Personal Comfort Systems for Improving Indoor Thermal Comfort and Air Quality

Description

This book first describes fundamental knowledge on human thermal comfort, adaptive thermal comfort, thermal comfort in sleeping environments, modeling of human thermal comfort, and thermal comfort assessment using human trials. Next, it presents an in-depth review of concept progress and evaluation of various personal comfort system, summarizes important findings and feasible applications, current gaps as well as future research needs. The seven chapters included in this section are task/ambient conditioning systems, personalized ventilation systems, electric fans, personal comfort systems, thermoelectric systems, personal thermal management systems, and wearable personal thermal comfort systems. This book provides valuable guidance for personal comfort system design and further improvement on the personal comfort performance. It will be a valuable resource for academic researchers, engineers in industry, and government regulators in the field of sustainable buildings and built environment. Preface Contents About the Editors Thermal Comfort 1 Definition of Thermal Comfort and Influential Factors 2 Human Thermoregulation and Thermal Comfort 2.1 Key Concepts of Thermoregulation 2.2 Human Thermoregulation Process 2.3 Active and Passive Systems of Heat Transfer 2.4 Human Thermoregulation Model 3 Thermal Comfort Evaluation of Built Environments 3.1 Sensation Indices 3.2 Temperature Indices 4 Fanger’s Thermal Comfort Equation 4.1 Mechanism Behind Fanger’s Thermal Comfort 4.2 PMV Index (the Predicted Mean Vote) 4.3 The Predicted Percentage of Dissatisfied (PPD) 5 Thermal Comfort Standards 5.1 ISO 7730 5.2 ASHRAE 55 5.3 European Standard EN15251 6 Concluding Remarks References Adaptive Thermal Comfort 1 Adaptation and Thermal Comfort 2 Behavioral, Psychological, and Physiological Adaptation Layers 2.1 Behavioral Adjustment 2.2 Psychological Adaptation 2.3 Physiological Acclimation/Regulation 3 Adaptive Comfort Models and Regulatory Documents 3.1 Adaptive Comfort Models 3.2 Regulatory Documents 4 Feature Trends 4.1 High-Quality Data Collection 4.2 Adaptive Comfort with More Intelligent Data Mining Methods 4.3 More Applications References Thermal Comfort in Sleeping Environments 1 Introduction 2 Sleep Quality and Thermal Comfort 2.1 Sleep Evaluation Methods 2.2 Sleep and Thermal Environment 2.3 Research Status of Thermal Comfort and Sleep Quality 3 Body Cooling to Improve Sleep Quality in Hot Environments 4 Body Warming to Improve Sleep Quality in Cool/Cold Environments 5 Future Trends and Perspective 5.1 Body Cooling 5.2 Body Warming 6 Conclusions References Human Thermal Comfort Modeling 1 Background 2 A Human Thermoregulation Model 2.1 Body Construction 2.2 Heat Transfer 2.3 Error Signal 2.4 Heat Production 2.5 Blood Flow and Sweating 3 Thermal Comfort Modeling for Accessing Non-uniform and Transient Thermal Environments 3.1 Advanced Berkeley Comfort Model (ABC Model) 3.2 de Dear’s Thermoreceptor Model for Assessing Thermal Sensation in Transient Environments 3.3 Takada’s Model for Assessing Thermal Sensation in Transient Environments 4 Alliesthesia 4.1 Definition of Alliesthesia 4.2 Thermal Alliesthesia 4.3 Application of Thermal Alliesthesia in PCS References Indoor Thermal Comfort Assessment Using Human Trials 1 Introduction 2 Experimental Design 3 Selection of Participants 3.1 Determine the Number of Participants 3.2 Anthropometric Characteristics of Participants (Inclusion and Exclusion Criteria) 3.3 Selection of Male and Female Participants 4 Experimental Standardisation 4.1 Randomisation and Counter Balancing 4.2 Diurnal Rhythm 4.3 Menstrual Phase Standardisation 4.4 Seasonal Variation 4.5 Climatic Acclimation/Acclimatisation 4.6 Clothing Ensembles 4.7 Hydration and Food Intake 4.8 Pre-trial Standardisation Check List 5 Physiological Variables 6 Perceptual Responses 7 Thermal Comfort Research in