Subsoil Monitoring at Nuclear Industry Enterprises: Foundations and Case Studies

Description

This book is the first comprehensive review of the subsurface monitoring theory and practice. It presents all aspects of a subsurface monitoring system SM-NI to be organized in impacted areas of nuclear industry enterprises. The content of the book covers the whole set of the SM-NI projecting and implementation issues – from the theoretical and regulatory framework, through the description of the sources of impact on geological environment to examples of use the SM-NI to solve environmental problems on the main types of environmentally significant nuclear industry enterprises. Development of the SM-NI was based on long-term research studies including modeling of pollutants transport in the geological environment. The book is intended for a wide range of nuclear industry employees and specialists in environment protection and radiation safety of nuclear industry enterprises. It might be useful for ecologists, students and postgraduates concerned about environment protection in the field of nuclear technology Preface Introduction Contents Abbreviations Chapter 1: Subsoil Monitoring at Nuclear Industry Enterprises: Basic Provisions 1.1 The State Corporation “Rosatom” and the SM–NI Development 1.2 The Concept of the SM–NI 1.2.1 Generic Principles of Environmental Monitoring Systems 1.2.2 The Concept of the SM–NI 1.3 Observed Parameters, Subsystems, and Types of Observations in the SM–NI Practice 1.3.1 Observed Environment Parameters and the SM–NI Subsystems 1.3.2 Types of the SM–NI Observations 1.4 Summary: The SM–NI Basic Provisions References Chapter 2: Impact of Nuclear Enterprises on the Subsoil 2.1 General Impact Features 2.2 Types of Impact 2.2.1 Radioactive Contamination (Samsonov 2010) 2.2.2 Hydrochemical Impact 2.2.3 Hydrodynamic Impact (Samsonov 2010) 2.2.4 Thermal Effects (Samsonov 2010) 2.2.5 Electromagnetic Effects (Rosatom 2007) 2.2.6 Mechanical and Seismic Impacts (Samsonov 2010) 2.3 Uranium Ore Mining and Processing Enterprises 2.3.1 Sources of Environmental Impact 2.3.2 Quarries and Mines 2.3.2.1 Quarries (Rosatom 2007) 2.3.2.2 Mines (Mine Fields) (Rosatom 2007) 2.3.3 Dumps (Rosatom 2007) 2.3.4 Open Leaching Enterprises 2.3.5 Processing of Ore-Mining Mass 2.4 Radiochemical Production 2.4.1 Sources of Impact on Geological Environment (Samsonov 2010) 2.4.2 LRW Storage Reservoirs (Glinsky et al. 2010) 2.4.3 LRW Underground Disposal Sites (Glinsky et al. 2010; Samsonov 2010) 2.4.4 Separation Production (Glinsky et al. 2010) 2.5 Nuclear Fuel Production (Glinsky et al. 2010) 2.6 Nuclear Power Plants 2.6.1 Sources of Environmental Impact (Samsonov 2010) 2.6.2 NPP Power Units (Glinsky et al. 2010) 2.6.3 NPP Hydraulic Engineering Constructions (Glinsky et al. 2010) 2.6.4 Cooling Towers, Splash Pools, and Special Water Treatment Units (Glinsky et al. 2010) 2.6.5 Aging Pools (Glinsky et al. 2010) 2.7 RW Management Facilities 2.7.1 Sources of Environmental Impact 2.7.2 Tailings, Pulp, and Sludge Storage Facilities (Rosatom 2007) 2.7.3 Near-Surface SRW Burial Sites (Glinsky et al. 2010) 2.7.4 LRW Settling Storage Tanks and Filtration Fields (Glinsky et al. 2010) 2.7.5 LRW Storage Tanks (Glinsky et al. 2010) 2.7.6 LRW and SRW Temporary Storage Sites, Stockpiling of Spent Installations (Glinsky et al. 2010) 2.8 Summary: Impact of Nuclear Enterprises on the Subsoil 2.8.1 General Impact Features 2.8.2 Types of Impact 2.8.3 Uranium Ore Mining and Processing Enterprises 2.8.4 Radiochemical Production 2.8.5 Nuclear Fuel Production 2.8.6 Nuclear Power Plants 2.8.7 RW Management Facilities References Chapter 3: Organization of the SM–NI System 3.1 The SM–NI System Structure 3.1.1 Classification of Nuclear Industry Enterprises for the SM–NI Tasks 3.1.2 Functional Structure of the SM–NI System 3.1.3 Organizational Structure of the SM–NI System (Glinsky et al. 2010; Organization Standard 2010a; Organization Standard 2012) 3.2 Conducting the SM–NI Observations 3.2.1 Basics of the Observation System (see Organization Standard 2010a) 3.2.2 Monitoring Programs (Glinsky et al. 2010; IAEA 2005; Glinsky et al. 2013a) 3.2.3 Formation of Observation Networks 3.2.4 Sampling 3.2.5 Subsoil Monitoring (Glinsky et al. 2010) 3.2.6 Radiation Monitoring (Glinsky et al. 2010, 2013a) 3.2.7 Hydrochemical Monitoring (Glinsky et al. 2010, 2013a) 3.2.8 Hydrodynamic Monitoring (Glinsky et al. 2010, 2013a) 3.2.9 Temperature Monitoring (Glinsky et al. 2010, 2013a) 3.2.10 Electromagnetic Monitoring (Glinsky et al. 2010, 2013a) 3.3 The SM–NI Features at Typical Nuclear Industry Enterprises 3.3.1 Organization of Observations at Monitoring Objects 3.3.2 Enterprises for Mining and Processing of Uranium Ore (Glinsky et al. 2010; Samsonov 2010) 3.3.3 