Planus Pityriasis Rosea Keloid Contact Dermatitis Atopic Dermatitis (Eczema) Urticaria (Hives) Psoriasis Langerhans Cell Histiocytosis (Histiocytosis X) Autoimmune Diseases Pemphigus Vulgaris Bullous Pemphigoid (BP) Conditions of Pigmentation Vitiligo Albinism Solar Lentigo Melasma Nevocellular Nevus (Common Mole) Ephelis (Common Freckle) Neoplasms, Dysplasias, and Malignancies Basal Cell Carcinoma (BCC) Actinic Keratosis (AK) Squamous Cell Carcinoma (SCC) Keratoacanthoma Melanoma Seborrheic Keratosis (SK) Strawberry Hemangioma Cherry Hemangioma Skin Infections and Infestations Cellulitis Erysipelas Impetigo Staphylococcal Scalded Skin Syndrome (SSSS) Necrotizing Fasciitis Dermatophytes Tinea Versicolor Scabies Oral Hairy Leukoplakia Leukoplakia Verrucae (Warts) Dermatologic Manifestations of Internal Disease Erythema Nodosum Erythema Multiforme Stevens-Johnson Syndrome Toxic Epidermal Necrolysis Erythema Marginatum Erythema Chronicum Migrans Dermatitis Herpetiformis Acanthosis Nigricans Stasis Dermatitis PHARMACOLOGY Retinoids Permethrin Topical Antifungals Topical Steroids 5-Fluorouracil (5-FU) REVIEW QUESTIONS Chapter 4: Embryology DESCRIPTION OF ANATOMY EARLY EMBRYOLOGY: THE FIRST MONTH The First Week: From Fertilization to Implantation Twinning The Second Week: The Rule of Twos The Third Week: Gastrulation and the Ectoderm, Endoderm, and Mesoderm Ectoderm Endoderm Mesoderm The Fourth Week: Neural Tube Closure and Beginning of Organogenesis EMBRYOLOGY: WEEK 5 AND BEYOND Weeks 4 to 8: Organogenesis and Teratogenicity Substances of Abuse Common Medications Historical Medications Weeks 9 to Birth: The “Fetal Period” of Organ Maturation FETAL CIRCULATION AND ERYTHROPOIESIS Structure of the Placenta and Umbilical Cord Fetal Erythropoiesis Overview of Fetal Circulation Fetal Circulation Summary Changes to Fetal Circulation at Birth CARDIAC EMBRYOLOGY Formation of the Cardiac Loop Septation of the Heart: Interatrial Septum Formation Septation of the Heart: Interventricular Septum Formation VASCULAR EMBRYOLOGY NEUROEMBRYOLOGY Somites Pituitary Gland Notochord Holoprosencephaly Dandy-Walker Syndrome Arnold-Chiari Malformation Syringomyelia GASTROINTESTINAL EMBRYOLOGY Allantois Vitelline Duct (Omphalomesenteric Duct) Cloaca Congenital Diaphragmatic Hernia Omphalocele Gastroschisis RENAL EMBRYOLOGY Pronephros Mesonephros Metanephros Potter Sequence (Oligohydramnios Sequence) REPRODUCTIVE EMBRYOLOGY Male Embryology Female Embryology Urogenital Sinus Hypospadias Epispadias Exstrophy of the Bladder Micropenis Cryptorchidism Uterine Anomalies HEAD AND NECK EMBRYOLOGY Treacher Collins Syndrome Pierre Robin Syndrome DiGeorge Syndrome Branchial Cleft Cyst Tongue Thyroid Ear GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT Neonatal Medicine Apgar Score Low Birth Weight Developmental Milestones REVIEW QUESTIONS Chapter 5: Microbiology BACTERIA Introduction to Bacterial Structure Organization of the Rest of the Bacteriology Section Gram-Positive Cocci Staphylococcus Streptococcus Gram-Negative Cocci Neisseria Other Gram-Negative Cocci Gram-Positive Rods Spore Forming Non–Spore Forming Bacillus Clostridium Listeria Corynebacterium Gram-Negative Enteric Rods Escherichia Klebsiella Proteus Shigella Salmonella Yersinia Vibrio Campylobacter Helicobacter Pseudomonas Burkholderia and Stenotrophomonas Bacteroides and Fusobacterium Other Enterics Gram-Negative Nonenteric Rods Haemophilus Gardnerella Bordetella Legionella Yersinia Francisella Brucella Pasteurella Gram-Positive Branching Filamentous Bacteria Actinomyces Nocardia Pleomorphic Bacteria Chlamydia Rickettsia Rickettsia- like Infections Gram-Negative Spirals Treponema Borrelia Leptospira