Concrete Materials and Technology: A Practical Guide

Description

The design and implementation of high-quality concrete demands an underlying knowledge of concrete fundamentals as well as its constituent materials, and in various formulations. Starting with the basics, Concrete Materials and Technology: A Practical Guide examines the production and chemistry of cement, as well as the different types and their applications. Quality control processes and numerous methods for testing are presented and explained in detail. This book presents the fundamentals of concrete technology and serves as a useful guide for civil engineering students, project managers, concrete quality control managers and technicians. Features: Explains the basics of different components and applications for different types of concrete Presents numerous methods for testing of concrete Cover Half Title Title Page Copyright Page Dedication Table of Contents Preface Authors Chapter 1 Introduction to Concrete Technology 1.1 Concrete Constituent Materials 1.2 Water Reduction in Concrete Production 1.3 Concrete Workability 1.4 Slump Test 1.5 Hydration Reaction 1.6 Concrete Curing 1.7 Compressive Strength 1.8 Water-to-Binder and Water-to-Cement Ratio 1.9 Tensile and Flexural Strength of Concrete 1.10 Elastic Module of Concrete 1.11 Concrete Permeability and Water Tight Structures 1.12 Durability and Effect of the Environment on Concrete 1.12.1 Alkali Aggregate Reaction 1.12.2 Carbonation Reaction 1.12.3 Chloride Attack 1.12.4 Sulfate Attack 1.12.5 Effect of Freeze Thaw Cycle References Chapter 2 Portland Cement 2.1 What is the Portland Cement? 2.2 Cement History 2.3 Cement Raw Materials 2.4 Cement Production 2.5 Compositions of Portland Cement 2.6 Types of Portland Cement 2.7 Other Types of Cement 2.8 Hydration Reaction 2.9 Mineral Additives (Supplementary Cementitious Materials) 2.10 Blended Cement 2.11 Quality Control of Cement 2.11.1 Fineness of Cement 2.11.2 Particle Size Distribution 2.11.3 Cement Health 2.11.4 Setting Time of Cement 2.11.5 Cement Compressive Strength 2.11.6 Specific Gravity of Cement 2.11.7 Cement Heat of Hydration 2.12 Analysis of Cement 2.12.1 Cement Analysis Formulas 2.13 Cement Transportation 2.14 Cement Storage References Chapter 3 Mineral Additives (Supplementary Cementitious Materials) 3.1 What Are the Supplementary Cementitious Materials? 3.2 Reaction with Cement and Water 3.3 Silica Fume 3.3.1 Silica Fume Specification 3.3.2 Effect of Silica Fume on the Properties of Fresh Concrete 3.3.3 Effect of Silica Fume on the Properties of Hardened Concrete 3.3.4 Use of Silica Gel or Silica Slurry 3.4 Fly Ash 3.4.1 Fly Ash Specification 3.4.2 Effect of Fly Ash on the Properties of Fresh Concrete 3.4.3 Effect of Fly Ash on the Properties of Hardened Concrete 3.5 Ground Granulated Blast Furnace Slag (GGBS) 3.5.1 GGBS Specification 3.5.2 Effect of GGBS on the Properties of Fresh Concrete 3.5.3 Effect of GGBS on the Properties of Hardened Concrete 3.6 Natural Pozzolans 3.6.1 Natural Pozzolans Specification 3.6.2 Effect of Natural Pozzolans on the Properties of Fresh Concrete 3.6.3 Effect of Natural Pozzolans on the Properties of Hardened Concrete 3.7 Comparison Between Different Supplementary Cementitious Materials 3.8 Use of Mineral Additives in Concrete Production References Chapter 4 Aggregates 4.1 Types of Natural Stones 4.2 Aggregates and the Density of Concrete 4.3 Aggregate Size 4.3.1 Coarse Aggregates 4.3.2 Maximum Size of Coarse Aggregate 4.3.3 Fine Aggregates 4.4 Production of Aggregates 4.4.1 Natural Aggregates 4.4.2 Crushed Aggregates 4.5 Aggregates Test and Quality Control 4.5.1 Abrasion Resistance 4.5.2 Sieve Analysis Test 4.5.3 Density and Water Absorption of Aggregates 4.5.4 Fillers and Passing by Sieve No. 200 4.5.5 Harmful Materials in Aggregates References Chapter 5 Chemical Admixtures 5.1 The Reason for Using Concrete Admixtures 5.2 Accelerator Admixtures 5.2.1 Set Accelerators 5.2.2 Hardening Accelerators 5.3 Retarder Admixtures 5.3.1 Dosage of Retarder Admixtures 5.4 Plasticizers and Super-Plasticizers 5.4.1 Admixtures in ASTM Standard 5.4.2 Chemical Bases of Plasticizers and Super-Plasticizers 5.4.3 Mini Slump Test 5.4.4 Marsh Funnel Test 5.4.5 Evaluation of Water Reduction Rate 5.5 Air-Entraining Admixtures 5.6 Water Proofing Admixtures 5.7 Curing Compounds 5.8 Viscosity Modifier Admixtures 5.9 Pumping Aid Admixtures 5.10 Foaming Agent Admixtures References Chapter 6 Water for Concrete 6.1 Water for Concrete Production 6.2 Water for Concrete Curing 6.3 Test of Water 6.4 Decrease the Amount of Water for Concrete Production and Curing References Chapter 7 Testing of Concrete 7.1 Tests for Fresh Concrete 7.1.1 Slump Test 7.1.2 Flow Table Test 7.1.3 Slump Flow Test 7.1.4 Rheometer for Concrete 7.1.5 Temperature of Fresh Concrete 7.1.6 Density of Fresh Concrete 7.1.7 