Essentials of Sociology

Description

Cover......Page 1 Title Page......Page 4 Copyright Page......Page 5 Brief Contents......Page 7 Contents......Page 8 Special Features......Page 16 Guide to Social Maps......Page 18 To the Student . . . from the Author......Page 20 To the Instructor . . . from the Author......Page 22 About the Author......Page 33 Chapter 1 The Sociological Perspective......Page 34 Seeing the Broader Social Context......Page 36 Tradition versus Science......Page 37 Herbert Spencer and Social Darwinism......Page 38 Emile Durkheim and Social Integration......Page 39 APPLYING DURKHEIM......Page 40 Sexism at the Time: Women in Early Sociology......Page 41 Jane Addams: Sociologist and Social Reformer......Page 43 Talcott Parsons and C. Wright Mills: Theory versus Reform......Page 44 PUBLIC SOCIOLOGY......Page 45 Theoretical Perspectives in Sociology......Page 46 SYMBOLS IN EVERYDAY LIFE......Page 47 From Gemeinschaft to Gesellschaft......Page 0 Functional Analysis......Page 48 APPLYING FUNCTIONAL ANALYSIS......Page 49 APPLYING CONFLICT THEORY......Page 51 Levels of Analysis: Macro and Micro......Page 52 Doing Sociological Research......Page 53 3. Reviewing the Literature......Page 54 6. Collecting the Data......Page 55 Research Methods (Designs)......Page 56 SELECTING A SAMPLE......Page 58 TYPES OF QUESTIONS......Page 59 ESTABLISHING RAPPORT......Page 60 Case Studies......Page 61 Experiments......Page 63 Gender in Sociological Research......Page 65 Protecting the Subjects: The Brajuha Research......Page 66 Misleading the Subjects: The Humphreys Research......Page 67 Globalization......Page 68 Summary and Review......Page 69 Thinking Critically about Chapter 1......Page 70 Chapter 2 Culture......Page 71 Culture and Taken-for-Granted Orientations to Life......Page 73 Practicing Cultural Relativism......Page 75 Gestures......Page 79 Language......Page 80 LANGUAGE ALLOWS HUMAN EXPERIENCE TO BE CUMULATIVE......Page 81 LANGUAGE ALLOWS SHARED, GOAL-DIRECTED BEHAVIOR.......Page 82 Values, Norms, and Sanctions......Page 83 Folkways, Mores, and Taboos......Page 85 Subcultures......Page 86 Values in U.S. Society......Page 89 Value Contradictions......Page 90 An Emerging Value Cluster......Page 91 “Ideal” Versus “Real” Culture......Page 92 Cultural Universals......Page 93 Sociobiology and Human Behavior......Page 94 Cultural Lag and Cultural Change......Page 95 Technology and Cultural Leveling......Page 97 Summary and Review......Page 98 Thinking Critically about Chapter 2......Page 99 Chapter 3 Socialization......Page 100 Feral Children......Page 102 Isolated Children......Page 103 Institutionalized Children......Page 104 TIMING AND HUMAN DEVELOPMENT......Page 105 Deprived Animals......Page 106 Mead and Role Taking......Page 107 Piaget and the Development of Reasoning......Page 109 Freud and the Development of Personality......Page 110 KOHLBERG’S THEORY......Page 111 EXPRESSING EMOTIONS: “GENDER RULES.”......Page 112 RESEARCH NEEDED......Page 113 PARENTS......Page 114 TOYS AND PLAY......Page 115 SAME-SEX PARENTS......Page 117 ADVERTISING......Page 118 SOCIAL CLASS AND PLAY......Page 120 Day Care......Page 121 Peer Groups......Page 122 Total Institutions......Page 125 Childhood (from birth to about age 12)......Page 127 Transitional Adulthood (ages 18–29)......Page 128 THE TRANSITIONAL OLDER YEARS (AGES 65–74)......Page 129 Are We Prisoners of Socialization?......Page 130 Summary and Review......Page 131 Thinking Critically about Chapter 3......Page 132 Chapter 4 Social Structure and Social