The Global Politics of Artificial Intelligence

Description

Technologies such as artificial intelligence have led to significant advances in science and medicine, but have also facilitated new forms of repression, policing and surveillance. AI policy has become without doubt a significant issue of global politics. The Global Politics of Artificial Intelligence tackles some of the issues linked to AI development and use, contributing to a better understanding of the global politics of AI. This is an area where enormous work still needs to be done, and the contributors to this volume provide significant input into this field of study, to policy makers, academics, and society at large. Each of the chapters in this volume works as freestanding contribution, and provides an accessible account of a particular issue linked to AI from a political perspective. Contributors to the volume come from many different areas of expertise, and of the world, and range from emergent to established authors. Contents Preface, vii Acknowledgements, xv Editor, xvii List of Contributors, xix Chapter 1 ◾ Threading Innovation, Regulation, and the Mitigation of AI Harm: Examining Ethics in National AI Strategies 1 Mona Sloane Chapter 2 ◾ Governance of Artificial Intelligence: Emerging International Trends and Policy Frames 29 Inga Ulnicane, William Knight, Tonii Leach, Bernd Carsten Stahl, and Winter-Gladys Wanjiku Chapter 3 ◾ Multilateralism and Artificial Intelligence: What Role for the United Nations? 57 Eugenio V. Garci a Chapter 4 ◾ Governing the Use of Autonomous Weapon Systems 85 Alfredo Toro Carnevali Chapter 5 ◾ Lessons for Artificial Intelligence from Other Global Risks 103 Seth D. Baum , Robert de Neufville, Anthony M. Barrett, and Gary Ackerman Chapter 6 ◾ Vulnerability, AI, and Power in a Global Context: From Being-at-Risk to Biopolitics in the COVID-19 Pandemic 133 Mark Coeckelbergh Chapter 7 ◾ Using Decision Theory and Value Alignment to Integrate Analogue and Digital AI 149 Mahendra Prasad Chapter 8 ◾ Nomadic Artificial Intelligence and Royal Research Councils: Curiosity-Driven Research Against Imperatives Implying Imperialism 173 Vassilis Galanos Chapter 9 ◾ Artificial Intelligence and Post-Capitalism: The Prospect and Challenges of AI-Automated Labour 209 Thanasis Apostolakoudis Chapter 10 ◾ Artificial General Intelligence’s Beneficial Use within Capitalist Democracy: A Realist Vision 247 Maurizio Tinnirello INDEX, 277 Cover Half Title Series Page Title Page Copyright Page Table of Contents Preface Acknowledgements Editor List of Contributors Chapter 1 Threading Innovation, Regulation, and the Mitigation of AI Harm: Examining Ethics in National AI Strategies 1.1 Introduction 1.2 Artificial Intelligence: The Eternal Dream 1.2.1 Harmful AI 1.3 National AI Strategies 1.3.1 Defining National AI Strategies 1.3.2 No Strategy, No AI? 1.4 To Regulate, Or Not To Regulate? 1.4.1 AI Tensions: Between Innovation and Regulation 1.4.2 Risk Mitigation 1.4.3 Design and Deployment Concerns 1.5 Governance Approaches 1.6 The Limits and Potentials of Ethics in National AI Strategies 1.6.1 AI Ethics Limits: Five Issues 1.6.2 AI Ethics Potentials: Ten Cues 1.7 Conclusion Notes References Chapter 2 Governance of Artificial Intelligence: Emerging International Trends and Policy Frames 2.1 Introduction: Why Focus on AI Policy and Governance? 2.2 Emerging Sciences and Technologies and Their Governance: Hype, Expectations, and Uncertainties 2.3 Literature Review of AI Governance: Ethics, Responsibility and Policy 2.4 Fast-Developing Policy For AI: International Trends and Drivers 2.5 Emerging AI Policy Frames: Revolution, Global Race, and Balancing Benefits, Risks, and Responsibilities 2.6 Conclusions: Key Insights and Future Research Questions Acknowledgements Notes Chapter 3 Multilateralism and Artificial Intelligence: What Role for the United Nations? 