The Palgrave Handbook of the History of Human Sciences

Description

The Palgrave Handbook of the History of Human Sciences offers a uniquely comprehensive and global overview of the evolution of ideas, concepts and policies within the human sciences. Drawn from histories of the social and psychological sciences, anthropology, the history and philosophy of science, and the history of ideas, this collection analyses the health and welfare of populations, evidence of the changing nature of our local communities, cities, societies or global movements, and studies the way our humanness or ‘human nature’ undergoes shifts because of broader technological shifts or patterns of living. This Handbook serves as an authoritative reference to a vast source of representative scholarly work in interdisciplinary fields, a means of understanding patterns of social change and the conduct of institutions, as well as the histories of these ‘ways of knowing’ probe the contexts, circumstances and conditions which underpin continuity and change in the way we count, analyse and understand ourselves in our different social worlds. It reflects a critical scholarly interest in both traditional and emerging concerns on the relations between the biological and social sciences, and between these and changes and continuities in societies and conducts, as 21st century research moves into new intellectual and geographic territories, more diverse fields and global problematics. ​ Contents About the Editor Section Editors Contributors Part I: What Is the History of Human Sciences 1 What Is the History of the Human Sciences? Introduction: The Question of Human Identity Philosophy and the History of the Human Sciences History and the History of the Human Sciences Conclusion: ``History of the Present´´ References 2 Kant After Kant: Towards a History of the Human Sciences from a Cosmopolitan Standpoint Introduction: Using Kant as a Lens to See into the Future of Humanity Kant´s Anthropology: The Ascent of the Ape in Human Self-Understanding Remnants of the Divine Soul in the Naturalized Mind: Of Nerves and Aether Between Mind and Matter: Life as Extended Self-Correction Wrestling with the Rousseauian Legacy: The Eugenic Versus the Statistical State Kant Between the Stoics and the Epicureans: The Rise of the Cosmopolitan Standpoint Cosmopolitanism´s Anti-sentimental Expansion of the Circle of Moral Concern Conclusion: Testing Cosmopolitanism on Machines: Extending the Human Beyond the Animal References 3 History of the Human Sciences in France: From Science de l´homme to Sciences Humaines et sociales Introduction The Historical Roots The Political Crucible of ``la Science de l´homme´´ Dismembering ``Science de l´homme´´ in Nineteenth-Century France ``Science de l´homme,´´ ``Sciences Humaines,´´ and ``Sciences Sociales´´ in the Twentieth Century Reflexivity Conclusion References 4 Narrative and the Human Sciences Introduction Science, Narrative, and Historiography Texts, Things, and Inclusiveness Narrative, Knowledge, and Self Narratology Narrative in Practice Conclusion References 5 Diltheyan Understanding and Contextual Orientation in the Human Sciences Introduction Understanding in the Human Sciences Theoretical Cognition and Reflective Knowledge Dilthey´s Approach to History Hermeneutical Objectivity Three Kinds of Objectifications Kant and the Importance of Reflective Judgment for Interpretation Rethinking Historical Reason as Historical Judgment Dilthey´s Theory of Worldviews Dilthey´s Formative Social Ethics Conclusion References 6 Durkheimian Revolution in Understanding Morality: Socially Created, Scientifically Grasped Introduction Toward a Sociology of Morality Durkheim´s Social and Intellectual Background Moral Philosophy in France A Sociological Theory of Morality ``The´´ Moral Does Not Exist An Inquiry into the Soul of Society Taking a Stand: Normative Boundaries When a Moral Ideal Is Not Really ``Normal´´ Secular Morality and Moral Individualism Conclusion References 7 Problematizing Societal Practice: Histories of the Present and Their Genealogies Introduction Genealogy as Critique History and Critique Problematizing as Critique Defining the Present Genealogy and the History of Scientific