Aviation In The Digital Age: Legal And Regulatory Aspects

Description

All of the topics discussed in this book – from sovereignty to cybercrime, and from drones to the identification of passengers & privacy – are profoundly affected by algorithms; so are air traffic services and aeronautical communications. All of these aviation-related aspects are addressed in a 75-year-old treaty called the Chicago Convention and its Annexes, which, as this book argues, needs to be reviewed with a focus on its relevance and applicability in connection with Moore’s Law, which posits that transistors in computer microchips double in speed, power and performance every two years, while the cost of computers is halved during the same period. Firstly, in terms of traditional territorial sovereignty, we have arrived at a point where there is a concept of data sovereignty and ownership that raises issues of privacy. Data transmission becomes ambivalent in terms of territorial sovereignty, and the Westphalian model may not be the perfect answer. Whether it be the manufacture of airplanes, the transfer of data on individuals, or the transmission of aeronautical and telecommunications information – all have to be carried out in accordance with the same fundamental principle: duty of care. Against the backdrop of the relevant provisions of the Chicago Convention and its Annexes, the detailed analysis presented here covers key areas such as: megatrends; AI and international law in the digital age; blockchain and aviation; drones; aviation and telecommunications; aviation and the Internet; cybersecurity; and digital identification of passengers & privacy. In turn, the book suggests how we can best manage this transition. Preface......Page 5 Contents......Page 9 1.1 Introduction......Page 12 1.2 Jurisdictional Issues......Page 14 1.3 Aerospace and Cyberspace......Page 19 References......Page 23 2.1 Introduction......Page 24 2.2 The Global Economy......Page 26 2.3 Scope of Air Transport......Page 29 2.4 Innovative Technology......Page 31 2.5 Rapid Urbanization......Page 38 2.6 Demographic Change......Page 40 2.7 Environmental Protection/Climate Change......Page 42 2.8 Global Connectivity......Page 49 2.9 Conclusion......Page 52 References......Page 53 3.1 Introduction......Page 54 3.2 Augmented Reality......Page 55 3.3 Artificial Intelligence......Page 58 3.3.1 Technical Issues......Page 60 3.3.2 Ethical Issues......Page 62 References......Page 65 4.1 Introduction......Page 66 4.2.1 The Inflexion Point......Page 68 4.2.2 ICAO at the Inflexion Point......Page 69 4.2.2.1 Recognizing the Problem......Page 71 Air Navigation......Page 72 Air Transport......Page 74 Aviation Security......Page 76 Aviation and Climate Change......Page 79 Resource Mobilization......Page 80 What ICAO Must Do......Page 81 Methodology Suggested......Page 82 Concluding Suggestions......Page 83 References......Page 84 5.1 Introduction......Page 85 5.2 Ramifications of the Grounding of the MAX 8......Page 87 5.3 Regulatory Aspects of Airworthiness......Page 89 5.4.1 General Principles......Page 93 5.4.2 Manufacturing Defects......Page 95 5.4.3 Breach of Contract......Page 96 5.4.4 Design Defects......Page 98 5.4.5 Failure to Warn......Page 102 5.4.6 Air Carrier Liability......Page 108 5.5 Responsibilities of the State as Regulator......Page 110 5.6 Liability of Boeing......Page 114 5.7 Conclusion......Page 117 6.1 Introduction......Page 118 6.2 Blockchain and Airlines......Page 121 6.3 Blockchain and Airports......Page 122 6.4 Traveller Identity and Cyber Security......Page 123 6.5 United Nations Initiatives and State Responsibility......Page 124 6.6 Conclusion......Page 128 References......Page 129 7.1 Introduction......Page 130 7.2.1 The Manual......Page 132 7.2.2 Application of Annex 2 to The Chicago Convention......Page 136 7.2.3 Human v. Digital......Page 140 Reference......Page 141 8.1 State Sovereignty......Page 142 8.2 Article 3 bis......Page 146 8.3 Article 4......Page 148 8.5 Article 13......Page 151 8.6 Article 29......Page 154 References......Page 158 9.1 Introduction......Page 159 9.2.1 Authorized and Unauthorized Access......Page 162 9.2.2 Acceptance and Transmission and Delivery of Messages......Page 167 9.3 Annex 11: Air Traffic Services......Page 169 9.4 Annex 15: Aeronautical Information Services......Page 174 9.5 Some Concluding Remarks......Page 176 References......Page 179 10.1.1 ICAO´S Work......Page 180 10.1.2.1 Resolution 2309......Page 183 10.1.2.2 Resolution 2395......Page 185 10.1.2.3 Resolution 2396......Page 187 10.1.2.4 General United Nations Resolutions......Page 190 10.1.2.5 The Budapest Convention on Cybercrime of 2001......Page 199 10.1.2.6 Legal Aspects of Cybersecurity......Page 200 10.2 United States Law......Page 204 10.3 European Law......Page 210 10.5 Cyberwarfare and Aviation......Page 213 11.1.1 Annex 9......Page 219 11.1.2 Moral and Ethical Questions......Page 224 11.2.1 Introduction......Page 227 11.2.2.1 United Nations Resolutions......Page 230 Resolution A40-16 Consolidated Statement of Continuing ICAO Policies Related to Facilitation......Page 235 Guidelines for the Protection of Privacy......Page 236 11.2.2.3 Laws and Judicial Decisions......Page 238 12.1.1 5G and IoT......Page 243 12.1.2 Impact on the Airline Industry......Page 247 12.2 Legal and Regulatory Issues......Page 250 References......Page 257 Chapter 13: Conclusion......Page 258 References......Page 262 Appendix A: Cyber Security Information Sharing Act......Page 263 Appendix B: Convention on Cybercrime......Page 310 Appendix C: Computer Fraud and Abuse Act, 18 U.S.C. § 1030......Page 333 Appendix D: Directive 2013/40/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council......Page 340 Appendix E: Directive (EU) 2016/1148 of the European Parliament and of the Council......Page 353