Using And Interpreting Statistics: A Practical Text For The Behavioral, Social, And Health Sciences

Description

Move through the basics of collecting and understanding statistical data in a step-by-step process accompanied by relevant examples taken from real situations with Using and Interpreting Statistics Preface......Page 16 Acknowledgments......Page 26 PART I Basic Concepts......Page 34 Chapter 1Introduction to Statistics......Page 36 1.1 The Purpose of Statistics......Page 37 1.2 Experiments and Variables......Page 44 1.3 Levels of Measurement......Page 62 1.4 The Language of Statistics......Page 74 1.5 Statistical Notation and Rounding......Page 77 DIY......Page 83 Application Demonstration......Page 84 Key Terms......Page 88 Chapter Exercises......Page 90 Chapter 2Frequency Distributions......Page 107 2.1 Frequency Distributions......Page 108 2.2 Discrete Numbers and Continuous Numbers......Page 127 2.3 Graphing Frequency Distributions......Page 134 2.4 Shapes of Frequency Distributions......Page 146 DIY......Page 153 Application Demonstration......Page 156 DIY......Page 160 Key Terms......Page 161 Chapter Exercises......Page 162 SPSS......Page 170 Chapter 3Measures of Central Tendency and Variability......Page 185 3.1 Central Tendency......Page 186 3.2 Variability......Page 201 Application Demonstration......Page 215 DIY......Page 217 Key Terms......Page 218 Chapter Exercises......Page 219 SPSS......Page 226 Chapter 4Standard Scores, the Normal Distribution, and Probability......Page 235 4.1 Standard Scores (z Scores)......Page 236 4.2 The Normal Distribution......Page 245 4.3 Percentile Ranks......Page 263 4.4 Probability......Page 269 Application Demonstration......Page 279 Summary......Page 282 Key Terms......Page 283 Chapter Exercises......Page 284 SPSS......Page 292 Chapter 5Sampling and Confidence Intervals......Page 301 5.1 Sampling and Sampling Error......Page 302 5.2 Sampling Distributions and the Central Limit Theorem......Page 314 5.3 The 95% Confidence Interval for a Population Mean......Page 329 Application Demonstration......Page 337 DIY......Page 340 Key Terms......Page 341 Chapter Exercises......Page 342 SPSS......Page 347 PART I    Test Your Knowledge......Page 353 PART II One- and Two-Sample Difference Tests......Page 362 Chapter 6Introduction to Hypothesis Testing......Page 364 6.1 The Logic of Hypothesis Testing......Page 365 6.2 Hypothesis Testing in Action......Page 369 6.3 Type I Error, Type II Error, Beta, and Power......Page 395 Application Demonstration......Page 410 DIY......Page 411 Key Terms......Page 412 Chapter Exercises......Page 414 SPSS......Page 424 Chapter 7The Single-Sample t Test......Page 428 7.1 Calculating the Single-Sample t Test......Page 429 7.2 Interpreting the Single-Sample t Test......Page 448 Application Demonstration......Page 472 Summary......Page 476 Chapter Exercises......Page 478 Key Terms......Page 477 SPSS......Page 488 Chapter 8Independent-Samples t Test......Page 500 8.1 Types of Two-Sample t Tests......Page 502 8.2 Calculating the Independent-Samples t Test......Page 506 8.3 Interpreting the Independent-Samples t Test......Page 523 Application Demonstration......Page 533 Key Terms......Page 536 Chapter Exercises......Page 537 SPSS......Page 549 Chapter 9The Paired-Samples t Test......Page 561 9.1 Paired Samples......Page 562 9.2 Calculating the Paired-Samples t Test......Page 565 9.3 Interpreting the Paired-Samples t Test......Page 578 Application Demonstration......Page 590 Key Terms......Page 595 Chapter Exercises......Page 596 SPSS......Page 605 PART II    Test Your Knowledge......Page 613 PART III Analysis of Variance......Page 620 Chapter 10Between-Subjects, One-Way Analysis of Variance......Page 622 10.1 Introduction to Analysis of Variance......Page 623 10.2 Calculating