Ideas Praxis and Power Practicing Critique Through ``A Historical Ontology of Ourselves´´ Conclusion References 8 Human Sciences and Theories of Religion Introduction Origin and Function Truth Theories from Religious Studies Social Scientific Theories Contemporary Social Scientific Theories The Religionist Argument Anthropologists of Religion Tylor and Frazer Lévy-Bruhl Douglas, Geertz, and Turner Lévi-Strauss Conclusion References 9 Historical Studies in Nineteenth-Century Germany: The Case of Hartwig Floto Introduction Social and Educational Background Ranke´s Historical Exercises The Priority of Teaching Teachers of the Nation Professionalization Confessional and Political Fault Lines Virtues and Vices A Broken Career Source Editing Projects Conclusion References Part II: Visualizations 10 Anatomy: Representations of the Body in Two and Three Dimensions Introduction A Brief History of Anatomical Representations in Europe Early Historiography The Politics of Representation, Identity, and Boundary Work Gender Race Humans and Animals Normality and Productivity Artists and Anatomists: Iconography and Practices of Making Epistemology and Education Reception and Use The Politics of Class and Professional Identity Art and Anatomy Conclusion References 11 History of Embryology: Visualizations Through Series and Animation Introduction Seeing and Dating Development in Images Epigenetic Iconography The Rhythm of Becoming Series of Sections Living Organisms and Dead Material Time and Experiment Optical Slicing Embryos, in Silico Algorithmic Animation Conclusion References 12 Visualizations in the Sciences of Human Origins and Evolution Introduction Drawings, Photographs, and Graphs Trees and Maps Life-Scene and Full-Body Reconstructions Expositions and Museums Cartoons and Films Conclusion Cross-References References Part III: Self and Personhood 13 Made-Up People: Conceptualizing Histories of the Self and the Human Sciences Introduction Theatres of the Self Technologies of the Self Performing the Self Looping Effects Practices of the Self Neurohistory Problems and Questions References 14 Inner Lives and the Human Sciences from the Eighteenth Century to the Present Introduction The Roots of Modern Moral Culture Interiority and Confession Interiority as a Process of Reason Sensibility and Human Interiority Childhood as Interiority Interiority and Reflexivity in Late Modernity The Modern Mind, the Autobiographical, and the Inner Conclusion References 15 Michel Foucault and the Practices of ``Spirituality´´: Self-Transformation in the History of the Human Sciences Introduction Histories of the Malleable Self Spirituality among the Human Sciences Labor and Revolution Pathology and Health Psychoanalytic Spirituality Violence and Decolonization Conclusion References 16 Human Sciences and Technologies of the Self Since the Nineteenth Century Introduction: Technologies of the Self Physiognomy and Phrenology IQ Tests Projective Tests Ultrasound Scans Brain Scans Genetic Ancestry Testing and Its Reception Conclusion References 17 The Sex of the Self and Its Ambiguities, 1899-1964 Introduction Subject/Object From Gay and Lesbian to Trans History Subject Versus Object An ``Objective´´ Questionnaire Looping from Transvestite to Transsexual Beyond Self-Narration Body/Psyche Doubtful Sex, Doubtful Gender Hirschfeld and the Body Body and Self in Cases of Intersex Intermediacy-Binaryness Testing Typical Femininity and Masculinity The Gender Fluidity Paradox Psychometrics Unidimensionality Conclusion References Part IV: Anthropology 18 Economic Anthropology in View of the Global Financial Crisis Introduction Crisis, Stability, and Economic Neoliberalism Theoretical Imperatives: The Influence of Social and Moral Philosophy ``Noble Savage´´ and ``Economic Man´´ in European Social Thought The History and Key Approaches of Economic Anthropology Individualist Versus Systemic Approaches Formalist and Substantivist Debates The Cultural Turn in Economic Anthropology Virtualism and Neoliberal Economic Transformation in Iceland The 2008 Crisis: A Postmortem of Neoliberal Economic Policy Making Sense After Crisis: Ethnography, Reflexivity, and World History Concluding Remarks Cross-References