Gram-Positive Acid-Fast Bacteria Mycobacterium Primary Tuberculosis Secondary (Reactivation) Tuberculosis Gram-Positive Bacteria with No Cell Wall Mycoplasma VIRUSES Introduction to Viruses DNA Viruses Herpesviridae Cytomegalovirus Herpes Simplex Virus Epstein-Barr Virus Varicella-Zoster Virus Other Herpes Viruses Hepadnaviridae Orthohepadnavirus Parvoviridae Parvovirus Papovaviridae Human Papillomavirus Polyomaviruses Adenoviridae Poxviridae RNA VIRUSES Naked RNA Viruses Picornaviruses Hepeviruses Caliciviruses Reoviruses (Respiratory Enteric Orphan Viruses) Enveloped RNA Viruses Flaviviruses Togaviruses Retroviruses Coronaviruses Orthomyxoviruses Paramyxovirus Rhabdoviruses Filoviruses Deltaviruses Arenaviruses Bunyaviruses FUNGI Introduction to Fungi Superficial and Cutaneous Mycoses Subcutaneous Fungal Infections Systemic Mycoses Systemic Mycoses in Normal Individuals Systemic Mycoses in Immunocompromised Individuals PARASITES PROTOZOA Protozoa that Cause Central Nervous System Infections Protozoa that Cause Gastrointestinal Infections Protozoa that Cause Blood-Borne Infections Protozoa that Are Sexually Transmitted HELMINTHS Nematodes Platyhelminths Trematodes (Flukes) ANTIMICROBIALS Antibiotics β-Lactam Antibiotics Penicillins: Penicillin G (IV); Penicillin V (Oral) Aminopenicillins: Ampicillin (IV, Oral); Amoxicillin (Oral) Penicillinase-Resistant Penicillins: Methicillin, Nafcillin, Oxacillin (IV); Cloxacillin, Dicloxacillin (Oral) Antipseudomonal Penicillins: Ticarcillin, Piperacillin (IV); Carbenicillin (Oral) Cephalosporins Monobactams—Aztreonam (IV, IM) Carbapenems—Imipenem/Cilastatin, Meropenem, Ertapenem, Doripenem (IV, IM) Antiribosomal Antibiotics Aminoglycosides—Gentamicin, Amikacin, Streptomycin (IV); Neomycin (Topical, IV, PO), Tobramycin (IV, Inhaled) Tetracyclines—Tetracycline, Doxycycline, Minocycline, Demeclocycline (PO, IV, Topical) Macrolides—Erythromycin, Azithromycin (PO, IV); Clarithromycin (PO) Amphenicols—Chloramphenicol (PO, IV) Lincosamides—Clindamycin (PO, IV, Topical) Oxazolidinones—Linezolid (PO, IV) Streptogramins—Quinupristin/Dalfopristin (IV) Miscellaneous Antibiotics Glycopeptides—Vancomycin (IV, PO) Lipopeptides—Daptomycin (IV) Antimetabolites—Trimethoprim/Sulfamethoxazole (IV, PO); Dapsone, Sulfoxone, Sulfadiazine (PO) Quinolones: Nitroimidazoles/Nitrofurans—Metronidazole (PO, IV, Topical); Nitrofurantoin (PO) Polymyxins—Polymyxin B, Colistin/Polymyxin E (IV, Inhaled, Topical) Monoxycarbolic acids—Mupirocin (Topical) Antimycobacterial Drugs Isoniazid (INH)—PO, IM, IV Rifamycins—rifampin, rifabutin (PO, IV); rifaximin (PO) Pyrazinamide (PZA)—PO Ethambutol (EMB)—PO Specific Antiviral Agents Amantadine, Rimantadine—PO Zanamivir, Oseltamivir—PO, Inhaled Ribavirin—PO Interferons (IFN-α, -β, -γ)—IV, Subcutaneous Acyclovir, Valacyclovir, Famciclovir, Ganciclovir—PO, IV, Topical Foscarnet—IV HIV Therapeutics/Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy (HAART) Protease Inhibitors—Atazanavir (ATV), Darunavir (DRV), Lopinavir (LPV), Ritonavir (RTV), Indinavir, Nelfinavir, Amprenavir ... Nucleoside Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors (NRTIs; PO)—Lamivudine (3TC), Emcitrabine (FTC), Zidovudine (ZDV/AZT), Tenofovi ... Non-Nucleoside Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors (NNRTIs; PO)—Efavirenz (EFV), Nevirapine (NVP), Delavirdine (DLV), Etraviri ... Fusion Inhibitors (Subcutaneous)—Enfuvirtide (ENF) CCR5 Receptor Antagonists (PO)—Maraviroc (MVC) Integrase Inhibitors (INSTI; PO)—Raltegravir (RAL) ANTIFUNGALS Systemic Antifungals for Systemic Infections Amphotericin B Flucytosine Azoles Echinocandins Oral Antifungals for Mucocutaneous Infections