Interaction......Page 133 Macrosociology and Microsociology......Page 135 The Sociological Significance of Social Structure......Page 136 ASCRIBED AND ACHIEVED STATUSES......Page 138 STATUS INCONSISTENCY......Page 139 Groups......Page 140 Social Institutions......Page 141 Comparing Functionalist and Conflict Perspectives......Page 142 MECHANICAL AND ORGANIC SOLIDARITY......Page 143 HOW RELEVANT ARE THESE CONCEPTS TODAY?......Page 144 STEREOTYPES IN EVERYDAY LIFE......Page 146 PERSONAL SPACE......Page 150 Dramaturgy: The Presentation of Self in Everyday Life......Page 151 SIGN-VEHICLES......Page 152 TEAMWORK......Page 153 APPLYING IMPRESSION MANAGEMENT.......Page 155 Ethnomethodology: Uncovering Background Assumptions......Page 156 GYNECOLOGICAL EXAMINATIONS......Page 157 The Need for both Macrosociology and Microsociology......Page 159 Summary and Review......Page 162 Thinking Critically about Chapter 4......Page 163 Chapter 5 Social Groups and Formal Organizations......Page 164 Primary Groups......Page 166 THE INNER CIRCLE......Page 168 SHAPING PERCEPTION AND MORALITY......Page 169 EVALUATING OURSELVES......Page 170 APPLIED NETWORK ANALYSIS......Page 171 IS THE SMALL WORLD PHENOMENON AN ACADEMIC MYTH?......Page 172 BUILDING UNINTENTIONAL BARRIERS......Page 173 The Characteristics of Bureaucracies......Page 174 Goal Displacement and the Perpetuation of Bureaucracies......Page 176 RED TAPE: A RULE IS A RULE......Page 177 RESISTING ALIENATION......Page 178 SELF-FULFILLING STEREOTYPES AND PROMOTIONS......Page 179 Diversity in the Workplace......Page 180 Technology and the Maximum-Security Society......Page 181 Effects of Group Size on Stability and Intimacy......Page 182 Effects of Group Size on Attitudes and Behavior......Page 183 WHO BECOMES A LEADER?......Page 184 LEADERSHIP STYLES......Page 186 The Power of Peer Pressure: The Asch Experiment......Page 187 The Power of Authority: The Milgram Experiment......Page 188 PREVENTING GROUPTHINK......Page 190 Summary and Review......Page 191 Chapter 6 Deviance and Social Control......Page 193 A NEUTRAL TERM......Page 195 How Norms Make Social Life Possible......Page 196 Competing Explanations of Deviance: Sociobiology, Psychology, and Sociology......Page 197 The Symbolic Interactionist Perspective......Page 198 FRIENDS, NEIGHBORHOODS, AND SUBCULTURES......Page 199 THE THEORY......Page 200 REJECTING LABELS: HOW PEOPLE NEUTRALIZE DEVIANCE......Page 201 EMBRACING LABELS: THE EXAMPLE OF OUTLAW BIKERS......Page 203 LABELS CAN BE POWERFUL......Page 204 Can Deviance Really Be Functional for Society?......Page 205 Strain Theory: How Mainstream Values Produce Deviance......Page 206 FOUR DEVIANT PATHS......Page 207 Illegitimate Opportunity Structures: Social Class and Crime......Page 208 GENDER AND CRIME......Page 210 The Criminal Justice System as an Instrument of Oppression......Page 211 Street Crime and Prisons......Page 213 The Decline in Violent Crime......Page 215 Recidivism......Page 216 RACE–ETHNICITY......Page 217 The Trouble with Official Statistics......Page 220 NEITHER MENTAL NOR ILLNESS?......Page 221 THE HOMELESS MENTALLY ILL......Page 222 Summary and Review......Page 223 Thinking Critically about Chapter 6......Page 224 Chapter 7 Global Stratification......Page 225 Systems of Social Stratification......Page 227 CONDITIONS OF SLAVERY......Page 228 SLAVERY TODAY......Page 229 INDIA’S RELIGIOUS CASTES......Page 230 SOUTH AFRICA......Page 231 A U.S. RACIAL CASTE SYSTEM......Page 232 WOMEN IN THE ESTATE SYSTEM......Page 233 The Global Superclass......Page 