Radiochemical Production 3.3.4 Nuclear Fuel Production (Glinsky et al. 2010) 3.3.5 Nuclear Power Plants (Glinsky et al. 2010; Organization Standard 2012) 3.3.6 RW Management Facilities (Glinsky et al. 2010) 3.4 Support of Management Solutions 3.4.1 General Approach to Environment Assessment 3.4.2 Assessment of Observed Environment Components State (Glinsky et al. 2010; Organization Standard 2010a; Organization Standard 2012) 3.4.3 Environmental Measures 3.5 Summary: Organization of the SM–NI System 3.5.1 The SM–NI System Structure 3.5.2 Conducting the SM–NI Observations 3.5.3 The SM–NI Features at Typical Nuclear Industry Enterprises 3.5.4 Support of Management Solutions References Chapter 4: The SM–NI Analytical Information System 4.1 Purpose and Functions of the AIS–SM–NI 4.1.1 Purpose and Functions of the AIS–SM–NI (Glinsky et al. 2010; Svyatovez et al. 2012) 4.1.2 Reports Preparation 4.2 The AIS–SM–NI Structure 4.3 The AIS–SM–NI Technical Features 4.3.1 Generic Approach to the AIS–SM–NI Development (Glinsky et al. 2011) 4.3.2 Geographic Information System (Glinsky et al. 2011) 4.3.3 The AIS–SM–NI Subscriber Stations (Center for Assistance 2010; Svyatovez et al. 2012) 4.4 Summary: The SM–NI Analytical Information System 4.4.1 Purpose and Functions of the AIS–SM–NI 4.4.2 The AIS–SM–NI Structure 4.4.3 The AIS–SM–NI Technical Features References Chapter 5: The SM–NI Software 5.1 Modeling 5.1.1 Goals and Objectives (Glinsky et al. 2010; Organization Standard 2012) 5.1.2 Modeling Methodology (Glinsky et al. 2010; Organization Standard 2012) 5.2 Main Model Types 5.2.1 Generic Hydrogeological Model (Organization Standard 2012; Kuvaev 2013) 5.2.2 Exploration Models (Kuvaev 2013) 5.2.3 Hydrogeological Models 5.2.4 Permanent Hydrogeological Model (Organization Standard 2012; Aleksakhin et al. 2007; Kuvaev 2013) 5.3 Program Packages 5.3.1 Requirements to Enterprise’ AIS Model Blocks (Glinsky et al. 2010; Organization Standard 2012) 5.3.2 Software Products Used 5.3.3 Integrated Program Package (Alexandrova et al. 2006) 5.3.4 The “NYMPHA” Program Package (Glinsky et al. 2013b) 5.4 Summary: The SM–NI Software 5.4.1 Modeling 5.4.2 Main Model Types 5.4.3 Program Packages 5.4.4 The “NYMPHA” Program Package (Glinsky et al. 2013b) References Chapter 6: Case Studies: Use of the SM–NI at Nuclear Industry Enterprises 6.1 Overview of Results 6.2 Production Association “Mayak” 6.2.1 General Information and the Physical–Geographical Pattern of the PA “Mayak” Area 6.2.2 Geological Structure and Hydrogeological Description of the PA “Mayak” Area 6.2.3 Sources of Environment Impact at the PA “Mayak” Industrial Sites 6.2.4 Observation Network and SM–NI Results at the PA “Mayak” 6.2.5 Modeling of Subsoil Pollution Distribution at the PA “Mayak” Industrial Sites 6.2.6 Summary: SM–NI Results at the PA “Mayak” 6.3 PC “Siberian Chemical Complex” 6.3.1 General Information and Physical–Geographical Pattern of the SCC Area 6.3.2 Geological Structure and Hydrogeological Description of the SCC Site 6.3.3 Sources of Environment Impact and the SM–NI Observation Network at the SCC Industrial Sites 6.3.4 Modeling of Pollution Distribution in the Subsoil at the SCC Industrial Sites 6.3.5 Summary: SM–NI Results at the SCC 6.4 Novovoronezh NPP 6.4.1 General Information and Physical–Geographical Pattern of the NV NPP Site 6.4.2 Geological Structure and Hydrogeological Description of the NV NPP Site 6.4.3 Sources of Environment Impact at the NV NPP Site 6.4.4 Observation Network and the SM–NI Results at the NV NPP 6.4.5 Geofiltration and Geomigration Models of the NV NPP Site 6.4.6 Summary: SM–NI Results at the NV NPP 6.5 PC State Research Center: Research Institute of Nuclear Reactors 6.5.1 General Information and Physical–Geographical Pattern of the RINR Area 6.5.2 Geological Structure and Hydrogeological Description of the RINR Industrial Site 6.5.3 Sources of Environment Impact at the RINR Industrial Sites 6.5.4 Observation Network and SM–NI Results at the RINR 6.5.5 Modeling of Pollution Distribution in the Subsoil at the RINR Industrial Sites (Kuvaev et al. 2013) 6.5.6 Summary: SM–NI Results at the RINR 6.6 Kirovo-Chepetsk District Department of the FEO 6.6.1 General Information and Natural Conditions of the K-ChD-FEO Area 6.6.2 Geological and Hydrogeological Conditions at the K-ChD-FEO Area 6.6.3 Sources of r/a Environment Pollution at the K-ChD-FEO Industrial Site 6.6.4 Observation Network and Technogenic Impact on the Subsoil at the K-ChD-FEO Industrial Site 6.6.5 Summary: SM–NI Results at the K-ChD-FEO References Annex I: Contents of the Standard SM Program for a Nuclear Industry Enterprise Annex II: Contents of the Report “Results of the SM–NI Observations at the (…Nuclear Industry…) Enterprise/Organization in 20xx Year” References