References 19 Anthropology, the Environment, and Environmental Crisis Introduction Human Adaptation Natural Resource Extraction Toxicity Temporalities and Nonhuman Agency The Damaged Planet and Persistent Colonial Orders Conclusion References 20 On the Commonness of Skin: An Anthropology of Being in a More Than Human World Introduction Before (?) Multispecies Ethnography Multispecies Ethnography, Multiple Politics Conviviality Being with (Some) Animals: The Taking of Animals Literally Cuticulae Laboratory Conclusion References 21 Indigeneity: An Historical Reflection on a Very European Idea Introduction Indigeneity and the Baptism of Pagan Customs The ``Noble Savage´´ Nation-States and Minority Nationalism The League of Nations, The United Nations and The Rights of Minorities Conclusion References Books and Plays Articles Declarations (listed chronologically) Websites Part V: Historical Sociology 22 The Past and the Future of Historical Sociology: An Introduction Introduction Telling a Story of Historical Sociology A Brief History of Historical Sociology The Golden Age: The Beginnings of Historical Sociology The (not so) Dark Ages: Insulation and Marginalization The Renewal: Revival and Revision State of the Discipline and Its Future Outlooks The Themes of Historical Sociology Conclusion References 23 Power and Politics: State Formation in Historical Sociology Introduction The State in European Social Thought: A History of Riddles and Perspectives The Formation of Early States and Civilizations Developmental Paths Toward the Early Modern European State The Industrial Nation-State and Beyond Conclusion References 24 Organized Violence and Historical Sociology Introduction War Clandestine Political Violence Revolutions Genocides Conclusion References 25 Historical Sociology of Law Introduction Focus: Official Law A Glimpse at the Prehistory of Sociohistorical Studies of Law The Deceptive Historicity of Early Sociology of Law Law and the Social Change: Theoretical Trends from the Twentieth Century Michel Foucault´s Approach to Socio-Legal Change: The Epistemic Dimension of Law Pierre Bourdieu´s Sociology of the Juridical Field Niklas Luhmann´s System Theory of Law Future Perspectives in Historical Sociology of Law Conclusion References 26 Sport and Leisure: A Historical Sociological Study Introduction Mapping the Field Pre-1990s: Harmonious Inequality 1995-2005: Diminishing Contrasts and Increasing Varieties The Twenty-First Century: The ``Habits of Good Sociology´´ Conclusion References 27 Norbert Elias and Psychoanalysis: The Historical Sociology of Emotions Introduction Sociology of Emotions History of Emotions Historical Sociology Norbert Elias Defining ``Emotion´´ Elias and Historical-Sociological Psychology The Civilizing Process Foundations in Freud Beyond Freud Emotions and Social Relations From Libido to ``Valencies´´ ``Homo Clausus´´ Versus Figurations and Group Analysis The Superego and Its History Conclusion References 28 Identity, Identification, Habitus: A Process Sociology Approach Introduction From Identity to Identification Grandeur and Misery of a Concept Beyond Constructivism The Eliasian Approach Involvement and Detachment Facing Dangerous Emotions Habitus and ``the Filo Pastry of Identity´´ (Mennell 1994) Interdependence and the Changing Balance of Power Between Established and Outsiders From Nationalism to Cosmopolitanism? Enlarging Identification and Changes in the ``We-I´´ Balance The Case of European Identity What European Identity? European Identification as a Process Conclusion References 29 Hidden Gender Orders: Socio-historical Dynamics of Power and Inequality Between the Sexes Introduction The Sociogenetic and Psychogenetic Approach Toward Social History Central Terms The Dawning of Social-Historical Gender Research and the Power Balances Between the Sexes Power Relations Between the Sexes in Marriage and Working Life Marriage Work and Professional Life Conclusion: Changing Gender and Relationship Ideals? References 30 Collective Memory and Historical Sociology Introduction Situating Historical Sociology and Memory Studies: A Brief Overview Collective Memory: Foundations Maurice Halbwachs and His Legacy: ``Social Frameworks of Memory´´ and ``Collective Memory´´ Stefan Czarnowski´s Theory of Heroes and the Social Functions of the Past From Collective Memory to Collective Forgetting The Second Wave of Memory Studies: Nations, Power Struggles, Media Collective Memory and Nation States Collective Memory and Power Collective Memory, Media and the Longue Durée The Third Wave: Transnationalization and Memory Activism Transnational Turn Activist Turn Conclusion References Part VI: History of Sociology 31 Historiography and National Histories of Sociology: Methods and Methodologies Introduction Disciplines, Specialities, and Fields The Specialities and Disciplines Bordering National Histories of Sociology History and Historical Sociology Histories of Ideas and the Sociology of Ideas Intellectual Histories, Institutional Histories, and Sociology Sociology of Knowledge The History of Sociology and National Histories of Sociology Histories of Sociology National Histories of Sociology Tensions Between Historical and Sociological Methodologies Engagement with Sociology, and the Sociology of Institutions Engagement with Sociology of Knowledge Conclusion References 32 The History of Sociology as Disciplinary Self-Reflexivity Introduction Part One: From the History of Science, to the History of Social Science, to the History of Sociology The History of the History of Sociology Part Two: Why Should One Write the History of Sociology? Overcoming the Repression of Disciplinary Memory The History of Social Science as a Guide to Scientific Flourishing (and Decay) Understanding Social Science as a Determinant of Social Phenomena The History of Sociology as Sociological Reflexivity Conclusion References 33 Locating the History of Sociology: Inequality, Exclusion, and Diversity Introduction: A Local Attempt to Locate the History of Sociology The History of Sociology Is Embedded in a Broader History of European Modernity The History of Sociology Is Embedded in Geopolitical Power Structures The Discipline of Sociology Is Internally Divided into Centers and Peripheries Mechanisms of Marginalization Have Been Historically Established Within the Discipline Academic Libraries Provide Unequal Access to Literature from Different Places Teaching Socializes New Generations of Sociologists into the Existing Biases Within the Discipline The Center-Periphery Divide Has Epistemic Effects Challenging the Established History of Sociology and the Status Quo: Counterhegemonic Potentials Conclusion References 34 Colonialism and Its Knowledges Introduction Part I: The Indigenous Approach Part II: The Postcolonial and the Decolonial Postcolonialism Coloniality/Decoloniality Conclusion References 35 Knowledge Boundaries and the History of Sociology Introduction Five Knowledge Boundary Concepts Boundary-Work Boundary Object Boundary Organization Trading Zone Co-production Conflict Versus Collaboration Four History of Sociology Episodes Establishing Boundary Objects in Early Pre-academic Sociology Demarcating the Disciplinary Boundaries of Classical Sociology Reformulating the Science-Policy Contract During the Interwar Period Re-establishing Modern Postwar Sociology Historiographically Conclusion: The History of Sociology as the History of Its Knowledge Boundaries References 36 Social Theory and the History of Sociology Introduction Thought and Schools Science and Tradition History and Present Rethinking the Canon Decentering the West Conclusion References 37 José Carlos Maritegui and the Origins of the Latin American Sociology Introduction The Circulation of Maritegui´s Ideas in the Midst Between the Komintern and the Artistic Avant-Garde A Founding Father for the Latin American Sociology and His Readings Within the Dependency Analysis School Maritegui´s Contribution to the Development and Critique of Indigenism Conclusions References Part VII: History of Psychology 38 Psychologies: Their Diverse Histories Introduction: The Diversity of Psychologies The Diverse Roots of Psychologies The Critical, ``Reflexive´´ Implications of Diversity Conclusion References 39 Social Psychology: Exemplary Interdiscipline or Subdiscipline Introduction: The Disciplinary Status of Social Psychology Social Psychology, Its Objects, and Its Parent Disciplines Social