Griseofulvin Terbinafine Topical Antifungals for Mucocutaneous Infections Nystatin Topical Azoles Topical Allylamines REVIEW QUESTIONS Chapter 6: Immunology LYMPHOID STRUCTURES Anatomy of the Immune System Flow Through a Lymph Node OVERVIEW OF INNATE VERSUS ADAPTIVE IMMUNITY Basic Versus Learned Responses CELLS OF THE IMMUNE SYSTEM Workhorses of Immunity Myeloid Lineage Lymphoid Lineage Lymphocyte Natural Killer Cell MAJOR HISTOCOMPATIBILITY COMPLEX I AND II How We Differentiate Ourselves from Everything Else B CELLS, ANTIBODIES, AND HUMORAL IMMUNITY B Cell Is King Active and Passive Immunity B Cell Deficiency and Immunoglobulin Deficiency Syndromes T CELLS, CELL-MEDIATED IMMUNITY, IMMUNE SYSTEM REGULATION Regulators and Educated Assassins CD4+ T Cells CD8+ T Cell High-Yield Cytokines/Interleukins T Cell Deficiency Syndromes COMPLEMENT SYSTEM The Confusing Cascade of Complement Simplified Main functions of the complement system Complement Deficiencies and Associated Conditions: HYPERSENSITIVITY RESPONSE Immunity Gone Wild! Type I (Allergy) Type II (Antibody-Dependent Cytotoxic) Type III (Immune Complex Disease) Type IV (Delayed-Type Hypersensitivity, Antibody-Independent Cytotoxicity) TRANSPLANTATION IMMUNOLOGY Types of Tissue Transplants Types of Rejection High-Yield Immunosuppressant Drugs REVIEW QUESTIONS Chapter 7: Pharmacology and Toxicology PHARMACOKINETICS Overview Calculations and Kinetics PHARMACODYNAMICS Overview AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM AND SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION Overview SYMPATHETIC NERVOUS SYSTEM Signal Transduction Pathways PARASYMPATHETIC NERVOUS SYSTEM PHARMACOLOGY Adrenergic Pharmacology Cholinergic Pharmacology TOXICOLOGY Common Drugs and Toxicology Heavy Metal Toxicity Environmental Exposures Ethanol, Methanol, and Ethylene Glycol REVIEW QUESTIONS Chapter 8: Cardiology HEART AND BLOOD VESSELS Overview Anatomy of the Heart Anatomy of the Circulatory System PHYSIOLOGY Cardiovascular Terminology and Formulas ELECTROPHYSIOLOGY Cardiac Myocytes Frank-Starling Curve Cardiac Cycle Heart Sounds and Murmurs S1 S2 S3 S4 Murmur Summary Pressure in the Cardiovascular System ELECTROCARDIOGRAPHY Normal Sinus Rhythm Sinus Tachycardia Atrial Flutter Atrial Fibrillation Ventricular Tachycardia Torsades De Pointes Ventricular Fibrillation Wolff-Parkinson-White (WPW) Syndrome Regulation of Blood Pressure PATHOLOGY Congenital Heart Disease One Finger Up—Truncus Arteriosus Two Fingers Up, Fingers Crossed—Transposition of the Great Vessels Three Fingers Up—Tricuspid Atresia Four Fingers Up—Tetralogy of Fallot Five Fingers Up—Total Anomalous Pulmonary Venous Return Atherosclerosis Hypertension Ischemic Heart Disease Myocardial Infarction Congestive Heart Failure Cardiomyopathies Rheumatic Fever Infective Endocarditis Pericardial Disease Vasculitides Cardiac and Vascular Tumors PHARMACOLOGY Vasopressors Vasodilators Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme (ACE) Inhibitors (-Pril Drugs, Lisinopril, Enalapril, Captopril) Angiotensin II Receptor Blockers (ARBs) (-Sartan Drugs, Losartan, Valsartan) Hydralazine Nitrates (Nitroglycerin, Isosorbide Dinitrate, Isosorbide Mononitrate) Nitroprusside Calcium Channel Blockers (Verapamil, Nifedipine, Diltiazem) Sympatholytics β-receptor Antagonists (Beta Blockers) (-Lol Drugs, β1 Selective: Metoprolol, Atenolol, Carvedilol, Esmolol; β Nons ... 