234 Karl Marx: The Means of Production......Page 235 Max Weber: Property, Power, and Prestige......Page 236 TUMIN’S CRITIQUE OF DAVIS AND MOORE......Page 237 MOSCA'S ARGUMENT......Page 238 Lenski’s Synthesis......Page 239 CONTROLLING PEOPLE’S IDEAS......Page 240 BIG BROTHER TECHNOLOGY......Page 241 Social Stratification in the Former Soviet Union......Page 242 Global Stratification: Three Worlds......Page 243 The Most Industrialized Nations......Page 244 The Industrializing Nations......Page 247 Modifying the Model......Page 248 World System Theory......Page 251 Evaluating the Theories......Page 253 Multinational Corporations......Page 254 Technology and Global Domination......Page 255 Summary and Review......Page 256 Thinking Critically about Chapter 7......Page 257 Chapter 8 Social Class in the United States......Page 258 DISTINGUISHING BETWEEN WEALTH AND INCOME......Page 260 DISTRIBUTION OF INCOME......Page 261 THE POWER ELITE......Page 263 DISPLAYING PRESTIGE......Page 265 Status Inconsistency......Page 266 Updating Marx......Page 267 Updating Weber......Page 269 THE UPPER-MIDDLE CLASS......Page 270 THE WORKING POOR......Page 271 Consequences of Social Class......Page 272 Family Life......Page 273 Religion......Page 274 Crime and Criminal Justice......Page 275 Three Types of Social Mobility......Page 276 The Pain of Social Mobility......Page 277 Drawing the Poverty Line......Page 280 THE GEOGRAPHY OF POVERTY......Page 281 THE FEMINIZATION OF POVERTY......Page 283 The Dynamics of Poverty versus the Culture of Poverty......Page 284 Deferred Gratification......Page 286 Where Is Horatio Alger? The Social Functions of a Myth......Page 287 Peering into the Future: Will We Live in a Three-Tier Society?......Page 288 Summary and Review......Page 289 Thinking Critically about Chapter 8......Page 290 Chapter 9 Race and Ethnicity......Page 291 THE MYTH OF RACIAL SUPERIORITY......Page 293 Ethnic Groups......Page 296 Ethnic Work: Constructing Our Racial–Ethnic Identity......Page 297 DISTINGUISHING BETWEEN PREJUDICE AND DISCRIMINATION......Page 298 LEARNING PREJUDICE FROM ASSOCIATING WITH OTHERS......Page 300 INTERNALIZING DOMINANT NORMS......Page 301 HEALTH CARE......Page 303 FRUSTRATION AND SCAPEGOATS......Page 304 FUNCTIONALISM......Page 305 CONFLICT THEORY......Page 306 LABELS AND SELF-FULFILLING STEREOTYPES......Page 307 Genocide......Page 308 Population Transfer......Page 309 Assimilation......Page 310 European Americans......Page 311 COUNTRIES OF ORIGIN......Page 313 UNAUTHORIZED IMMIGRANTS......Page 314 POLITICS......Page 316 African Americans......Page 317 RISING EXPECTATIONS AND CIVIL STRIFE......Page 318 RACE OR SOCIAL CLASS? A SOCIOLOGICAL DEBATE......Page 319 Asian Americans......Page 320 REASONS FOR FINANCIAL SUCCESS......Page 321 DIVERSITY OF GROUPS......Page 322 THE INVISIBLE MINORITY AND SELF-DETERMINATION......Page 323 Looking toward the Future......Page 324 The Affirmative Action Controversy......Page 325 Toward a True Multicultural Society......Page 327 Summary and Review......Page 328 Thinking Critically about Chapter 9......Page 329 Chapter 10 Gender and Age......Page 330 THE SOCIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE OF GENDER......Page 332 A MEDICAL ACCIDENT......Page 334 MORE RESEARCH ON HUMANS......Page 335 How Did Females Become a Minority Group?......Page 337 GLOBAL VIOLENCE AGAINST WOMEN......Page 340 Fighting Back: The Rise of Feminism......Page 342 Gender Inequality in Health Care......Page 344 THE CHANGE......Page 346 GENDER TRACKING......Page 347 