Psychology´s Dual Disciplinary Heritage A Dialectical Tension Between the Social Psychologies and Their Parent Disciplines The Quest for an Interdisciplinary Social Psychology The Post-Second World War Development of European Social Psychology Conclusion: Whether the Disciplines of Social Psychology? References 40 Of Power and Problems: Gender in Psychology´s Past Introduction: Of Power and Problems: Gender in Psychology´s Past Problems: The Research Womanless Psychology: Gender in Early Academic Psychology Woman as Problem: Gender in Clinical Contexts Historiographic Approaches to Psychology´s Women Power: The Material Conditions of Science Laboratories and Other Necessary Resources Reproductive Labor Intellectual Community and Gendered Spaces Conclusion References 41 Indigenous Psychologies: Resources for Future Histories Introduction: Complicating the Histories of Indigenous Psychologies Ancient to Modern: The Ground of the Psychological Modernity/Coloniality and Psychological Knowledge Conclusion Cross-References References Further Reading Published Resources of Contemporary Accounts of Indigenous Psychology(ies) Indigenous Psychologies by Book Volumes (authored and edited; some already noted in text) Indigenous Psychologies in Journal Articles Indigenous Psychologies in Journal Articles (Asia) 42 Children as Psychological Objects: A History of Psychological Research of Child Development in Hungary Introduction: The History of Psychology and Psychology in History The Birth of Child Psychology in Hungary Introduction of Pedology and Psychometry into Child Psychology Observing Children Child Psychology Between the World Wars The Budapest School of Psychoanalysis Child Psychology After World War II Restart After the Revolution of 1956 Children and Psychology After the Regime Change Conclusion References 43 A History of Self-Esteem: From a Just Honoring to a Social Vaccine Introduction The Emergence of Self-Esteem Early Uses of Self-Esteem Self-Esteem, Agreeableness, and Social Order Mental Philosophers and Self-Esteem A Formulaic Approach to Self-Esteem Inferiority, Damage, and Discrimination Therapy and Self-Realization Tests of Self-Esteem: Quantity and Measurement Conclusion References 44 Vygotsky, Luria, and Cross-Cultural Research in the Soviet Union Introduction The Announcement of a New Study Pedological Research and Mental Testing Cross-Cultural Research Within the Soviet Union Climate Change Conclusions References 45 Values and Persons: The Persistent Problem of Values in Science and Psychology Introduction: The Complex Landscape of Science-Values Relations Aim and Overview The Broader Context of Questions Concerning Values and Science Definitions and Distinctions Values Underlying the Valuing of Value-Free Science Epistemic Authority Predictive Power Problem-Solving Progress Understanding Truth and Beauty Mystery and Imagination Values Underlying Denial of ``Value-Free Science´´ What Kinds or Categories of Value Are Intrinsic to Science? Where (or How) Values Impact Science Values and Psychological Science Methods as Value Systems Problems for Interdisciplinary and Intradisciplinary Collaboration Towards Compromise and Negotiation Conclusion References 46 Politics and Ideology in the History of Psychology: Stratification Theory in Germany Introduction: The Ambivalent Relationship Between Psychology and History Showdown in Montreal: The Beginning of the Demise of Stratification Theory ``The Great Chain of Being´´: Ancient Roots of Personality Psychology A Forgotten Universe of Layers in Philosophy, the Sciences, and Psychology The Uncovering of the Layers of Personality: German Psychology on the Rise Stratification Theory and the Search for Holism in the Weimar Republic Stratification Theory in Wartime After the Fall: Continuity and Breaks at the Dawn of the Cold War Conclusion References Part VIII: History of Psychiatry 47 The Mental Patient in History Introduction More Than a ``Pathological Attitude to Life´´ ``What Kind of Object or Life Is This?