2 Agonists (Clonidine, Methyldopa) Diuretics Thiazide Diuretics (-Thiazide, Hydrochlorothiazide, Chlorthalidone) Loop Diuretics (Furosemide [Lasix], Bumetanide, Ethacrynic Acid) Potassium-Sparing Diuretics (Amiloride, Spironolactone, Triamterene) Antiarrhythmics Adenosine Digoxin (cardiac glycosides) REVIEW QUESTIONS Chapter 9: Endocrinology OVERVIEW OF THE ENDOCRINE SYSTEM Hormones Regulation Types of Hormones Terminology of Pathophysiology Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia Syndromes Hypothalamus and Pituitary Gland Hypothalamus and Pituitary Function Overview Pituitary Hormones Covered Elsewhere Growth Hormone Prolactin Causes of Anterior Pituitary Dysfunction Thyroid Gland Anatomy, Embryology, and Histology Thyroid Hormone Physiology Laboratory Testing Pathology Pharmacology Adrenal Glands (Cortex and Medulla) Anatomy, Embryology, and Histology Adrenal Gland Physiology Pathology Decreased Adrenal Cortex Function Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia Increased Aldosterone Secretion Increased Cortisol Secretion Increased Catecholamine Secretion Endocrine Pancreas Anatomy, Embryology, and Histology Endocrine Pancreas Physiology Insulin (From the B Cells of the Islets of Langerhans) Glucagon (From the α Cells of the Islets of Langerhans) Diabetes Diagnosis of Diabetes Chronic Effects of Hyperglycemia Acute Emergencies in Diabetes Islet Cell Tumors Pharmacology of Diabetes Mellitus Insulin Sulfonylurea Drugs—Glyburide, Glipizide, Glimepiride Biguanides—Metformin Thiazolidinediones—Pioglitazone (-Glitazone Drugs) Incretin Mimetics (-Tides: Exenatide, Liraglutide) and DPP-4 Inhibitors (-Gliptins: Sitagliptin, Linagliptin, Saxagliptin) Glucosidase Inhibitors—Acarbose, Miglitol Parathyroid Glands Anatomy, Embryology, and Histology Overview of Calcium Homeostasis Laboratory Testing and Pitfalls Pathology Causing Increased Calcium Levels Pathology Causing Decreased Calcium Levels REVIEW QUESTIONS Chapter 10: Gastroenterology ANATOMY Abdominal Wall Gastrointestinal Tract Embryologic Divisions Retroperitoneum Portal Triad Hepatic Vasculature Biliary Tree and Bile Formation Digestive Tract Anatomy Mucosa Submucosa Muscularis Propria Serosa PHYSIOLOGY Gastric Histology Parietal Cells Chief Cells G Cells Mucous Cells Histology of the Intestine Villi Intestinal Crypts Enterocytes Goblet Cells Paneth Cells Duodenal (Brunner) Glands Peyer’s Patches Colonocytes Gastrointestinal hormones Gastrin Cholecystokinin (CCK) Secretin Somatostatin Glucose-Dependent Insulinotropic Peptide (GIP) Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide (VIP) Motilin Ghrelin Leptin Saliva DIGESTION AND ABSORPTION Carbohydrates Dietary Lipids Protein PATHOLOGY Esophageal Pathology Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD) Hiatal Hernias Achalasia Mallory-Weiss Tear Boerhaave Syndrome Esophagitis Zenker’s Diverticulum Plummer-Vinson Syndrome Esophageal Carcinoma Gastric and Duodenal Pathology Gastritis Peptic Ulcer Disease Ménétrier’s Disease Gastric Cancer Small Bowel and Colon Small Bowel Obstruction Celiac Disease Tropical Sprue Whipple’s Disease Appendicitis Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS) Inflammatory Bowel Disease Ulcerative Colitis (UC) Crohn’s Disease Colonic Polyps Colon Cancer Lynch Syndrome Familial Adenomatous Polyposis (FAP) Turcot Syndrome Gardner syndrome Diarrhea Osmotic Secretory Exudative Diverticular Disease Diverticulitis Bleeding Diverticulosis Hemorrhoids Internal Hemorrhoids External Hemorrhoids Laboratory tests Aspartate Aminotransferase and Alanine Aminotransferase Alkaline Phosphatase (AP) Gamma-Glutamyltransferase Prothrombin Time and International Normalized Ratio Bilirubin Hepatic Pathology Viral Hepatitis Nonalcoholic Steatosis Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis (NASH) Alcoholic Hepatitis Hemochromatosis Wilson’s Disease α1-Antitrypsin Deficiency Cirrhosis Portal Hypertension Hepatic Neoplasms Hemangioma