Water Conflicts and Resistance: Issues and Challenges in South Asia

Description

Cover Endorsement Page Half Title Series Page Title Page Copyright Page Dedication Table of Contents List of figures List of tables List of abbreviations List of contributors Foreword Preface Acknowledgements Chapter 1: Shared water: Contest, conflicts and cooperation The ‘Naturalness’ of water scarcity and conflicts Shared governance of interstate rivers – issues of scale and power disparity Triggers of water disputes Water conflicts and contextual fitness between facts, frames and fairness criteria of cooperation Transboundary water cooperation an outcome of geopolitics – Indus, Ganga and Teesta river basins ‘Waterscapes’ as a perspective to examine and understand water-centric landscapes Policy landscape of transboundary water sharing: typified by a patron–client relationship Regional and local conflicts – issues of peri-urban dynamics, water transfer and (re)allocation Conflicts over water reallocation from agriculture to urban users Conclusion References Part I: Transboundary conflicts Chapter 2: Negotiated resolution of transboundary water disputes: A function of facts, frames and fairness Discussion of facts, frames and fairness Facts Historical pattern of transboundary water conflicts Institutional arrangements of cooperation The metric of cooperation Fairness Fairness in TWG Contextual variation of fairness Frames Discussion of the three frames and their sub-frames (I) The conflict–cooperation frame I(a): TWG as conflictual sub-frame I(b): TWG as cooperative sub-frame I(c): TWG is both conflictual and cooperative sub-frame (II): The international norm formation and global activism frame II(a): Global norm formation (sub-frame) II(b): Global solidarity through activism sub-frame (III): The institutional design of cooperation frame III(a): Institutional cooperation sub-frame III(b): Negotiated cooperation sub-frame The function of fitness through aligning fact, frame and fairness The logic of fitting facts, frames and fairness Enabling processes for putting the logic of alignment fitness into practical action I: Active recognition of interdependency as an enabling process II. Mutual value creation as an enabling process III. Adaptive learning and management as an enabling process Conclusion References Chapter 3: From lukewarm to meaningful: Understanding and transforming transboundary water cooperation in the Indian subcontinent Indus waters treaty, 1960 The Indus River Basin The Indus Waters Treaty (IWT) of 1960 Analysis Ganga Water Sharing Treaty, 1996 The Ganga River Basin The Ganga Water Sharing Treaty 1996 Analysis Teesta draft agreement The Teesta River Basin The draft Teesta Waters Treaty Analysis Conclusions and recommendations References Chapter 4: ‘Shared’ waterscapes: The case of river Ravi in Indian and Pakistan Punjab Waterscapes and water-diplomacy: beyond IWRM The Ravi sub-basin: the case of a minor river Ravi River: a ‘unique’ profile Water quantity and quality: a case of river Ravi in Indian Punjab 3 Water quantity and quality: a case of river Ravi in Pakistan Punjab 4 Local discourses and perspectives Back to water diplomacy Indus Water Treaty, 1960: through the lens of negotiation analysis Acknowledgement Notes References Chapter 5: Transcending boundaries for sustainability in the Koshi Basin: Contestations and cooperation The Koshi River Basin Physical system and geography Climate and hydrology Land use and changes Demography and population Historical context Multiple uses across scales The pursuit of a sectoral approach States’ and citizens’ interests Diverse transnational interests Conclusions Acknowledgement Notes References Chapter 6: Environmental justice for the victims of the Koshi River Project: The context and elements of transboundary legal response Rediscovered international dimensions of the Koshi project: Koshi floods, 2008 Koshi: an ecological context The Koshi project: design and technical aspects Koshi project: a hydro-diplomacy perspective Koshi project agreement, 1954 and its rejection in Nepal Key aspects of the revised agreement on the Koshi project, 1966 Preambular ambiguities Post facto regularisation of the works already completed De-linked and dysfunctional institutional arrangements Data sharing: absence of reciprocity Compensation for the loss of agricultural lands and other immovable property under the Koshi agreement Water rights in the Koshi River Hydro-power generated is an entitlement Navigation and fishing Other resources and ecosystem services Connectivity and communication Dispute settlement mechanism Arbitration Indo–Nepal project commission Key contentions and gaps in the Koshi agreement, 1966: not only inequitable but unfair to people and the river system Compensation: inequitable to Nepal and unfair to evicted people in India Unusual lease period is criticised heavily in Nepal and continues to strain relationships even today Water rights over the Koshi River: the new hope for Nepal and a caution for India India’s obligation to install and generate power from the Koshi Project has remained illusionary and unsubstantial both for India and Nepal The context and the need for establishment of Koshi Peedit Vikas Pradhikar (Koshi Sufferers Development Authority-KSDA) The formation and constitution of the Koshi sufferers’ development authority (KSDA) Proposed programs of the Koshi Pradhikar Postscript Notes References Chapter 7: Benefits and burden: A case study of Gandak River Agreement Gandak River Basin Initial intervention Gandak River Agreement Project components Distribution of benefits and cost Findings Ways forward Acknowledgement Notes References Part II: Regional and local conflicts Chapter 8: Peri-urbanisation and changing water flows: Competition, conflicts and cooperation Conceptual groundwork for this chapter Theoretical and conceptual approaches to the analysis of water conflicts A political ecology perspective Socio-technical lens Perspectives of legal pluralism The research context: Gurugram and Mukteshwar Research design and methodology Institutions surrounding wastewater use: insights from Gurugram Changing access to water sources in Mukteshwar Conclusion References Chapter 9: Disaster-induced water conflicts and gender: A study of floods in South Asia Understanding the cycle of disasters and its differential gendered consequences Early warning phase Search and rescue Relief Rehabilitation and reconstruction Concerns facing women Historical mapping of gender in institutional disaster frames Aspects of transformative intervention for integrating the quests of gender Conclusion Notes References Chapter 10: Examining inter-linkages between water scarcity and human security: A case study of Bundelkhand region of Uttar Pradesh, India Water scarcity and human security: a theoretical understanding Water scarcity and conflict in South Asia Bundelkhand region of Uttar Pradesh: a brief introduction Geographical profile Demographic profile Water insufficiency in the Bundelkhand region Source of livelihood Crop loss Water scarcity Human security issues Level of d evelopment in the Bundelkhand region Conclusion References Chapter 11: Urban rivers and their riverfronts: When restoration becomes real estate projects Sabarmati riverfront development project Sabarmati and its urban agglomeration ‘Ahmedabad’ SRDP’s blueprint The sabarmati river and its metamorphosis into an ‘urban river’ Socio-economic repercussions Economic appraisal Gomti Riverfront Development Project Gomti river and its urban agglomeration ‘Lucknow’ The Gomti Action Plan and GRDP Aquifer recharge for the river Gomti Social repercussions Economic appraisal Sabarmati and Gomti rivers: drawing the differences Conclusion Notes References Chapter 12: Conflict and resistance over water reallocation: The case of Surya Irrigation Project in Maharashtra Maharashtra at the forefront of water reallocations Surya Irrigation Project Issue of (re)allocation Key issues and insights emerging from the field study Physical condition of the canal network Piped vs open canal irrigation: perceptions of the communities Effects on livelihoods of the communities Issues of rehabilitation and compensation Water quality Perceptions of the state authorities Surya dam protest Discussion Way forward Acknowledgement Notes References Index