´´ Psychopathology, Art, and Politics ``Africa in Their Natures´´: Black and Insane as Double Jeopardy Mental Suffering, Psychosis, and Witnessing Precarity, Precariousness, and Mental Patient Lives Social Dangers and the Human Sciences The Human Sciences and Coercive Rehabilitation Institutionalized Lives Extramural Lives Conclusion References 48 Asylums and Alienists: The Institutional Foundations of Psychiatry, 1760-1914 Introduction The Rise of the Lunatic Asylum Lunacy Reform Professionalization Models of Madness In Search of Biological Causes Conclusions: The Legacy of Asylum Psychiatry References 49 Forensic Psychiatry: Human Science in the Borderlands Between Crime and Madness Introduction Medical Jurisprudence and Penal Reform Alienism Degeneration Theory and Lombrosian Criminology Psychiatric Expertise in Foro The Psychiatrization of Danger: Prophylactic Assessments Feeble-Minded Children and Incorrigible Youth Psychopaths Clinical Assessment Tools Preventive Detention in National Contexts Judicial Gatekeeping Conclusion: Toward Therapies of Self-Governance and Patients´ Rights Cross-References References 50 Psychiatry and Society Introduction Part I: Mental Asylum as a Small Society Psychiatry in the Age of the Asylum ``The Plea for the Silent´´: Patients in Mental Asylums Authority and Power in the Asylum Social Class and Therapy The Legacy of Asylums Part II: Marginality: Race and Politics Mental Health in Segregated Societies: The Case of Racial and Colonial Psychiatry Mental Health in a Segregated Society: The Case of the USA Protest Psychosis and Cultural Paranoia Alienation, Race, and Mental Illness Conclusion References 51 Early Child Psychiatry in Britain Introduction Doing the History of Child Psychiatry Institutional Records and Patient Case Files Legislation and Public Policy Practitioners´ Accounts: Histories and Testimony Personal Papers and Correspondence Print and Media The Voice of the Child Tangled Roots: The Study of the Child and Child Insanity at the Turn of the Twentieth Century Child Psychiatry, Child Guidance, and Child Psychoanalysis Before the NHS Conclusion: Enduring Eclecticism; Contemporary Concerns References 52 Human Experimentation and Clinical Trials in Psychiatry Introduction Biology and Psychiatry A Psychopharmacological Turn Evidence-Based Medicine and Randomization: All Controlled Trials Are Not Randomized Controlled Trials (RCTs) Clinical Trials in Psychiatry Psychiatry, Experience, and Expertise Conclusion Cross-References References 53 Colonial and Transcultural Psychiatries: What We Learn From History Introduction Transcultural Psychiatry and Its Histories The Universality of Mental Illness What Is ``Culture-Bound´´ and What Is Not? Patients, Healers, and Healthcare/Traditional Healers Psychiatry and the ``Colonial Mind´´ Conclusion Bibliography 54 Geriatric Psychiatry and Its Development in History Introduction Ancient Entanglements of Mental Infirmity and Aging The Dementia Conundrum in European Psychiatry Through the Early Twentieth Century The Geriatric Imperative Psychiatry, Dementia, and the Social Transformation of Aging The Biomedical Deconstruction of Senility and the Establishment of Geriatric Psychiatry Conclusion References 55 Antipsychiatry: The Mid-Twentieth Century Era (1960-1980) Introduction R. D. Laing (1927-1989) and His Colleagues David Cooper (1931-1986) Laing´s Other Colleagues Thomas Szasz (1920-2012) The Myth of Mental Illness The Manufacture of Madness Commentaries Erving Goffman (1922-1982) Commentaries Postscript to Asylums Michel Foucault (1926-1984) Franco Basaglia (1924-1980) Concluding Remarks Judgments References Part IX: History of Economics 56 History of Thought of Economics as a Guide for the Future Introduction: The Economy and Society Viewed Academically Divergencies and Pluralism in Economics The Decoupling of Economics and History Problems and Failures in Economics Conclusion References 57 Classical Political Economy Introduction Method and Content of Classical and of Marginalist Economic Theory Homo mercans, Homo laborans, and Homo inventivus Three Grand Orders of Men: Landlords, Workers, and Capitalists Information Asymmetries and the Banking Trade Money and Currency The Classical Surplus Approach to the Theory of Value and Distribution Necessaries Versus Luxuries ``Natural´´ Versus ``Market Price´´ Quantities of ``labor embodied´´ The ``fundamental law of distribution´´ Scarce