Hepatocellular Adenoma Hepatocellular Carcinoma (Hepatoma, HCC) Disorders of Bilirubin Metabolism Gilbert Syndrome Crigler-Najjar Syndrome Dubin-Johnson Syndrome GALLBLADDER AND PANCREAS Gallstones Cholelithiasis Cholecystitis Cholangitis Acute Pancreatitis Chronic Pancreatitis Pancreatic Adenocarcinoma Hernias Inguinal Triangle (Hesselbach’s Triangle) Direct Inguinal Hernia Indirect Inguinal Hernia Femoral Hernia PEDIATRIC GASTROENTEROLOGY AND HEPATOLOGY Tracheoesophageal Fistula Pyloric Stenosis Duodenal Atresia Meconium Ileus Congenital Aganglionic Megacolon (Hirschsprung Disease) Imperforate Anus Necrotizing Enterocolitis Neonatal Hyperbilirubinemia Reye’s Syndrome Meckel’s Diverticulum Annular Pancreas PHARMACOLOGY Antiemetics Ondansetron Metoclopramide Antacids Proton Pump Inhibitors H2 Blockers Weak Bases Cytoprotective Agents Bismuth Sucralfate Misoprostol Inflammatory Bowel Disease Management Sulfasalazine Others Other Agents Statins Cholestyramine Loperamide Octreotide Orlistat REVIEW QUESTIONS Chapter 11: Hematology and Oncology ANATOMY Blood Blood Cells Plasma Serum The Myeloid Lineage Reticulocyte Key Definitions Neutrophils The Lymphoid Lineage PHYSIOLOGY Blood Groups: ABO and Rh Systems A Group B Group AB Group O Group Hemostasis: The Coagulation Cascade Adhesion Aggregation Platelet Swelling Coagulation Cascade: Key Points Platelet and Coagulation Tests Anticoagulant System Fibrinolytic System and Tests PATHOLOGY Anemia Laboratory Testing in Anemia Approach to Anemia Microcytic Anemias Acquired Microcytic Anemias Iron Metabolism and Iron Deficiency Anemias: Anemia of Chronic Disease: Heme Synthesis and Acquired Sideroblastic Anemia: Inherited Microcytic Anemias Thalassemias: α-Thalassemia: α-Thalassemia: Laboratory findings in β-thalassemia trait: X-linked Sideroblastic Anemia: Normocytic Anemias Normocytic Anemias with Corrected Reticulocyte Count Less than 3% Acute Blood Loss: Aplastic Anemia: Chronic Kidney Disease: Malignancy: Normocytic Anemias with Corrected Reticulocyte Count More than 3% Sickle Cell Anemia: Sickle Cell Trait: Sickle Cell Disease: Glucose-6-Phosphate Dehydrogenase (G6PD) Deficiency: Pyruvate Kinase Deficiency: Hereditary Spherocytosis (HS): Hereditary Elliptocytosis (HE): Paroxysmal Nocturnal Hemoglobinuria (PNH): Immune Hemolytic Anemias: Microangiopathic and Macroangiopathic Hemolytic Anemias: Macrocytic Anemias Megaloblastic Anemias Role of Folate and Cobalamin in DNA Synthesis: Vitamin B12 (Cobalamin) Deficiency Anemia: Folate Deficiency Anemia Folate Metabolism: Nonmegaloblastic Anemia Bleeding and Thrombotic Disorders Platelet Abnormalities Immune Thrombocytopenic Purpura or Idiopathic Thrombocytopenic Purpura (ITP) Chronic ITP: Acute ITP: Drug-Induced Thrombocytopenia Heparin-Induced Thrombocytopenia (HIT): Thrombotic Thrombocytopenic Purpura (TTP) Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome (HUS) Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation (DIC) Prothrombotic Stage: Prohemorrhagic Stage: Clotting Factor Deficiencies Hemophilia A Hemophilia B Vitamin K Deficiency Liver Disease Hereditary Thrombosis Syndromes Factor V Leiden Protein C and Protein S Deficiency Antithrombin III Deficiency White Blood Cell Neoplastic Proliferation Leukemias Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia (ALL) Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia (CLL) and Small Lymphocytic Lymphoma (SLL) Acute Myelogenous Leukemia (AML) Chronic Myelogenous Leukemia Leukemoid Reaction Hairy Cell Leukemia (HCL) Lymphomas Hodgkin Lymphoma (HL) Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma (NHL) B Cell Lymphomas Follicular Lymphoma (FL): Diffuse Large B Cell Lymphoma (DLBCL): Mantle Cell Lymphoma (MCL): Burkitt Lymphoma: MALT Lymphoma: T Cell Lymphomas Adult T Cell Lymphoma or Leukemia (ATL): Mycosis Fungoides and Sezary Syndrome: Histiocyte Disorders Langerhans Cell Histiocytosis (LCH) and Histiocytosis X Letterer-Siwe Disease Eosinophilic Granuloma Hand-Schuller-Christian Disease (Multifocal LCH) Plasma Cell Disorders Multiple Myeloma (MM) Waldenström’s Macroglobulinemia (Lymphoplasmacytic Lymphoma) Monoclonal Gammopathy of Undetermined Significance (MGUS) Myeloproliferative Disorders (MPDs) Polycythemia Vera (PV) Myeloid Metaplasia with Myelofibrosis (MMM) Disorders of Heme Production Porphyria Cutanea Tarda (PCT) Acute Intermittent Porphyria (AIP) PHARMACOLOGIC TREATMENT Anticoagulants Heparin Lepirudin Warfarin (Coumadin) Antiplatelet Agents Aspirin Clopidogrel and Ticlopidine (Thienopyridine Derivatives) Abciximab Antineoplastics Antimetabolites Methotrexate (MTX) 5-Fluorouracil (5-FU) 6-Mercaptopurine (6-MP) 6-Thioguanine (6-TG) Cytarabine Antitumor Antibiotics Dactinomycin Doxorubicin Bleomycin Etoposide and Teniposide Alkylating Agents Cyclophosphamide and Ifosfamide Nitrosoureas Busulfan Microtubule Inhibitors Vincristine and Vinblastine Paclitaxel Steroid Hormones and Their Antagonists Prednisone Tamoxifen and Raloxifene Other Agents Cisplatin and Carboplatin Hydroxyurea Trastuzumab Imatinib REVIEW QUESTIONS Chapter 12: Musculoskeletal/Rheumatology ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY Upper Extremity Anatomy Brachial Plexus Syndromes Peripheral Nerve Lesions of the Upper Extremity Lower Extremity Anatomy Peripheral Nerve Lesions of the Lower Extremity Joints PATHOLOGY Neuromuscular Junction Disorders Muscular Dystrophy Mechanical Injuries Complications of Fracture Disease of Bone Rheumatology Inflammatory Arthritis Seronegative Spondyloarthropathies Monoarticular Disease Infectious Arthropathy Crystal Arthropathy Pediatric Conditions Other Conditions Neoplasms of Bone Benign Malignant Neoplasms of Soft Tissue PHARMACOLOGY Nonsteroidal Anti-inflammatory Drugs Glucocorticoids Osteoporosis Medications: Skeletal Muscle Relaxants Gout Medications REVIEW QUESTIONS Chapter 13: Neurology ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY Neurohistology Sensory Receptors Cutaneous Receptors Muscle Receptors Neurotransmitters Amino Acids Monoamines and Catecholamines Dopamine (DA): Others ANATOMY Basal Ganglia Hypothalamus Thalamus Limbic System Ventricular System Cerebellum Blood Supply Brainstem Cranial Nerves Middle Cranial Fossa Posterior Cranial Fossa Cavernous Sinus Spinal Cord Auditory Pathway Vestibular Pathway Visual System Electroencephalogram (EEG) PATHOLOGY Developmental Disorders Neural tube defects Hydrocephalus Noncommunicating, Obstructive Communicating, Nonobstructive Brain Lesions Aphasia Vascular Dysfunction Stroke Trauma Classification Herniation Supratentorial Infratentorial Spinal Cord Spinal Cord Lesions Infection Viral Infections Parasitic Infections Demyelinating Diseases Neurodegenerative Diseases Movement Disorders Dementia Seizures Headache (HA) Primary Headaches Secondary Headaches Brain Tumors Cranial Nerve Lesions Ear Pathology Infection Eye Pathology External Posterior Eye Pathology Visual Field Defects Pharmacology Glaucoma Opioids Epilepsy Anesthetics Neuromuscular Blockade Pharmacologic Treatment of Other Neurologic Disorders Parkinson’s Disease Alzheimer’s Disease Huntington’s Disease Multiple Sclerosis Headaches Stroke REVIEW QUESTIONS Chapter 14: Psychiatry PSYCHOLOGY AND DEVELOPMENT Theories of Learning Freudian Theory Immature Ego Defenses Neurotic Ego Defenses Mature Ego Defenses Miscellaneous Concepts in Psychology PSYCHOPATHOLOGY