HISTORICAL BACKGROUND......Page 348 THE “TESTOSTERONE BONUS”......Page 349 REASONS FOR THE GENDER PAY GAP......Page 350 Is the Glass Ceiling Cracking?......Page 352 FORCIBLE RAPE......Page 353 DATE (ACQUAINTANCE) RAPE......Page 354 The Changing Face of Politics......Page 355 Inequalities of Aging......Page 356 Extremes of Attitudes and Practices......Page 357 Industrialization and the Graying of the Globe......Page 358 The Graying of America......Page 359 The Symbolic Interactionist Perspective......Page 361 The Influence of the Mass Media......Page 362 Disengagement Theory......Page 363 EVALUATION OF THE THEORY......Page 364 Fighting for Resources: Social Security Legislation......Page 365 Intergenerational Competition and Conflict......Page 366 Changing Views of Aging......Page 368 Summary and Review......Page 369 Thinking Critically about Chapter 10......Page 371 Chapter 11 Politics and the Economy......Page 372 Authority and Legitimate Violence......Page 374 Rational–Legal Authority......Page 375 THE THREAT POSED BY CHARISMATIC LEADERS......Page 376 Monarchies: The Rise of the State......Page 377 Democracies: Citizenship as a Revolutionary Idea......Page 378 Dictatorships and Oligarchies: The Seizure of Power......Page 379 Political Parties and Elections......Page 380 Voting Patterns......Page 381 SOCIAL INTEGRATION......Page 382 THE GENDER AND RACIAL–ETHNIC GAPS IN VOTING......Page 383 THE MONEY......Page 384 The Conflict Perspective: The Power Elite......Page 385 Which View Is Right?......Page 386 THE FLESH AND BLOOD OF WAR......Page 387 Terrorism......Page 388 Targeted Killings......Page 389 The Economy: Work in the Global Village......Page 390 Industrial Societies: The Birth of the Machine......Page 391 Implications for Your Life......Page 392 WHAT STATE CAPITALISM IS......Page 394 Ideologies of Capitalism and Socialism......Page 395 Criticisms of Capitalism and Socialism......Page 396 The Globalization of Capitalism......Page 397 Stagnant Paychecks......Page 399 The New Economic System and the Old Divisions of Wealth......Page 402 The Global Superclass......Page 403 Trends Toward Unity......Page 404 Summary and Review......Page 405 Thinking Critically about Chapter 11......Page 407 Chapter 12 Marriage and Family......Page 408 What Is a Family?......Page 410 DESCENT......Page 411 Marriage and Family in Theoretical Perspective......Page 412 The Functionalist Perspective: Functions and Dysfunctions......Page 413 The Conflict Perspective: Struggles between Husbands and Wives......Page 414 PAID WORK AND HOUSEWORK......Page 415 Love and Courtship in Global Perspective......Page 416 THE SOCIAL CHANNELS OF LOVE AND MARRIAGE......Page 418 IDEAL FAMILY SIZE......Page 419 MARITAL SATISFACTION......Page 420 MARRIED COUPLES AND SINGLE MOTHERS......Page 421 SINGLE FATHERS......Page 422 SOCIAL CLASS......Page 423 WIDOWHOOD......Page 424 African American Families......Page 425 Latino Families......Page 426 Native American Families......Page 427 Blended Families......Page 428 ADOPTION BY GAY AND LESBIAN COUPLES......Page 429 Cohabitation......Page 430 DOES COHABITATION MAKE MARRIAGE STRONGER?......Page 431 Ways of Measuring Divorce......Page 432 Divorce and Mixed Racial–Ethnic Marriages......Page 434 WHAT HELPS CHILDREN ADJUST TO DIVORCE?......Page 435 The Ex-Spouses......Page 436 CHILD ABUSE......Page 437 INCEST......Page 438 Symbolic Interactionism and the Misuse of Statistics......Page 439 Summary and Review......Page 440 Thinking Critically about Chapter 12......Page 441 Chapter 13 Education and