Natural Resources Technical and Organizational Change The ``law of population´´ Foreign Trade The Role of Government and the State, Taxation, and Public Debt Conclusion References 58 Neoclassical Economics: Origins, Evolution, and Critique Introduction What Is Neoclassical Economics? Predecessors Antoine Augustin Cournot (1801-1877) Heinrich Hermann Gossen (1810-1858) The Founding Fathers William Stanley Jevons (1835-1882) Léon Walras (1834-1910) Carl Menger (1840-1921) The Development of Neoclassical Economics: From Heterodoxy to Mainstream Microeconomics Partial Equilibrium Analysis Welfare Economics Properties of a General Economic Equilibrium Alternative Market Structures Macroeconomics: Economic Crisis as a Challenge for Neoclassical Economics The Great Depression The Answer: John Maynard Keynes (1883-1946) Keynesianism and Monetarism: Macroeconomics after World War II Conclusion References 59 The Austrian School and the Theory of Markets Introduction The Birth of the Austrian School and the Methodenstreit The Debate on Economic Planning and the Character of Knowledge Competition in Austrian Economics The Great Divergence Institutions Reexamined Entrepreneurship Austrian Methodology Conclusions References 60 Joseph Schumpeter and the Origins of His Thought Introduction The General Economic Framework On Technological Change and Business Cycles On Individualism On the Future of Capitalism On Credit and Banking Conclusions References 61 Learning from Intellectual History: Reflection on Sen´s Capabilities Approach and Human Development Introduction Learning from the Intellectual History of Economic Thought Ethical Blind Spot in Neoliberal Economics Sen and the Revival of Ethical Traditions in Economic Thought An Overview of Sen´s Capabilities Approach (CA) Capability Approach and Development Economics Capability Approach and Human Development Sen´s Capability Approach and Feminist Concerns About Gender Inequalities Concluding Remarks References Part X: History of Ethnography and Ethnology 62 History of Ethnography and Ethnology: Section Introduction References 63 Before Fieldwork: Textual and Visual Stereotypes of Indigenous Peoples and the Emergence of World Ethnography in Hungary in... Introduction: Archives as a ``Field´´ for a Historian of Anthropology Euro-American Eyes, Indigenous Eyes, and Hungarian Eyes: Questions of Research Methodology Global Ethnography in Hungary: An Entangled History Three Examples of the Representation of Indigenous Peoples: Demonization, Hierarchization/Barbarization, and Exoticization Local Contexts: Jesuits, Lutherans, and Calvinists as Agents of World Ethnography Notions of Geography: Notions of Hierarchy - Examples of Siberia and the Arctic Region Conclusion or the Afterlife of Stereotypes: Orientalism or Cultural Colonialism? References 64 Scientists and Specimens: Early Anthropology Networks in and Between Nations and the Natural and Human Sciences Introduction Who Were Early Anthropologists? Gathering Places: Early Special Interest Societies Ethnographic Museums and Society Membership: A Transnational Case Study Ethnographic Departments and Museums National Societies, International Memberships National Interests and the International Congress of Americanists Personal Correspondence and Institutional Object Exchange Conclusion References 65 Center and Periphery: Anthropological Theory and National Identity in Portuguese Ethnography Introduction Portuguese Anthropology Between 1870 and 1970: An Overview Theoretical Influences in Portuguese Anthropology Anthropological Theory and National Identity Conclusion References 66 Making and Unmaking of Ethnos Theory in Twentieth-Century Russia Introduction Key Characters Fedor Volkov and the Politics of Ukrainian Identity The Concept of Ethnos and the Teaching of Anthropology The Development of Volkov´s Methodology by Sergei Rudenko Marxism and the End of Biosocial Theory in the Soviet Union Shirokogoroff As Ethnographer and Theorist A New Rapprochement of Natural and Human Sciences in the USSR The Revival of Ethnos and the Questioning of Stalin´s Theory of Nation Refining Ethnos Theory at the Academy in the 1970s - Early 1990s Nationalities Study in the USSR: Nation Versus