Psychiatric Disorders of Children Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) Treatment Oppositional Defiant Disorder Treatment Conduct Disorder Treatment Tourette Syndrome Treatment Separation Anxiety Disorder Pervasive Developmental Disorders Autism Spectrum Disorders Asperger Disorder Rett Syndrome Childhood Disintegrative Disorder Delirium Versus Dementia Schizophrenia Neurobiologic Mechanism Treatment First-Generation (Typical) Antipsychotics Second-Generation (Atypical) Antipsychotics Similar Disorders Depression Neurobiologic Mechanism Treatment Serotonin Syndrome Dysthymia Bipolar Disorders Bipolar I Bipolar II Treatment for Bipolar I and Bipolar II Disorders Anxiety Disorders Panic Disorder Neurobiologic Mechanism Treatment Specific and Social Phobias Treatment Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD) Neurobiologic Mechanism Treatment Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD) Neurobiologic Mechanism Treatment Stress Disorders Post-traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) Treatment Acute Stress Disorder Adjustment Disorder Malingering Factitious Disorder Somatoform Disorders Personality Disorders Cluster A: Weird Cluster B: Wild Cluster C: Worried Dissociative Disorders Eating Disorders Anorexia Nervosa Bulimia Nervosa Gender Identity Disorder Disorders of Substance Use Commonly Abused Substances Stimulants Amphetamines and Cocaine Nicotine Caffeine Depressants or Sedatives Alcohol Barbiturates and Benzodiazepines Opiates Hallucinogens Phencyclidine (PCP, Angel Dust) Lysergic Acid Diethylamide (LSD, Acid) Marijuana Medication Summary REVIEW QUESTIONS Chapter 15: Nephrology Anatomy Kidneys Blood Supply Urinary Collecting System Physiology Overview and Terminology Glomerular Filtration Rate (GFR) Clearance and GFR The Glomerulus and Filtration The Nephron and Its Segments Proximal Tubule Thin Loop of Henle Thick Ascending Loop of Henle Distal Convoluted Tubule Collecting Duct Body Fluid Compartments and Maintenance Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone Axis Antidiuretic Hormone and Free Water Clearance Other Endocrine Functions of the Kidneys pH Homeostasis and Acid-Base Disturbances Pathology Hyponatremia and Hypernatremia Hyponatremia Hypernatremia Hypokalemia and Hyperkalemia Hyperkalemia Causes Findings Treatment Hypokalemia Causes Findings Treatment Urinalysis and Urine Microscopy Color Specific Gravity pH Protein Glucose Ketones Bilirubin Urobilinogen Blood Nitrites Leukocyte Esterase Cells Casts Crystals, Stones Kidney Stones (Urolithiasis) Calcium Stones Magnesium Ammonium Phosphate (Struvite) Uric Acid Stones Cystine Stones Glomerular Diseases Nephrotic and Nephritic Syndromes Other Systemic Diseases Causing Glomerular Damage Tubular and Interstitial Disorders Renal Tubular Acidosis (RTA) Type 1 RTA Type 2 RTA Azotemia and Renal Failure Prerenal Azotemia Renal Azotemia Postrenal Azotemia Urinary Tract Infections Malignancies and Benign Tumors of the Urinary Tract Renal Cell Carcinoma (RCC) Transitional Cell Carcinoma Nephroblastoma (Wilms’ Tumor) Angiomyolipomas Congenital and Inherited Renal Disorders Polycystic Kidney Disease Autosomal Dominant PKD Autosomal Recessive PKD Horseshoe Kidney Chronic Kidney Disease Renal Osteodystrophy Treatment Pharmacology Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitors (Acetazolamide) Osmotic Agents Loop Diuretics Thiazide Diuretics Potassium-Sparing Diuretics REVIEW QUESTIONS Chapter 16: Reproductive System ANATOMY Female Reproductive Anatomy Male Reproductive Anatomy Composition of Semen Male Sexual Response Male and Female Gonadal Drainage PHYSIOLOGY Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Gonadal