Religion......Page 442 Education in Global Perspective......Page 444 THE EXPANSION OF EDUCATION......Page 445 Education in the Industrializing Nations: Russia......Page 447 Education in the Least Industrialized Nations: Egypt......Page 448 Cultural Transmission of Values......Page 449 Gatekeeping (Social Placement)......Page 450 The Conflict Perspective: Perpetuating Social Inequality......Page 451 Stacking the Deck: Unequal Funding......Page 452 The Symbolic Interactionist Perspective: Teacher Expectations......Page 453 How do Teacher Expectations Work?......Page 454 Self-Expectations......Page 455 THE RISING TIDE OF MEDIOCRITY......Page 456 RAISING STANDARDS FOR TEACHERS......Page 457 Cheating......Page 458 Violence......Page 459 WHAT IS RELIGION?......Page 461 SOCIAL CONTROL......Page 462 Religious Symbols......Page 463 Religious Experience......Page 464 Legitimating Social Inequalities......Page 467 Religion and the Spirit of Capitalism......Page 468 Cult......Page 469 Church......Page 471 RACE–ETHNICITY......Page 472 TOLERATION......Page 473 The Future of Religion......Page 474 Summary and Review......Page 476 Thinking Critically about Chapter 13......Page 477 Chapter 14 Population and Urbanization......Page 478 The New Malthusians......Page 480 The Anti-Malthusians......Page 482 Who Is Correct?......Page 483 Why Are People Starving?......Page 484 Population Growth......Page 486 Why the Least Industrialized Nations Have So Many Children......Page 487 Consequences of Rapid Population Growth......Page 488 FERTILITY......Page 489 MIGRATION......Page 490 Problems in Forecasting Population Growth......Page 491 Urbanization......Page 495 THE APPEAL OF CITIES......Page 496 FROM COUNTRY TO CITY......Page 499 FROM CITY TO CITY......Page 500 WITHIN THE CITY......Page 501 The Sector Model......Page 503 The Peripheral Model......Page 504 Critique of the Models......Page 505 Alienation in the City......Page 506 THE ETHNIC VILLAGERS......Page 507 TUNING OUT: THE NORM OF NONINVOLVEMENT......Page 508 CITY VERSUS SUBURB......Page 509 The Potential of Urban Revitalization......Page 510 Summary and Review......Page 511 Thinking Critically about Chapter 14......Page 512 Chapter 15 Social Change and the Environment......Page 513 The Four Social Revolutions......Page 515 The Industrial Revolution and Capitalism......Page 516 DIVIDING UP THE WORLD......Page 517 FOUR THREATS TO THIS COALITION OF ­POWERS......Page 518 Evolution from Lower to Higher......Page 519 Conflict over Power and Resources......Page 520 INVENTION......Page 521 EVALUATION OF OGBURN’S THEORY......Page 522 Extending Human Abilities......Page 523 CHANGES IN CONSPICUOUS CONSUMPTION......Page 524 EFFECTS ON CITIES......Page 525 EFFECTS ON WOMEN’S ROLES......Page 526 COMPUTERS IN EDUCATION......Page 527 COMPUTERS IN INTERNATIONAL CONFLICT......Page 528 Cyberspace and Social Inequality......Page 529 The Growth Machine versus the Earth......Page 530 TOXIC WASTES......Page 531 FOSSIL FUELS AND CLIMATE CHANGE......Page 532 The Environmental Movement......Page 534 Environmental Sociology......Page 537 Technology and the Environment: The Goal of Harmony......Page 538 Summary and Review......Page 539 Thinking Critically about Chapter 15 ......Page 540 Epilogue: Why Major in Sociology?......Page 541 Glossary......Page 543 References......Page 552 F......Page 588 M......Page 589 Z......Page 590 C......Page 592 D......Page 593 F......Page 594 H......Page 595 L......Page 596 N......Page 597 R......Page 598 S......Page 599 Z......Page 601 Credits......Page 602