Ethnos/``Scientific Communists´´ Versus Ethnographers Perestroika and the Decline of Ethnos in Russian Academia Conclusion References 67 Assessing Ethnographic Representations of Micronesia Under the Japanese Administration Introduction Japanese Anthropology/Ethnology and Micronesia Development of Anthropology and Ethnology in Modern Japan Development of Japanese Ethnography in Micronesia Naval Administration Era Nan´yo-cho Era Ethnographers Commissioned by Nan´yo-cho Ethnographic Imaginations in the Journal Nan´yo Gunto Legacy of Japanese Ethnography in Micronesia Conclusion Cross-References References Archives/Database 68 Boasian Cultural Anthropologists, Interdisciplinary Initiatives, and the Making of Personality and Culture during the Inter... Part I: Introduction Part II: Personality and Culture and the Boasians Franz Boas: The Founding Figure Ruth Benedict: The Cultural Patterning of Personality Margaret Mead: Culture, Temperament, and Personality Edward Sapir: The Individual As Carrier, Interpreter, and Elaborator of Culture Part III: Conclusion References Part XI: Gender and Health in the Social Sciences 69 Gender and Health in the Social Sciences: Section Introduction References 70 Our Bodies, Ourselves: 50 Years of Education and Activism Introduction: Our Bodies, Ourselves: A Founder´s Perspective (Wendy Sanford) Remaking the Book, Widening Our Lens OBOS Translations and Adaptations Beyond the Book Coda Our Bodies Ourselves: A Scholar´s Perspective (Amy Agigian) How Our Bodies, Ourselves Changed the USA and the World Conclusion: We Need Our Bodies Ourselves Today Endnotes References 71 Reclaiming Indigenous Health Research and Knowledges As Self-Determination in Canada Introduction The Canadian Context Indigenous Health Disparities and Social Determinants of Health History of Indigenous Research in Canada Closing the Gap with Indigenous Research: Building Community Capacity Reclaiming Indigenous Research and Knowledges as Self-Determination Conclusion References 72 The Limits of Public Health Approaches and Discourses of Masculinities in Violence Against Women Prevention Introduction Interrogating the Ecological Model of Violence Prevention Epidemiology and Risk Factors Gender as a Social Determinant or Risk Factor Science and the Evidence Base Using Traditional Masculinity in Public Health to Engage Men Problematizing ``Toxic´´ Masculinity in Public Health Promoting ``Healthy´´ Masculinity in Public Health Moving Beyond Masculinity in Public Health Conclusion References 73 The Madness of Women: Myth and Experience Introduction The Madness of Woman: A Problem Peculiar to Her Sex? Raging Hormones and Reproductive Debilitation Resisting Biological Determinism: Rejecting Raging Biomedical Explanations for Women´s Madness Gender-Based Diagnosis of Depression: Pathologizing Femininity Treatment or Torture? Controlling Deviant or Difficult Women Conclusion References 74 Feminine Hunger: A Brief History of Women´s Food Restriction Practices in the West Introduction Food Restriction as a Harmful Gender Norm The WHM and the Physical and Psychological Harms of Food Restriction Anorexia Mirabilis: Hunger as a Sign of Women´s Piety ``The Weapon of Self-Hurt´´: Hunger as a Political Mouthpiece Anorexia Nervosa: Hunger as a Psychological Condition From Weight-Loss Dieting to ``Wellness´´: Hunger as a Responsible Lifestyle Choice Visibilizing Women´s Intentional Hunger: A Feminist Research Agenda for the WHM Recognize Women´s Intentional Hunger as a Gendered Phenomenon Requiring Gender-Transformative Health Promotion Shift One´s Focus from a Weight-Centric to Weight-Neutral Paradigm Reframe Individualized Narratives of Self-Care into Acts of Feminist Resistance Get Organized Through Feminist Consciousness-Raising Conclusion References 75 Systems of Prostitution and Pornography: Harm, Health, and Gendered Inequalities Introduction Harms of Prostitution Violence Psychological Harms The Interconnectedness of Pornography and Prostitution Pornography as Connected to Other Forms of Prostitution Pornography as a Form of Prostitution Experiences of Abuse in Pornography Production Pornography and Harms of Distribution Understanding Systems of Prostitution Conclusion References Index