Air Content of Fresh Concrete 7.2 Tests for Hardened Concrete 7.2.1 Compressive Strength Test 7.2.2 Concrete Elastic Modules and Poisson's Ratio Test 7.2.3 Density of Hardened Concrete 7.2.4 Permeability of Concrete 7.3 Test of Concrete in the Structures 7.3.1 Ultrasonic Test 7.3.2 Schmidt Hammer Test 7.3.3 Concrete Core Test References Chapter 8 Durability of Concrete Structures 8.1 Parameters Affecting Concrete Durability 8.2 Durability Against Carbonation 8.3 Durability Against Chloride Ion 8.4 Durability Against Sulfate Ion 8.5 Durability Against Freeze Thaw 8.6 Example for the Durability of a Concrete Structure 8.7 First Project: Bridge Deck in North Europe 8.8 Second Project: Commercial Building in a Big City Near the South China Sea References Chapter 9 Concrete Mix Design 9.1 The Goals of Concrete Mix Design 9.2 The Step-by-Step Method for Concrete Mix Design 9.2.1 Step (1): Specify Standard Deviation 9.2.2 Step (2): Specify Mix Design Compressive Strength 9.2.3 Step (3): Specify Percentage of Each Aggregate in Concrete 9.2.4 Step (4): Specify Fineness Module of Total Aggregates 9.2.5 Step (5): Specify Water-to-Binder Ratio 9.2.6 Step (6): Specify Free Water for Concrete 9.2.7 Step (7): Specify the Amount of Portland Cement and Other Binders 9.2.8 Step (8): Specify the Total Volume of Aggregates 9.2.9 Step (9): Specify the Weight of Aggregates in Saturated Surface Dry Conditions 9.2.10 Step (10): Specify the Real Weight of Aggregates and Water in Concrete 9.3 Example 1 for Concrete Mix Design 9.4 Example 2 for Concrete Mix Design 9.5 Example 3 for Concrete Mix Design 9.6 Implementation of Mix Design in the Projects References Chapter 10 Production, Transportation, and Implementation of Concrete 10.1 Production of Concrete in the Laboratory 10.2 Production of Concrete in the Batching Plant 10.3 Concrete Transportation With Truck Mixers 10.4 Other Instruments for Concrete Transportation 10.5 Concrete Pumping 10.6 Compaction of Concrete 10.7 Smoothing the Surface of Concrete Elements 10.8 Cold Joint in Concrete 10.9 Curing of Concrete 10.10 Concrete Recycling System References Chapter 11 Usage of Fibers in Concrete 11.1 Steel Fibers 11.2 Glass Fibers 11.3 Artificial Fibers 11.3.1 Polypropylene Fibers 11.4 Natural Fibers References Chapter 12 Hot and Cold Weather Concreting 12.1 Calculating Concrete Temperature According to the Constituent Materials Temperature 12.2 Definitions of Hot Weather Conditions for Concrete 12.3 Cement Hydration Reaction at Hot Weather Conditions 12.4 The Effects of Hot Weather on the Properties of Concrete 12.5 Considerations for Hot Weather Concreting 12.6 Concrete Cracking at Hot Weather Conditions 12.7 Chemical Admixtures for Hot Weather Concreting 12.8 Calculations for Concrete Temperature at Hot Weather Conditions 12.9 Definitions of Cold Weather Conditions for Concrete 12.10 Cement Hydration Reaction at Cold Weather Conditions 12.11 The Effects of Cold Weather on the Properties of Concrete 12.12 Considerations for Cold Weather Concreting 12.13 Chemical Admixtures for Cold Weather Concreting 12.14 Calculations for Concrete Temperature at Cold Weather Conditions References Chapter 13 Concrete for Special Purposes 13.1 Self-Compacting Concrete 13.1.1 Definitions of SCC 13.1.2 Considerations for SCC Production and Implementation 13.1.3 Tests for Checking the Properties of SCC 13.1.4 Example for SCC Mix Design and Implementation 13.2 Watertight Concrete 13.2.1 Definitions of Waterproof Concrete and Watertight Structure 13.2.2 Considerations for Watertight Concrete Production and Implementation 13.2.3 Tests for Checking the Properties of Watertight Concrete 13.2.4 Example for Watertight Concrete Mix Design and Implementation 13.3 High-Strength Concrete 13.3.1 Definitions of High-Strength Concrete 13.3.2 Considerations for High-Strength Concrete Production and Implementation 13.3.3 Tests for Checking the Properties of High-Strength Concrete 13.3.4 Example for High-Strength Concrete Mix Design and Implementation 13.4 Ultra-High-Strength Concrete 13.4.1 Definitions of Ultra-High-Strength Concrete 13.4.2 Considerations for Ultra-High-Strength Concrete Production and Implementation 13.4.3 Tests for Checking the Properties of Ultra-High-Strength Concrete 13.4.4 Example for Ultra-High-Strength Concrete Mix Design and Implementation 13.5 Mass Concrete 13.5.1 Definitions for Mass Concrete 13.5.2 Considerations for Mass Concrete Production and Implementation 13.5.3 Tests for Checking the Properties of Mass Concrete 13.5.4 Example for Mass Concrete Mix Design and Implementation 13.6 Precast Concrete 13.6.1 Definitions of Precast Concrete 13.6.2 Considerations for Precast Concrete Production and Implementation 13.6.3 Tests for Checking the Properties of Precast Concrete 13.6.4 Example for Precast Concrete Mix Design and Implementation References Index