Sleeping Environment: Physiological Parameters 8 Work/Learning Performance and Productivity Assessment 9 Conclusions References Task/Ambient Conditioning Systems 1 Background 2 System Design 3 Task/Ambient Conditioning Equipment 4 Standards 5 Energy Consumption and System Cost 6 Future Trends and Development References Personalized Ventilation Systems 1 System Concept 2 System Design Considerations 3 Control Strategies 4 Personalized Ventilation Devices and Their Applications 5 Future Trends and Development References Electric Fans 1 History and Development 1.1 Ancient Chinese Rotating Fans 1.2 The Development of Electric Fans 1.3 Development of Electric Fans in China 2 Type of Fans 2.1 Classification Criteria 2.2 Common Types of Electric Fans 3 Fan Selection, Sizing and Layout 3.1 Electric Fan Selection Size and Layout Considerations 3.2 Electric Fan Selection Size and Layout Points 4 Fan Control Modes 5 Standards 6 Energy Consumptions and Costs 7 Future Trends References Personal Comfort Systems 1 Background 2 Methodology 2.1 Literature Research Methods 2.2 Literature Inclusion Criteria 2.3 Study Classification 2.4 Classification of PCDs 2.5 Classification of PHDs 2.6 Effect Size Assessments and Statistical Analyses 3 Results 3.1 Included Literatures 3.2 Publication Bias 3.3 Effects of PCDs on Perceptual Responses and Power Consumption 3.4 Effect of PCDs on Perceptual Responses Targeting Different Body Regions 3.5 Effect of Different Types of PCDs on Perceptual Responses 3.6 Energy Performance of PCDs 3.7 Effects of PHDs on Perceptual Responses and Energy Consumption 3.8 Effects of PHDs on Perceptual Responses Targeting Different Body Regions 3.9 Effects of Different PHD Types on Perceptual Responses 3.10 Energy Performance of Using PHDs 4 Discussion 4.1 Effects of Personal Cooling Devices 4.2 Effects of Cooling Regions 4.3 Effects of Various Types of Cooling Devices 4.4 Energy Performance of PCDs 4.5 Effects of Personal Heating Devices 4.6 Effects of Heated Body Regions 4.7 Effects of Types of Heated Devices 4.8 Energy Performance of PHDs 4.9 Effects of PCSs on Different Genders 5 Practical Implications 6 Limitations and Future Perspectives 7 Concluding Remarks References Thermoelectric System for Personal Cooling and Heating 1 Background 2 Modeling and Optimization 2.1 Analytic Model 2.2 Numerical Model 3 Indirect Contact Personal Thermal Management 3.1 Wearable Devices 3.2 Thermoelectric Air Conditioners 4 Direct Contact Personal Thermal Management 4.1 Rigid TE-Based Devices 4.2 Flexible TE-Based Fabrication 5 Novel Materials 5.1 Organic Materials 5.2 Inorganic Materials 5.3 Carbon-Based Materials 5.4 Hybrid Materials 6 Discussion and Future Trends References Personal Thermal Management Materials (PTMMs) 1 Introduction 2 Cooling Fabrics 2.1 Janus Fabrics for Moisture Management 2.2 Cooling Fabric for Managing Thermal Radiation 2.3 Cooling Fabrics for Managing Thermal Conduction 3 Heating Fabrics 3.1 Heating Fabrics for Managing Heat Radiation 3.2 Aerogel Fabrics for Managing Thermal Conduction 4 Dual-Modes Fabrics 4.1 Dual-Modes Fabrics for Managing Thermal Radiation 4.2 Dual-Modes Fabrics for Modulating Thermal Convection and Conduction 5 Conclusions and Future Trends References Wearable Personal Thermal Management Systems (PTMS) 1 Background 2 Personal Cooling Systems 3 Personal Heating/Warming Systems 4 Advantages of PTMS over HVAC and PECS 5 Future Trends References Contactless Sensing of Indoor Thermal Comfort and Air Quality Using Computer Vision Technology 1 Background 2 Computer Vision Technology 2.1 Background 2.2 Research Direction 3 Vision-based contactless detection method for human thermal comfort 4 Human Action Recognition 4.1 Background 4.2 Application of Posture Estimation in Thermal Comfort 5 Heating and Cooling Control System 5.1 Background 5.2 Research Technology 6 Ventilation Control System 6.1 Background 6.2 Research Technology 7 Outlook and Summary References