Between-Subjects, One-Way ANOVA......Page 635 10.3 Interpreting Between-Subjects, One-Way ANOVA......Page 663 Application Demonstration......Page 676 Key Terms......Page 681 Chapter Exercises......Page 682 SPSS......Page 697 Chapter 11One-Way, Repeated-Measures ANOVA......Page 708 11.1 Introduction to Repeated-Measures ANOVA......Page 709 11.2 Calculating One-Way, Repeated-Measures ANOVA......Page 717 11.3 Interpreting One-Way, Repeated-Measures ANOVA......Page 730 Application Demonstration......Page 742 Key Terms......Page 749 Chapter Exercises......Page 750 SPSS......Page 763 Appendix: Calculating Sums of Squares for One-Way Repeated-Measures ANOVA......Page 770 Chapter 12Between-Subjects, Two-Way Analysis of Variance......Page 775 12.1 Introduction to Two-Way ANOVA......Page 776 12.2 Calculating a Between-Subjects, Two-Way ANOVA......Page 789 12.3 Interpreting a Between-Subjects, Two-Way ANOVA......Page 809 Application Demonstration......Page 825 Summary......Page 828 DIY......Page 829 Chapter Exercises......Page 830 SPSS......Page 845 Appendix: Calculating Sums of Squares for Between-Subjects, Two-Way ANOVA......Page 853 PART III  Test Your Knowledge......Page 858 PART IV Correlation, Regression, and Nonparametric Statistical Tests......Page 863 Chapter 13The Pearson Correlation Coefficient......Page 865 13.1 Introduction to the Pearson Correlation Coefficient......Page 866 13.2 Calculating the Pearson Correlation Coefficient......Page 898 13.3 Interpreting the Pearson Correlation Coefficient......Page 917 13.4 Calculating a Partial Correlation......Page 935 Application Demonstration......Page 938 Key Terms......Page 941 Chapter Exercises......Page 943 SPSS......Page 960 Chapter 14Simple and Multiple Linear Regression......Page 973 14.1 Simple Linear Regression......Page 974 14.2 Errors in Regression......Page 993 14.3 Multiple Regression......Page 998 Application Demonstration......Page 1002 Key Terms......Page 1005 Chapter Exercises......Page 1007 SPSS......Page 1013 Chapter 15Nonparametric Statistical Tests: Chi-Square......Page 1022 15.1 Introduction to Nonparametric Tests......Page 1023 15.2 The Chi-Square Goodness-of-Fit Test......Page 1024 15.3 Calculating the Chi-Square Test of Independence......Page 1044 15.4 Interpreting the Chi-Square Test of Independence......Page 1058 15.5 Other Nonparametric Tests......Page 1066 Application Demonstration......Page 1071 Key Terms......Page 1075 Chapter Exercises......Page 1076 SPSS......Page 1091 Chapter 16Selecting the Right Statistical Test......Page 1102 16.1 Review of Statistical Tasks......Page 1103 16.2 Descriptive Statistics......Page 1107 16.3 Hypothesis Tests I: Difference Tests......Page 1116 16.4 Hypothesis Tests II: Relationship Tests......Page 1121 Application Demonstration......Page 1124 Key Terms......Page 1126 Chapter Exercises......Page 1127 SPSS......Page 1135 PART IV  Test Your Knowledge......Page 1144 Table 1: z Scores......Page 1149 Table 2: Random Number Table......Page 1161 Table 3: Critical Values of t......Page 1162 Table 4a: Critical Values of F, α = .05......Page 1164 Table 4b: Critical Values of F, α = .01......Page 1167 Table 5a: Studentized Range (q) Values, α = .05......Page 1169 Table 5b: Studentized Range (q) Values, α = .01......Page 1170 Table 6: Critical Values of r......Page 1171 Table 8: Fisher’s z to r Transformation......Page 1173 Table 9: Power for a Given N and a Given Observed or Hypothesized Correlation Value, α = .05, Two-Tailed......Page 1174 Table 10: Critical Values of Chi-Square......Page 1177 Appendix B Solutions to Odd-Numbered End-of-Chapter Exercises......Page 1179 Appendix C Solutions to Practice Problems......Page 1254 Appendix D Solutions to Part Tests......Page 1287 Glossary......Page 1300 References......Page 1312 Index......Page 1315