3.1 Introduction 3.2 The International Governance of AI: A Fragmented Landscape 3.3 What the United Nations Has Been Doing, Could It Do More? 3.4 The High-Level Panel on Digital Cooperation and the Way Ahead 3.5 Conclusion Acknowledgements Notes Chapter 4 Governing the Use of Autonomous Weapon Systems 4.1 Principles of International Humanitarian Law 4.1.1 The Principle of Distinction 4.1.2 The Principles of Proportionality and Precautions in Attack 4.2 A New Legal Framework 4.2.1 A Ban Treaty 4.2.1.1 Clarity 4.2.1.2 Feasibility 4.2.1.3 Applicability 4.2.2 Regulatory Framework on the Use of AWS 4.2.2.1 Regulations on Targeting 4.2.2.2 Regulations on Residual Human Control 4.2.2.3 Clarity 4.2.2.4 Feasibility 4.2.2.5 Applicability 4.2.3 A Framework Convention 4.2.3.1 Clarity 4.2.3.2 Feasibility 4.2.3.3 Applicability Conclusion Notes Chapter 5 Lessons for Artificial Intelligence from Other Global Risks 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Definitions 5.3 Biotechnology 5.4 Nuclear Weapons 5.5 Global Warming 5.6 Asteroid Collision 5.7 Lessons Learned 5.8 Conclusion Acknowledgements Notes Chapter 6 Vulnerability, AI, and Power in a Global Context: From Being-at-Risk to Biopolitics in the COVID-19 Pandemic 6.1 Introduction 6.2 Existential-Epistemological Issues 6.3 Political-Epistemological Issues 6.4 Conclusion Notes Chapter 7 Using Decision Theory and Value Alignment to Integrate Analogue and Digital AI 7.1 Introduction 7.2 Value Alignment: When One AI Agent Represents Multiple Human Principals 7.2.1 Baum’s Taxonomy 7.2.2 Paradox of the Democratic Imposition Problem 7.2.3 Four-Stage Sequence Heuristic 7.2.4 Procedural Legitimacy 7.2.5 Risk Aversion Principle 7.2.6 Mechanism Design 7.2.7 Non-Deterministic Voting and Voting as a Game 7.2.8 Condorcet, Social Choice, and Institutional Design 7.2.9 Sociopathy and Sen’s Paradox 7.3 The 2016 Republican Presidential Nomination Process: Case Study 1 7.3.1 What’s the Matter with Plurality Voting? 7.3.2 Condorcet’s Paradox 7.3.3 The Paradox of Unanimous Consent and Majority Preference 7.3.4 Approval Voting 7.4 Two Global Politics Mini-Cases in Need of Future Work 7.4.1 AI Safety: Case Study 2a 7.4.2 Critch’s Theorem: Case Study 2b 7.5 Conclusion Acknowledgements Notes Chapter 8 Nomadic Artificial Intelligence and Royal Research Councils: Curiosity-Driven Research Against Imperatives Implying Imperialism 8.1 Introductory Remarks on Scope, Method, and Theory: Why an Examination of Artificial Intelligence Research as an Arena of Nomads against the Royals 8.1.1 A Note on Method: Theoretical and Empirical Tools 8.1.1.1 First Lessons from Interviews with AI Specialists in the UK 8.1.1.2 Nomadic and Royal Science: From Cybernetics to AI 8.2 Nomads Surviving AI Winters: DARPA and the War Machines 8.2.1 How to Become a Nomad by Applying for State Grants 8.2.2 Using War to Make AI, Not War 8.3 2013–2016: Research Councils Imperatives as Royal Science Imperialism 8.3.1 The Imperialism of Eight Great Technologies: Upon Examining How Royal Science Integrates Nomads and How Nomads Are Willing to Partake in the Game 8.3.2 Extending Royal Science to a Constellation of Mainstream Media and State Academics 8.3.3 Lucasian Men of the State: Airy, Lighthill, Hawking 8.4 Conclusion: Stationary Voyages and a Modest Proposal to Make Room for Curiosity-Driven Research Acknowledgements Notes Chapter 9 Artificial Intelligence and Post-Capitalism: The Prospect and Challenges of AI-Automated Labour 9.1 Introduction 9.2 The Genealogy of AI: Between Angst and Failed Promises 9.2.1 Fear of the Robot? 9.2.2 A Future That Never Arrived? 9.2.3 Imminent Human Labour Replacement? 9.3 Value and Profit, AI and Capitalism 9.3.1 Value and Labour 9.3.2 Labour and Profit 9.4 Technology, Labour, and the Falling Rate of Profit 9.5 Value without Human Labour? AI and the Captivation of Human Abilities 9.6 Conclusion: Paths towards Post-Capitalism Notes Chapter 10 Artificial General Intelligence’s Beneficial Use within Capitalist Democracy: A Realistic Vision 10.1 Introduction 10.2 How Capital Reshapes Democracies into Plutocracies 10.3 Capitalism vs Democracy 10.4 Capital Cannot Abide Obstacles 10.5 Safe AGI Might Not Be Enough to Avoid a Dystopian Future 10.6 Conclusion Notes Index