Axis Spermatogenesis Male and Female Hormones Female Physiology Menstrual Cycle Follicular (proliferative) phase Luteal (Secretory) Phase Definitions of abnormal menses Oogenesis Pregnancy and hCG Fertilization Hormones of Pregnancy Menopause FEMALE PATHOLOGY Pathology in Pregnancy Amniotic Fluid Disorders Benign Gynecologic Conditions Gynecologic Malignancies Breast Disorders and Malignancy Common Breast Conditions Benign Breast Disorders Breast Cancer Sex Chromosome and Hormone Disorders MALE PATHOLOGY Summary of Breast Cancers Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia (BPH) Prostatic Adenocarcinoma Testicular Tumors Penile Disorders and Pathology Scrotal Sac Disorders Sex Chromosome and Hormone Disorders PHARMACOLOGY REVIEW QUESTIONS Chapter 17: Pulmonology ANATOMY OF THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM The Lungs Bronchopulmonary Segments Pulmonary Airways Conducting Zone Respiratory Zone Cells of the Respiratory System Diaphragm and Accessory Respiratory Muscles RESPIRATORY PHYSIOLOGY Spirometry Compliance and Elastance Gas Exchange Diffusion-Limited Exchange Perfusion-Limited Exchange Dead Space Oxygen Transport Hemoglobin Oxygen Content of Blood (Cao2) Oxygen Delivery to Tissues (Do2) Hemoglobin-O2 Dissociation Curve Shifts in the Hemoglobin-O2 Dissociation Curve Shifts to the Right Shifts to the Left Carboxyhemoglobin Methemoglobin Oxygen Disorders Hypoxemia (Low Pao2) Hypoxia (Low DO2) CO2 Transport Bicarbonate Bound Directly to Hemoglobin Dissolved CO2 Pulmonary Circulation Regulation of Pulmonary Perfusion Ventilation-to-Perfusion Ratio (V/Q) V/Q Mismatch RESPIRATORY PATHOLOGY Pneumonia Lung Abscess Lung Cancer Pulmonary Embolism Pulmonary Hypertension Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension Pulmonary Hypertension Caused by Left Heart Disease Pulmonary Hypertension Associated with Lung Disease and/or Hypoxemia Chronic Thromboembolic Pulmonary Hypertension Pulmonary Hypertension with Unclear Multifactorial Mechanisms Sleep Apnea Cause Findings Diagnosis and Treatment Obstructive versus Restrictive Lung Disease Obstructive Disease PFTs Restrictive Disease PFTs Pathology of Obstructive Lung Diseases Asthma Pathogenesis Findings Treatment Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) Chronic Bronchitis Emphysema Bronchiectasis Cystic Fibrosis (CF) Pathology of Restrictive Lung Diseases Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS) Neonatal Respiratory Distress Syndrome (NRDS) Sarcoidosis Hypersensitivity Pneumonitis Pneumoconioses Silicosis Coal Workers’ Pneumoconiosis (CWP) Asbestosis Berylliosis Pleural Disorders Spontaneous Pneumothorax Pathogenesis Findings Treatment Tension Pneumothorax Pathogenesis Findings Treatment PHARMACOLOGY Inhaled β2 -Adrenergic Selective Agonists Mechanism of Action Clinical Uses Side Effects Muscarinic Antagonists Mechanism of Action Clinical Uses Side Effects Methylxanthines Mechanism of Action Clinical Uses Side Effects Cromolyn Mechanism of Action Clinical Uses Side Effects Leukotriene Inhibitors Montelukast, Zafirlukast Mechanism of Action Clinical Uses Side Effects Zileuton Mechanism of Action Clinical Uses Side Effects Mechanism of Action Clinical Uses Side Effects Corticosteroids Expectorants Guaifenesin Mechanism of Action Clinical Uses Side Effects N-Acetylcysteine Mechanism of Action Clinical Uses Side Effects Bosentan Mechanism of Action Clinical Uses Side Effects REVIEW QUESTIONS Answers CHAPTER 1 CHAPTER 2 CHAPTER 3 CHAPTER 4 CHAPTER 5 CHAPTER 6 CHAPTER 7 CHAPTER 8 CHAPTER 9 CHAPTER 10 CHAPTER 11 CHAPTER 12 CHAPTER 13 CHAPTER 14 CHAPTER 15 CHAPTER 16 CHAPTER 17 Index Inside Back Cover